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RADAR 1.1 INTRODUCTION Radar is an electromagnetic s ystem for the detection and location of objects. It operates by transmitting a particular type of waveform, a pulse-modulated sine wave for example, and detects the nature of the echo signal. Radar is used to extend the capability of one's senses for observing the environment, especially the sense of vision. Radar can be designed to see through those conditions impervious to normal human vision, su ch as darkness, haze, fog, rain, and snow. In addition,radar has the advantage o f being able to measure the d istance or range to the object. This isprob ably its most important attribute. An elementary form of radar consists of a transmitting antenna emitting electromagnetic radiation generated by an oscilIator of so me sort, a receiving antenna, and an energy - detectingdevice. or receiver. A portion of the transmitted signal is intercepted by a reflecting object(target) and is reradiated in all d irections. It is the energ y reradiated in the back direction thatis of prime interest to the radar. The receiving antenna collects the returned energy anddelivers it to a receiver, where it is processed to detect the presence of the target and to extractits location and relative velocity. The distance to the target is determined by measuring thetime taken for t he radar signal to travel to t he target and back. The direction, or angularposition , of the target may be determined from the direction of arrival of the reflected wavefront.The usual method of measuring the direction of arrival is with narrow antenna  beams. Ifrelative motion exi sts between target and radar, the shif t in the carrier frequency of thereflected wave (doppler effect) is a measure of the target's relative (radial) velocity and may beused to distinguish moving targets from stationary objects. The most common radar waveform is a train of narrow, rectangular-shape pulses modulating asinewave carrier. The distance, or range, to the target is determined b y measuring the timeT R taken by the pulse to travel to the target and return. Si nce electromagnetic energy  propagates at the speed of li ght c = 3 x 10 8  m/s, the range R is The factor 2 appears in the denominator because of the two -way propagation of radar. Once the transmitted pulse is emitted by the radar, a sufficient length of time must elapse to allow any echo signals to return and be detected before the next pulse may be transmitted. Therefore the rate at which the pulses may be transmitted is determined by the longest range atwhich targets are expected. If the pulse repetition frequency is too high, echo signals from sometargets might arrive after the transmission o f the next pulse, and ambiguities in measuringrang e might result. Echoes that arrive after the transmission o f the next pulse are calledsecond-time-around (or multiple- time-around) echoes. Such an echo would appear to  be at amuch sh orter range than the actual and could be misl eading if it were not known to be asecond-time-around echo. The range beyond which targets appear as second-time-around echoes is called t he rnaximum ambiguous range and is R = c/(2f p ) where.f  p = pulse repetition frequency , in Hz.

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