40 principles. table of contents 1.segmentationsegmentation 2.extractionextraction 3.local...
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40 PRINCIPLES
Table of Contents
1. Segmentation
2. Extraction
3. Local Quality
4. Asymmetry
5. Consolidation
6. Universality
7. Nesting
8. Counterweight
9. Prior Counteraction
10.Prior Action
11.Cushion in Advance
12.Equipotentiality
13.Do It in Reverse
14.Spheroidality
15.Dynamicity
16.Partial or Excessive Action
17.Transition Into a New Dimension
18.Mechanical Vibration
Table of Contents
19.Periodic Action
20.Continuity of Useful Action
21.Rushing Through
22.Convert Harm into Benefit
23.Feedback
24.Mediator
25.Self Service
26.Copying
27.Dispose
28.Replacement of Mechanical System
29.Pneumatic or Hydraulic Construction
30.Flexible Membranes or Thin Films
31.Porous Material
32.Changing the Color
33.Homogeneity
Table of Contents
34.Rejecting and Regenerating Parts
35.Transformation of Properties
36.Phase Transition
37.Thermal Expansion
38.Accelerated Oxidation
39. Inert Environment
40.Composite Materials
1. Segmentation
1. Segmentation• Divide an object into independent parts
A 90-degree elbow in a large air duct is segmented for better air flow and turbulence reduction
1. Segmentation• Make an object sectional
The pole of a temporary street light is made of elements connected with flexible joints for easy transportation and installation
1. Segmentation• Increase the degree of an object’s segmentation
Development of a Roller Conveyer
2. Extraction
2. Extraction• Extract the “disturbing” part or property from an obj
ect.
Instead of lifting many high intensity lights by balloons, only one reflector is lifted. The lights are installed on the ground and beamed toward the reflector
2. Extraction• Extract the “disturbing” part or property from an obj
ect.
To reduce over exposure of X-Ray radiation chest, a special lead screen is designed to limit X-Rays only to needed areas
2. Extraction• Extract only the necessary part or property from an
object.
Mine rescue teams wore bulky cooling containers in their backpacks. Now, cooling systems are stored in separate containers that can be placed on the floor
3. Local Quality
3. Local Quality• Transition from homogeneous to heterogeneous structu
re of an object or outside environment (action)
In order to combat dust in coal mines, a cone shaped mist of water is sprayed over the working parts of drilling and loading machinery. The smaller the droplets, the greater the effect in combating dust. However, the fin mist hinders work. Solution : Spray a layer of coarse mist around the cone of fine mist
3. Local Quality• Different parts of an object should carry out differe
nt functions.
A dust filter is made with porous membranes. The outer membrane has larger pores for preliminary filtration while the inner membrane has fine pores to collect small particulates
3. Local Quality• Each part of an object should be placed in conditio
ns that are most favorable for its operation
To reduce the temperature in an ultrasonic device for making holes, the middle section is made from heat conductive material while outer parts are mde from war resistant material
4. Asymmetry
4. Asymmetry• Replace symmetrical form with asymmetrical form
A device to straighten a wire consists of two rollers, convex and concave, made asymmetrical around the y-axis to speed production and increase quality
4. Asymmetry• Replace symmetrical form with asymmetrical form
The driving drum of a snowmobile is positioned under the vehicle at an angle to better grip the snow
4. Asymmetry• If an object is already asymmetrical, increase its d
egree of asymmetry
An electrical furnace has electrodes asymmetrically placed permitting the continuous loading of ore and the discharge of molten metal
5. Consolidation
5. Consolidation• Consolidate in space homogeneous objects or obj
ects destined for contiguous operation
Two lifts are combined to carry a wide load. To accomplish this task the adjoining partitions are removed
5. Consolidation• Consolidate in space homogeneous objects or obj
ects destined for contiguous operation
In a triple-hull ship the interference of waves between hulls reduces water friction
5. Consolidation• Consolidate in time homogeneous or contiguous o
peration
Nozzles installed at the rotor provide hot steam that thaws the frozen ground for easy excavation
6. Universality
6. Universality• An object can perform several different functions; t
herefore, other elements can be removed.
A heavy battery is installed inside a sailboat’s hollow keel to provide necessary weight. When the boat is under sail, the propeller is works as a generator charging the battery. In calm weather, the battery can power the propeller.
6. Universality• An object can perform several different functions;
therefore, other elements can be removed.
A hat can be used as a handbag.
6. Universality• An object can perform several different functions;
therefore, other elements can be removed.
A briefcase handle can be used as an expander.
6. Universality• An object can perform several different functions;
therefore, other elements can be removed.
A luggage handle can be used as an iron.
7. Nesting
7. Nesting• One object is placed inside another. That object is
placed inside a third one. And so on ….
To set a hollow concrete pipe into the ground, a vibrator is installed inside the pipe.
7. Nesting• One object is placed inside another. That object is
placed inside a third one. And so on ….
Suspended reservoir for oil storage can store different products in a single unit.
7. Nesting• One object passes through a cavity in another obje
ct.
An ultrasonic concentrator is nested, like “Matrioshka” to reduce its effective length
8. Counterweight
8. Counterweight• Compensate for the weight of an object by combini
ng it with another object that provides a lifting force.
Balloons help temporarily suspend a cable over the river
8. Counterweight• Compensate for the weight of an object with
aerodynamic or hydrodynamic forces influenced by the outside environment
Ocean water from wave action against the hull is used to cool the top deck of a tanker carrying easily vaporized liquids
8. Counterweight• Compensate for the weight of an object with
aerodynamic or hydrodynamic forces influenced by the outside environment
Paint brush with floating handle
9. Prior Counteraction
9. Prior Counteraction• Preload countertension to an object to compensat
e excessive and undesirable stress
During production of corrugated cartons, corrugated paper is bent in the opposite direction of the cover paper. When the glue dries, the cartons become flat.
9. Prior Counteraction• Preload countertension to an object to compensat
e excessive and undesirable stress
A composite turbine shaft consists of several pipes twisted in the opposite direction from the shaft rotation. The strength of the shaft increases while allowing double the weight reduction.
9. Prior Counteraction• Preload countertension to an object to compensat
e excessive and undesirable stress
A new technology is offered for making a pre-stressed product. The product is placed on a rotating pan. During rotation, while the product cools off, it gains internal compressed tension, similar to pre-stressed concrete. When cured, it can handle high tensile forces.
10. Prior Action
10. Prior Action• Perform required changes to an object completely
or partially in advance
During blasting work in open areas, water “curtains” can suppress ground dust. Such water curtains can be made by pre-blasting water in a pit just before the main explosion occurs.
10. Prior Action• Perform required changes to an object completely
or partially in advance
A tree is made to absorb pigment before it is cut, providing required color to the internal layers.
10. Prior Action• Place objects in advance so that they can go into
action immediately from the most convenient location
To remove a cast without damaging the skin, a blade that will eventually cut the cast is inserted during the cast’s application.
11. Cushion in Advance
11. Cushion in Advance• Compensate for the relatively low reliability of an objec
t with emergency measures prepared in advance
Sharp turns on some roads use old tires to prevent accidents.
11. Cushion in Advance• Compensate for the relatively low reliability of an
object with emergency measures prepared in advance
To prevent water dissipation, a plastic liner is placed along the bottom of a reservoir.
11. Cushion in Advance• Compensate for the relatively low reliability of an
object with emergency measures prepared in advance
A special chemical “tag” is added to a poison substance so it can be easily identified.
11. Cushion in Advance• Compensate for the relatively low reliability of an
object with emergency measures prepared in advance
To prevent shoplifting, a magnetic plate is inserted into the tag of the merchandise. When an item is stolen, it triggers an alarm.
12. Equipotentiality
12. Equipotentiality• Change the conditions of the work in such a way t
hat it will not require lifting or lowering an object.
A container is not loaded directly into the truck. Instead, it is lifted slightly by a hydraulic cylinder and then slid inside the truck.
12. Equipotentiality• Change the conditions of the work in such a way t
hat it will not require lifting or lowering an object.
A truck for transporting large pre-stressed concrete pipes does not lift the pipes. It inserts a wheeled arm through the pipe, slightly lifts it, and carries it to the destination.
13. Do It in Reverse
13. Do It in Reverse• Instead of the direct action dictated by a problem, i
mplement an opposite action
During the casting of a large, thin-walled part, a dish with liquid iron is stationary while the platform holding the part moves.
13. Do It in Reverse• Make the movable part of an object, or outside
environment, stationary – and the stationary part movable.
13. Do It in Reverse• Turn an object upside-down.
An electric burner is installed in the cover of a frying pan so that cooking may be done from two sides at the same time.
14. Spheroidality
14. Spheroidality• Replace linear parts with curved parts, flat surface
s with spherical surfaces, and cube shapes with ball shapes.
14. Spheroidality• Use rollers, balls, spirals.
An agricultural plow has rollers instead of blades. This allows it to effectively move at twice its normal speed.
14. Spheroidality• Preplace linear motion with rotational motion; utiliz
e centrifugal force.
An oil derrick has a wheel that is 80 to 90 meters in diameter. The wheel lifts the boring pipe without disassembling, increasing the boring speed b six times.
15. Dynamicity
15. Dynamicity• Characteristics of an object, or outside environmen
t, must be altered to provide optimal performance at each state of an operation
An electrical welder with a ribbon-shaped electrode has a radius R which can be changed during the welding process to control the size of the welding seam.
15. Dynamicity• If an object is immobile, make it mobile. Make it int
erchangeable
Rotating skirt for dancing tricks.
15. Dynamicity• Divide an object in elements capable of changing t
heir position relative to each other.
A submerged vessel consist of two separate halves connected with a hinge.
15. Dynamicity• Divide an object in elements capable of changing
their position relative to each other
16. Partial or Excessive Action
16. Partial or Excessive Action• If it is difficult to obtain 100% of a desired effect,
achieve more or less of the desired effect.
To reduce the amount of reagent used when preventing hail, only the part of the cloud that is responsible for hail production is bombarded
16. Partial or Excessive Action• If it is difficult to obtain 100% of a desired effect, ac
hieve more or less of the desired effect.
While manufacturing a magneto conductor, a ceramic plate is covered wit excess ferromagnetic and conducting material. The excess is then machined off, leaving the correct layers in the channels of the plate.
16. Partial or Excessive Action• If it is difficult to obtain 100% of a desired effect,
achieve more or less of the desired effect.
When difficult to view the plasmagene cutting process, the plasmagene arc is made with excessive flame. This guarantees complete cutting.
17. Transition Into A New Dimension
17. Transition Into a New Dim. • Transition one-dimensional movement, or placeme
nt, of objects into 2-D or 3-D
The plowing mechanism for an ice skating arena is placed under the vehicle.
17. Transition Into a New Dim.• Utilize multi-level composition of objects.• Incline an object, or place it on its side.
Vertical storage of wooden logs.
17. Transition Into a New Dim.• Utilize the opposite side of a given surface.
Reflecting panels are placed under a tree to increase the effective sunlight.
17. Transition Into a New Dim.• Project optical lines onto neighboring areas, or
onto the reverse side, of an object.
Greenhouse with solar reflecting panels.
18. Mechanical Vib.
18. Mechanical Vibration• Utilize oscillation.
To reduce cooking time, use turbulence or low frequency acoustic vibrations.
18. Mechanical Vibration• If oscillation exists, increase its frequency to ultras
onic.
Parts are cleaned in a solution using ultrasonic vibrations.
18. Mechanical Vibration• Use the frequency of resonance.• Replace mechanical vibration with piezo-vibration.• Use ultrasonic vibrations in conjunction with an ele
ctromagnetic field
Ultrasonic welding of human bones is used during plastic surgery.
19. Periodic Action
19. Periodic Action• Replace a continuous action with a periodic one
An impulse water sprinkler produces droplets of water that reduce damage to the soil.
19. Periodic Action• Replace a continuous action with a periodic one
Instead of a high smoke stack, a short one is made utilizing impulses. Rings of smoke rise 3000 meters.
19. Periodic Action• If the action is already periodic, change its frequency.• Use pauses between impulses to provide additional
action
For better and easier excavation of coal, a borehole is filled with water and then an impulse pressure is applied.
20. Continuity of UA
20. Continuity of Useful Action• Carry out an action without a break. All parts of the
object should constantly operate at full capacity.
A soldering device has a soldering tip in the shape of a roller for continuous action.
20. Continuity of Useful Action• Remove idle and intermediate motion
An oil tanker is filled with sugar after thoroughly removing the oil.
20. Continuity of Useful Action• Replace “back-and-forth” motion with a rotating
one.
Rotary laboratory table.
21. Rushing Through
21. Rushing Through• Perform harmful and hazardous operations at a ve
ry high speed.
It is necessary to tilt a barge at an unsafe, high angle to unload lumber. Partially tilt the barge at a safer angle by jerking it rapidly. This can be done by quickly pumping water out from the tilter.
22. Convert Harm into Benefit
22. Convert Harm into Benefit• Utilize harmful factors – especially environmental –
to obtain a positive effect.
When a base liquid is pumped through a pipe it will deposit sediment on the inside surface of the pipe. When an acid is pumped through a pipe, it corrodes the inner surface of the pipe. Pump acid and base liquids alternately through the same pipe.
22. Convert Harm into Benefit• Remove one harmful factor by combining it with
another harmful factor
Before demolishing an old building, a trench is dug around it. During the blast, when the first shock wave reaches the trench, it reflects back and neutralizes the main shockwave.
22. Convert Harm into Benefit• Increase the degree of harmful action to such an
extent that it ceases to be harmful
Removal of red birth marks is accomplished by injecting a compensating green pigment under the skin.
23. Feedback
23. Feedback• Introduce feedback• If feedback already exists, change it
The level of fuel in a carburetor adjusts itself via a floating valve placed inside the fuel cell.
24. Mediator
24. Mediator• Use an intermediary object to transfer or carry-out
an action.
A preserving substance needs to be introduced over the inner surface of a complex-shaped object. To do this, compressed hot air is mixed with the preserving substance. This mixture is then pumped through the object.
24. Mediator• Temporarily connect the original object to one that
is easily removed
To manufacture a one layer diamond disk, a diamond powder is applied to cloth. This sandwich is then applied to the disk. Afterward, the cloth is dissolved with acetone.
24. Mediator• Temporarily connect the original object to one that
is easily removed
A dry developer consists of positively charged dielectric balls. The surface of the balls are covered with negatively charged particles of pigment. During the development process, particles of pigment jump from the balls under the influence of a stronger positive charge from the hidden image on the photolayer.
25. Self Service
25. Self Service• An object must service itself and carry-out supple
mentary and repair operations.
25. Self Service• Make use of waste material and energy.
Scrubbers that scrape and clean a conveyor belt wear-out fast. Ideally, a scrubber should last forever. Suggestion: Introduce a gap between the scrubber and the conveyor belt. Particles of loose material will fall on the plate reducing the gap and provide the scrubbing action.
25. Self Service• Make use of waste material and energy.
A cone-shaped concrete river dam provides a self sealing action during an earthquake. The dam will sink down into the sand.
26. Copying
26. Copying• A simplified an inexpensive copy should be used i
n place of a fragile original or an object that is inconvenient to operate
• If a visible optical copy is used, replace it with an infrared or ultraviolet copy.
The doctor can see a patient as a 3D image by using a stereoscope.
26. Copying• Replace an object with their optical image. The im
age can then be reduced or enlarged.
A method of measuring logs on a railroad truck is accomplished by taking a picture of the logs, then measuring each log from the picture
27. Dispose
27. Dispose• Replace an expensive object with a cheap one, co
mpromising other properties
Paper dress.
28. Replacement of Mech. Sys.
28. Replacement of Mech. Sys.• Replace a mechanical system with an optical, aco
ustical, thermal or olfactory system.
Olfactory method to determine when a tooth of a boring tools broken.
28. Replacement of Mech. Sys.• Replace a mechanical system with an optical,
acoustical, thermal or olfactory system.
28. Replacement of Mech. Sys.• Replace a mechanical system with an optical,
acoustical, thermal or olfactory system.
Micro-movement of an object under a microscope is done with a metal rod and an electric heating element.
28. Replacement of Mech. Sys.• Use an electric, magnetic or electromagnetic field
to interact with an object.
• Replace field that are:– Stationary with mobile.– Fixed with changing in time.– Random with structured.
• Use fields in conjunction with ferromagnetic particles.
29. Pneumatic & Hydraulic
29. Pneumatic or Hydraulic.• Replace solid parts of an object with a gas or liqui
d. These pars can now use air or water for inflation, or use pneumatic or hydrostatic cushions.
29. Pneumatic or Hydraulic.• Replace solid parts of an object with a gas or
liquid. These pars can now use air or water for inflation, or use pneumatic or hydrostatic cushions.
29. Pneumatic or Hydraulic.• Replace solid parts of an object with a gas or
liquid. These pars can now use air or water for inflation, or use pneumatic or hydrostatic cushions.
29. Pneumatic or Hydraulic.• Replace solid parts of an object with a gas or liqui
d. These pars can now use air or water for inflation, or use pneumatic or hydrostatic cushions.
30. Flexible Membranes
30. Flexible Membranes• Replace customary constructions with flexible
membranes or thin film.
30. Flexible Membranes• Replace customary constructions with flexible me
mbranes or thin film.
A mirror with adjustable focus is made out of thin, flexible film. When air is pumped inside of the enclosure, it changes the curvature of the mirror
30. Flexible Membranes• Replace customary constructions with flexible me
mbranes or thin film.
A light bulb covered with a thin rubber film can withstand high impact.
31. Porous Material
31. Porous Material• Make an object porous, or use supplementary por
ous elements.
In a hydraulic system, oil is pumped through a porous plate that works as a control valve.
31. Porous Material• Make an object porous, or use supplementary
porous elements
To prevent the setting of hard or viscous substances on a surface, the walls are made of porous materials through which a special liquid is pumped.
31. Porous Material• If an object is already porous, fill pores in advance
with some substance.
An additive can be mixed with molten metal by introducing a porous brick soaked with the additives.
32. Change Color
32. Changing the Color• Change the color of an object or its environment.
Paint an iceberg red. Red pigment reflects light in the dark, so the iceberg can be seen at night from a long distance.
32. Changing the Color• Change the degree of translucency of an object or
its environment.
A bandage is made out of transparent material for better observation of the wound.
32. Changing the Color• Use color additives to observe an object, or proces
s, which is difficult to see.• If such additives are already used, employ lumines
cent traces or trace atoms.
In steel mills, a curtain of colored water protects workers from ultraviolet light.
33. Homogeneity
33. Homogeneity• Objects interaction with the main object should be
made out of the same material(or similar) as the main object.
When a vibrating rod transmits ultrasonic waves to molten steel, the rod looses some of its substance. To prevent pollution, the rod is made of the same substance as the molten steel.
33. Homogeneity• Objects interaction with the main object should be
made out of the same material(or similar) as the main object.
A method for transferring heat into an area of endothermic reaction: A hot vapor of the flask material is introduced inside. This vapor is the carrier of the heat needed for the reaction.
33. Homogeneity• Objects interaction with the main object should be
made out of the same material(or similar) as the main object.
A method of melting frozen oxygen is accomplished by introducing oxygen vapor
34. Reject & Regenerate Parts
34. Reject & Regenerate Parts• After completing its function, or becoming useless,
an element of an object is rejected or modified during its work process
A wire satellite antenna, when deployed in orbit, is expanded by compressed air. The air stretches a flexible film shell forcing the antenna into the shape of a ball. The vacuum of space, and the sun’s rays, destroy the flexible shell allowing the antenna to reflect radio waves.
34. Reject & Regenerate Parts• After completing its function, or becoming useless,
an element of an object is rejected or modified during its work process
Method to manufacture microsprings : Wire is wound on an elastic core which is later removed by dissolving in liquid.
34. Reject & Regenerate Parts• Used-up parts of an object should be restored
during its work.
A method to manufacture large rubber balls : The ball form is made from a chalk and water mixture. The form is covered with raw rubber and placed in an oven. Later, the chalk is dissolved and removed.
35. Transformation of Properties
35. Transformation of Property• Change the physical state of the system.
An explosive is delivered to an assigned depth in the ground in a gaseous form to generate resilient waves.
35. Transformation of Property• Change the concentration or density.
An arc-welding process has an electrode in the form of liquid metal steam supplied by an electromagnetic pump.
35. Transformation of Property• Change the degree of flexibility• Change the temperature or volume.
The Screw of a batching system for free flowing material is made out of an elastic substance with an internal spiral to easily adjust its pitch.
36. Phase Transition
36. Phase Transition• Use the phenomena of phase change
Evaporating a section of its outside protective layer prevents the body of a spaceship from overheating.
36. Phase Transition• Use the phenomena of phase change
A process of forming metal surfaces by freezing water inside a casting form.
36. Phase Transition• Use the phenomena of phase change
By freezing an emulsion of water and polishing powder, a higher quality of polishing can be achieved.
37. Thermal Expansion
37. Thermal Expansion• Use expansion or contraction of material by changi
ng its temperature
A bimetallic strip is used as a thermometer
37. Thermal Expansion• Use various materials with different coefficient of
thermal expansion
A gap in a bearing during thermal expansion is compensated for by two conical rings having different coefficients of thermal expansion.
37. Thermal Expansion• Use various materials with different coefficient of t
hermal expansion
The rotor of an engine turns by the contraction and expansion of wires with different coefficients of thermal expansion
38. Accelerated Oxidation
38. Accelerated Oxidation• Make transition from one level of oxidation to the n
ext higher level
Air is pumped through perforated pipes in sanitation stations to increase the activity of bacteria that clean the water.
38. Accelerated Oxidation• Make transition from one level of oxidation to the n
ext higher level
Pure oxygen is delivered into a furnace to produce cast iron directly from the molten ore.
38. Accelerated Oxidation• Make transition from one level of oxidation to the n
ext higher level
Ozone is used as an oxidizer in a submarine’s combustion engines to allow the complete burning of fuel.
39. Inert Environment
39. Inert Environment• Replace a normal environment with an inert one.• Introduce a neutral substance or additives.• Carry out a process in a vacuum.
Foam is used to isolate a fire from an oxygen source.
39. Inert Environment• Replace a normal environment with an inert one.• Introduce a neutral substance or additives.• Carry out a process in a vacuum.
To prevent oxidation of the welded seam, an inert gas covers the welding arc.
39. Inert Environment• Replace a normal environment with an inert one.• Introduce a neutral substance or additives.• Carry out a process in a vacuum.
To prevent corrosion, all internal space of a large vessel filled with nitrogen.
40. Composite Materials
40. Composite Materials• Replace homogeneous materials with composite
ones.
A fiber of high-melting metal is introduced into solder to increase its strength
40. Composite Materials• Replace homogeneous materials with composite
ones.
A composition of corrugated paper glued with a carton allows for the development of a rigid package.
40. Composite Materials• Replace homogeneous materials with composite
ones.
An image is made by magnetic ink (a mixture of pigment and ferromagnetic powder) influenced by a magnetic field.