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40 Number of Parking Tickets 0 10 2 0 30 Monday Tuesda y Wednes day Thursd ay Friday Pictogra Pictogra ms ms and and Bar Bar Charts Charts Frida y Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Line Line Graphs Graphs

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Page 1: 40 Number of Parking Tickets 0 10 20 30 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Pictograms and Bar Charts Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Line

40

Number of Parking Tickets

0

10

20

30

Mon

da

y Tues

day

Wed

nes

d

ay

Thurs

day

Frid

ay

PictograPictogramsms

and and

Bar Bar ChartsCharts

Friday

Thursday

Wednesday

Tuesday

Monday

Line Line GraphsGraphs

Page 2: 40 Number of Parking Tickets 0 10 20 30 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Pictograms and Bar Charts Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Line

"Certain images and/or photos on this presentation are the copyrighted property of JupiterImages and are being used with permission under license. These images and/or photos may not be copied or downloaded without permission from JupiterImages"

© Christine Crisp

Pictograms, Bar Charts Pictograms, Bar Charts and Line Graphsand Line Graphs

Data from the Office for National Statistics which is included in this presentation is reproduced under the terms of licence.

Page 3: 40 Number of Parking Tickets 0 10 20 30 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Pictograms and Bar Charts Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Line

Diagrams are often used to show information from data.e.g. The following data set shows the

number of cars given parking tickets on a particular street on 5 weekdays.

Monday TuesdayWednesd

ayThursday Friday

20 20 5 35 40As always, the frequencies are numbers, but we don’t have numbers for the days of the week.

The data are qualitative (descriptions) instead of quantitative (quantities or numbers).

Both types of data can be shown in pictograms and bar charts.

Page 4: 40 Number of Parking Tickets 0 10 20 30 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Pictograms and Bar Charts Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Line

Monday TuesdayWednesd

ayThursday Friday

20 5 35 40e.g. A pictogram of the data.

Friday

Thursday

Wednesday

Tuesday

Monday

Decide how many real cars are represented by a picture of a car.

Ans: 10

Key: = 10 carsThe diagram must have a title and key.

pictogram picture

Number of Parking Tickets

Number of Parking Tickets

20

Page 5: 40 Number of Parking Tickets 0 10 20 30 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Pictograms and Bar Charts Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Line

There is very little difference between a pictogram and a bar chart.We replace the pictures with bars !

Friday

Thursday

Wednesday

Tuesday

Monday

Number of Parking Tickets

As before, we must have a title but instead of a key we have a scale.Bar charts are easier to draw using squared paper.

0 10 20 30 40

Page 6: 40 Number of Parking Tickets 0 10 20 30 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Pictograms and Bar Charts Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Line

40

Number of Parking Tickets

0

10

20

30

Mon

da

y Tues

day

Wed

nes

d

ay

Thurs

day

Frid

ay

Friday

Thursday

Wednesday

Tuesday

Monday

Number of Parking Tickets

0 10 20 30 40

Bar charts are often drawn with the bars going up the page.

Friday

Thursday

Wednesday

Tuesday

Monday

Number of Parking Tickets

0 10 20 30 40

40

Nu

mb

er

of

Park

ing

Tic

kets 0

1020

30

Fri

day

Th

urs

da

yWed

nesd

ay

Tu

esd

ayM

on

da

y

Fri

day

Th

urs

da

yWed

nesd

ay

Tu

esd

ayM

on

da

y

Nu

mb

er

of

Park

ing

Tic

kets 0

1020

3040

To find the mean number of tickets issued per day, we sum the frequencies and divide by the number of days.

Page 7: 40 Number of Parking Tickets 0 10 20 30 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Pictograms and Bar Charts Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Line

40

Number of Parking Tickets

0

10

20

30

Mon

da

y Tues

day

Wed

nes

d

ay

Thurs

day

Frid

ay

Friday

Thursday

Wednesday

Tuesday

Monday

Number of Parking Tickets

0 10 20 30 40

Bar charts are often drawn with the bars going up the page.

Friday

Thursday

Wednesday

Tuesday

Monday

Number of Parking Tickets

0 10 20 30 40

mean number of tickets issued per day= 20 + 20 + 5 + 35 +

40 5 = 24

Page 8: 40 Number of Parking Tickets 0 10 20 30 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Pictograms and Bar Charts Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Line

Double, or dual, bar charts can be used to compare data. This chart compares

the way that boys and girls in a junior class travelled to school.

Fre

qu

en

cy

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

BusT

rai

n Taxi

Wal

kin

g

Methods of Transport to

School

Fre

qu

en

cy

BoysGirls

Answer the following:

(a) How many girls go by train?

(b)How many children go by taxi?

(c) What is the most popular way of getting to school?

Ans: (a) 2 (b) 4 (c)Walking

Page 9: 40 Number of Parking Tickets 0 10 20 30 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Pictograms and Bar Charts Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Line

A line graph is mostly used when data are given at regular intervals of time. For example, times of day, months, or years.

Year

Number

(millions)

1991 15.1

1993 18.4

1995 19.2

1997 16.5

1999 14.8

2001 12.6

e.g. The table shows the total number of recorded crimes in England and Wales.

Source: Office for National Statistics: British Crime Survey, Home Office

Draw a line graph to display the data.

Solution: We plot the years on the x-axis (horizontally) and the number of crimes up the y-axis (vertically). The points are joined with straight line segments.

Page 10: 40 Number of Parking Tickets 0 10 20 30 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Pictograms and Bar Charts Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Line

Year

Number

(millions)

1991 15.1

1993 18.4

1995 19.2

1997 16.5

1999 14.8

2001 12.61991

1993 1995

1997 1999

2001

Total Number of Crimes committed in England and

Wales

Year

Solution:

Tell your partner 2 things the graph tells you about the number of crimes.

x

x x

xx

x

• Between 1991 and 2001, most crimes occurred in 1995.• Crime decreased each year from 1995 to 2001. ( Other answers are possible. )

Nu

mb

er

(million

s)

Page 11: 40 Number of Parking Tickets 0 10 20 30 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Pictograms and Bar Charts Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Line

Exercise

1. The diagram shows the spending by overseas tourists in parts of the U.K. in 2001.

SW England

Heart of England

Wales

Scotland

Area

Source: Office for National Statistics Key: = £100

million(a)How much was spent by the

tourists in (i) the Heart of England and (ii) Wales?(b)The figure for SW England was £450 000 000. How many pictures would show this?

Page 12: 40 Number of Parking Tickets 0 10 20 30 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Pictograms and Bar Charts Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Line

Area

Scotland

Wales

Heart of England

SW England

Exercise

Source: Office for National Statistics Key: = £100 million

(a) (i) £700 million was spent in the Heart of England(ii) £250 million was spent in Wales.

Answers:

(b)4½ pictures are needed to show £450 000 000.

Page 13: 40 Number of Parking Tickets 0 10 20 30 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Pictograms and Bar Charts Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Line

2. The diagram shows the estimates of fish stock in the North Sea in the 1970s and 1990s.

(a) Which type of fish stock increased between the 1970s and the 1990s?

(b)What was the estimate of the stock of cod in the 1970s?

Ans:

Ans: 800 000 ( 800 thousand ) tonnes

North Sea Fish Stocks

0

1000

2000

3000

Cod Herring Haddock

Frequency( thousands

of tonnes )

70's

90's

Source: Office for National Statistics

Herring

Page 14: 40 Number of Parking Tickets 0 10 20 30 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Pictograms and Bar Charts Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Line

Qualitative data has descriptions instead of numbers.

SUMMARY

Pictograms and bar charts can be used to display qualitative and quantitative data.

e.g. days of the week, colours, transport methods.

Pictograms must have a title and a key. The key gives the frequency for each picture.

The lengths of the bars on a bar chart give the frequencies. Bar charts must have a title and a scale.

Line graphs have straight line segments joining the points. The x-axis often shows time.

Page 15: 40 Number of Parking Tickets 0 10 20 30 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Pictograms and Bar Charts Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Line

A histogram is a bar graph that shows the frequency of data within equal intervals. There is no space between the bars in a histogram.

Course 2

Histograms

Page 16: 40 Number of Parking Tickets 0 10 20 30 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Pictograms and Bar Charts Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Line

The table below shows the number of hours students watch TV in one week. Make a histogram of the data.

Additional Example 3: Making a Histogram

Step 1: Make a frequency table of the data. Be sure to use equal intervals.

Course 2

Histograms

6 ///

7 //// ////

8 ///

9 ////

1 //

2 ////

3 //// ////

4 //// /

5 //// ///

Number of Hours of TV

1–3

FrequencyNumber of Hours of TV

15

4–6 17

7–9 17

Page 17: 40 Number of Parking Tickets 0 10 20 30 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Pictograms and Bar Charts Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Line

Additional Example 3 Continued

Step 2: Choose an appropriate scale and interval for the vertical axis. The greatest value on the scale should be at least as great as the greatest frequency.

Course 2

Histograms

1–3

FrequencyNumber of Hours of TV

15

4–6 17

7–9 17

20

16

12

8

4

0

Page 18: 40 Number of Parking Tickets 0 10 20 30 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Pictograms and Bar Charts Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Line

Additional Example 3 Continued

Step 3: Draw a bar graph for each interval. The height of the bar is the frequency for that interval. Bars must touch but not overlap.

Course 2

Histograms

1–3

FrequencyNumber of Hours of TV

15

4–6 17

7–9 17

20

16

12

8

4

0

Page 19: 40 Number of Parking Tickets 0 10 20 30 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Pictograms and Bar Charts Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Line

Additional Example 3 Continued

Step 4: Label the axes and give the graph a title.

Course 2

Histograms

1–3

FrequencyNumber of Hours of TV

15

4–6 17

7–9 17

20

16

12

8

4

01–3 4–6 7–9

Hours of Television Watched

Frequ

ency

Hours

Page 20: 40 Number of Parking Tickets 0 10 20 30 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Pictograms and Bar Charts Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Line

The table below shows the number of hats a group of students own. Make a histogram of the data.

Try This: Example 3

Step 1: Make a frequency table of the data. Be sure to use equal intervals.

Course 2

Histograms

1–3

FrequencyNumber of Hats Owned

12

4–6 18

7–9 24

1 //

2 ////

3 //// /

4 //// /

5 //// ///

6 ////

7 //// /

8 //// ////

9 //// ////

Number of Hats Owned

Frequency

Page 21: 40 Number of Parking Tickets 0 10 20 30 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Pictograms and Bar Charts Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Line

Try This: Example 3

Step 2: Choose an appropriate scale and interval for the vertical axis. The greatest value on the scale should be at least as great as the greatest frequency.

Course 2

Histograms

1–3

FrequencyNumber of Hats Owned

12

4–6 18

7–9 24

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Page 22: 40 Number of Parking Tickets 0 10 20 30 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Pictograms and Bar Charts Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Line

Try This: Example 3

Step 3: Draw a bar graph for each interval. The height of the bar is the frequency for that interval. Bars must touch but not overlap.

Course 2

Histograms

1–3

FrequencyNumber of Hats Owned

12

4–6 18

7–9 24

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Page 23: 40 Number of Parking Tickets 0 10 20 30 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Pictograms and Bar Charts Friday Thursday Wednesday Tuesday Monday Line

Try This: Example 3

Step 4: Label the axes and give the graph a title.

Course 2

Histograms

1–3

FrequencyNumber of Hats Owned

12

4–6 18

7–9 24

30

25

20

15

10

5

01–3 4–6 7–9

Number of Hats Owned

Frequ

ency

Number of Hats