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The XIX Century Juan Antonio López Luque Chapter 3

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The XIX Century

Juan Antonio López Luque

Chapter 3

Juan Antonio López Luque

Napoleon

The irresistible pressure of French imperialism:

Napoleon Bonaparte controlled the western half of the continent.

Spain became a satellite country of the Bonapart Regime

Napoleon forced the cession of the vast Louisiana territory in North America

France also forced Godoy into the border "War of the Oranges" against pro-British Portugal.

French troops crossed the Spanish border to attack Portugal. It was a major victory for Spain but

the consequent war with Britain upon Napoleonic dictates marked the beginning of the end.

Juan Antonio López Luque

Trafalgar (1805)

27 British ships led by Admiral Lord Nelson aboard HMS Victory (0 lost)

33 French and Spanish ships under French Admiral Pierre-Charles Villeneuve (22 lost)

Off the southwest coast of Spain, just west of Cape Trafalgar

Nelson was shot by a French musketeer during the battle and died shortly after, becoming one of Britain's greatest war heroes.

It was the virtual destruction of the Spanish navy, and the subsequent British domination of the Atlantic

Juan Antonio López Luque

Trafalgar (1805)

Admiral Lord Nelson French Admiral Pierre-Charles Villeneuve

Juan Antonio López Luque

Trafalgar (1805)

Trafalgar Square

Juan Antonio López Luque

Trafalgar completed the discrediting of the government

The unpopularity of Godoy increased year by year

The ineptitude of Carlos IV dragged the prestige of the royal family in the mud

The regime drew the opposition alike of progressists and of ultra-conservatives within the aristocracy and church who wanted Carlos’ son Fernando as king

By the Treaty of Fontainebleau in October 1807 a huge French army cross the border into the peninsula…

The Bonapartist Regime of 1808-1812

Juan Antonio López Luque

When became clear to Godoy that Napoleon was eager to eliminate him he tried a plan to remove the royal family to America and start a movement against French domination

Godoy himself was imprisoned by a riot at the winter palace of Aranjuez in March 1808

Carlos IV was forced to abdicate

The breakdown of Spanish government provided Napoleon with the excuse to intervene directly, deport both Carlos IV and D. Fernando to France, and install his brother Joseph (José I) as king of Spain.

The Bonapartist Regime of 1808-1812

Juan Antonio López Luque

The Bonapartist administration tried to enact the same reforms brought by French rule to other lands

The legal and administrative systems were reorganized

The Inquisition was abolished

The church was brought under closer state regulation and most monasteries were abolished and their properties seized

Despite a conscientious effort he was rejected by the great majority of Spaniards, who referred to him sneeringly as Pepe Botella

The only real support for the regime came from a small minority of the afrancesados

The Bonapartist Regime of 1808-1812

Juan Antonio López Luque

The War of Independence (1808-1813)

The reaction of the Spanish people to

French domination was the great revolt of May 1808

It started on May 2 in Madrid as the members of the royal family were being hustled into French exile

Spread throughout the country within a few weeks

It was supported by all classes of the population (the nobility being the most tepid), to save national independence and also to save the primacy of traditional religion.

By June 1808, the Spanish resistance fielded an army with a nominal strength of 130,000 men.

Juan Antonio López Luque

The War of Independence (1808-1813)

After outstanding victories of the Spanish

national Army over the French troops, Napoleon himself decided to intervine personally leading an invading force of 300,000 men from his best units

Britain immediately joined hands with the Spanish governing junta, and dispatched an expeditionary corps under Sir Arthur Wellesley (later the Duke of Wellington)

The heart of the Spanish War of Independence lay not in the maneuverings of the field armies but in the massive popular resistance of all classes.

the main burden of the war was carried by irregular forces waging a guerrilla

Juan Antonio López Luque

The War of Independence (1808-1813)

Was built during the Napoleonic wars

Juan Antonio López Luque

Agustina de Aragón

The main suffering, and the main heroics, of the war belonged to the Spanish civilians.

French occupation policy was harsh withsavage reprisals: whole towns were sacked; rape by the French soldiers were not uncommon

In turn, the most vivid symbols of the Spanish resistance were given by the populace as a whole, highlighted by the two spectacular sieges-to-the-death of Zaragoza in 1808 and 1809

Agustina de Aragón

1813 brought a steady retreat by the shrunken French forces, no longer able to contest major battles in the main part of the peninsula.

Juan Antonio López Luque

The War of Independence (1808-1813)

Though the final outcome was complete victory, the cost was heavy

To the destruction of the Spanish state was added the devastation of the peninsula's economy

Popular resistance in Spain served as an inspiring example to other peoples held subject under Napoleonic imperialism, most notably in Germany, where the post-1809 patriotic awakening was directly stimulated by the Spanish revolt.

Juan Antonio López Luque

The Cadiz Cortes and the 1812 Constitution

Collapse of the Spanish monarchy

under the pressures of French imperialism opened the way for the first breakthrough of modern Spanish liberalism.

In 1810 the Junta Central called for the selection of representatives to a new Cortes in Cádiz, the seat of Spanish government during the greater part of the War of Independence

Deputies to the Cortes were chosen by indirect universal male suffrage in which the votes of twenty-five-year-old heads of households were channeled through district electoral councils.

Juan Antonio López Luque

The Cadiz Cortes and the 1812 Constitution

Juan Antonio López Luque

¡Viva la Pepa! the 1812 Constitution

Liberals wanted the Cortes as a way to transform

the nation

Conservatives wanted the Cortes because they were a traditional institution that could provide some sort of power after the abdication of the king

Finally a traditional three-estate Cortes is rejected and a unicameral assembly is elected.

The new constitution, completed in 1812, was based on the principle of national sovereignty rather than royal authority.

This is the end of the Ancient Regime

Juan Antonio López Luque

¡Viva la Pepa! the 1812 Constitution

2 main ideologies:

Conservatives who were outnumbered by Liberals (progressivists)

The constitution of 1812 represented an attempt to work out a thorough new liberal scheme of government and society in harmony, as much as possible, with traditional Spanish values.

It was the work of the middle-class, supported by most of the middle and part of the upper classes.

It was the most advanced document of its time in Europe. For the next quarter-century it stood as the classic document of constitutional liberalism in western continental Europe

Juan Antonio López Luque

Fernando VII – The Fernandine Reaction

Safely back on his throne, Ferdinand VII, supported by the reactionary mood in the country, reneges on his promise to the Cortes.

He restores absolute rule and savagely persecutes his liberal opponents.

His behavior alienates many royalists in Latin America and thus hastens the liberation movements which are already under way.

Juan Antonio López Luque

Fernando VII - the loss of the colonies

In most regions the Spanish-American

independence movement was limited mainly to a Spanish creole or Spanish mestizo minority of the land owners and commercial elite

The lower classes in America tended to be neutral or even pro-Spanish

Fernando's corrupt and incoherent regime was incapable of a major effort to restore Spanish control. The empire was lost mainly by default.

Spanish people were not actively identified with the empire; its loss gained little attention in Spain

After 1825 all that remained of the empire was Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the island possessions in the Pacific

Juan Antonio López Luque

The Liberal Triennium

Fernando’s proposal of sending an army

across the Atlantic to suppress the rebellious colonists ignited the indignation in Spain and prompt another successful liberal revolution in January 1820.

This revolt was led by young officers in the Army whose chief leader was Major Rafael del Riego and will establish a new form of rebelion: the pronunciamiento.

The pronunciamiento became the standard tactic of military revolt in nineteenth-century Spain.

Often it was the work of a small group of senior or middle-rank officers who did not attack the government but simply "pronounced" or raised the flag of revolt against existing government policy.

Juan Antonio López Luque

The Liberal Triennium

The new liberal government forces Fernando once again to accept the constitution of 1812 and repeated the social, institutional, and economic reforms of 1812-1813:

the Inquisition abolished, state control over church orders established, many of the latter suppressed, and most monastic lands confiscated.

The doceañistas soon found themselves challenged on both the left and the right.

Within the ranks of liberalism, pressure came from the exaltados or radicals who demanded revenge from Fernandine past atrocities. This in turn stimulated the reaction of ultra-conservatives.

Juan Antonio López Luque

Fernando finally asks for help to the Holy Alliance* and an army of 100,000 soldiers from France: “Los Cien Mil Hijos de San Luis”

Fernando is freed (he has been taken to Cadiz as a prisoner of the Cortes) and after the affront, Ferdinand's persecution of the liberals is even more vindictive (it will continue until his death in 1833)

Fernando had just one daughter Isabel, who is a child of 3 when he dies in 1833.

For most of his reign it has been assumed that he will be succeeded by his brother, Don Carlos.

Carlos is even more reactionary than Ferdinand, so the conflict between the two branches of the family becomes associated also with a political division within Spain.

Fernando VII - The Succession Crisis

Juan Antonio López Luque

*The Holly Alliance

RUSSIAPRUSIA

AUSTRIA

Juan Antonio López Luque

The Carlist Wars

The ancient tradition of Castile is that women can inherit the crown but the Salic Law is adopted in an act of 1713 and is then discarded again in a pragmatic sanction of Charles IV in 1789, but failed to complete final ratification by the traditional Cortes.

Fernando VII repeated the revocation by royal decree

Each side can therefore claim some legal justification in the first Carlist war, which breaks out in 1833 and lasts for six years.

Juan Antonio López Luque

The Carlist Wars

Descendants of Don Carlos (each called Carlos in succeeding generations) keep their dynastic claim alive through a succession of abortive uprisings in the mid-19th century and another full-scale civil war in 1872-76.

This second Carlist war takes place after the end of the reign of Isabella II, whose inheritance of the crown at the age of three has sparked the Carlist reaction.

Juan Antonio López Luque

Isabel II – The triumph of liberalism

Isabel was a 3 years old girl so her mother Maria Cristina became regent of Spain

Juan Antonio López Luque

Espartero

The dominant figure in the Spanish army at the close of the First Carlist War was General Baldomero Espartero, who commanded the government forces in the north during the campaign that concluded with the compromise peace of Vergara in 1839.

He had become identified with Progressive interests in opposition to rivals in the military who supported the Moderates

When the progressive faction threatened with a revolt against the new Election laws, María Cristina offered to appoint Espartero prime minister as the only hope of finding a compromise that would support the throne.

Juan Antonio López Luque

Espartero

But when Maria Cristina refused to sanction

annulment of the law, the Progressives broke into two months of street demonstrations and minor disorders.

This forced Maria Cristina to abdicate the regency.

Espartero then became interim regent in October 1840, and de facto head of state, the first and only time that a military figure held that position until 1936.

Espartero was not a politician and had little interest in resolving problems by attacking the causes, so by 1843, many of the Progressives themselves were looking for an alternative solution and he was forced into retirement.

Juan Antonio López Luque

The Isabeline Regime

Juan Antonio López Luque

Both the regency and the reign of Isabel have

suffered clashes between the royal tendency towards absolute rule and the rival demands of liberal and conservative factions.

Successive minor military revolts had failed since 1864, but a victorious one was made possible by the union of the center and left opposition between 1866 and 1868.

In a mounting atmosphere of discontent, a naval mutiny in Cadiz in 1868 finally sparks a nation-wide revolution.

Isabella II abdicates and withdraws to France with her 10-year-old son Alfonso.

The Revolution of 1868

Juan Antonio López Luque

The elective monarchy: Amadeo I

The Cortes of 1869, votes for a

continuation of the monarchy under a different monarch. The Carlists naturally have their own candidate, but the wish of the majority is for a king outside the Bourbon dynasty.

The crown is offered and eventually accepted in 1871 by an Italian prince Amadeo de Saboya, younger son of Victor Emmanuel II.

Amadeo's arrival in December 1872 prompts the Carlists to take up arms again, with the result that the unwelcome prince abdicates two months later, in February 1873.

The Cortes, disgusted for the moment with all royal pretensions, now declares a republic.

Juan Antonio López Luque

The First Republic

The establishment of the Republic

resulted from a flaunting of the democratic constitution, abstention by the conservatives, and the precipitous abdication of D. Amadeo.

New elections were held by the Republican government in May 1873. These were the fourth in slightly more than two years, and only 40 percent of the electorate, perhaps the smallest proportion in all Spanish history, participated.

Government in Spain seemed to dissolve during the summer and autumn of 1873, while the Carlist threat gathered momentum in the Basque country. Three Republican presidents resigned within four months

Juan Antonio López Luque

Restoration of the Borbón Monarchy: Alfonso XII

In the general chaos the republic stands no chance. In 1874 a military coup led by General Martínez Campos restores order and the crown is offered to the young son of Isabel II, Alfonso, at this stage a schoolboy in England.

Juan Antonio López Luque

Restoration of the Borbón Monarchy

The reorganization of the Spanish politics in 1875-1876 was largely the work of one man, Antonio Cánovas del Castillo

Republicanism was discredited and moderate opinion was willing to accept a tolerant monarchist regime.

Only those parties, groups, and newspapers that accepted the principle of constitutional monarchy under the Bourbon dynasty had the right to free activity. Elements which did not, such as republicans and Carlists, were largely suppressed.

The main work of the Cortes was adoption of a new monarchist constitution reestablished full central control over local government and administration

In 1880 slavery in Cuba was abolished

1876

Juan Antonio López Luque

Caciquismo and the Structure of Restoration

The political system of the Restoration rested

on oligarchy, articulated through the alliance of provincial political factions and boss control.

The “cacique” is the land owner, the local rich oligarch . It’s the boss rule.

This was only possible in a country with 28% general literacy and a huge dependence on agriculture

The provincial governor pressed the local caciques who “colect”votes from the peasants and workers

The whole system was based on fraud. By 1890 a two-party parliamentary system had been institutionalized in Spain. Liberals & Conservatives took turns governing

“PUCHERAZO

Juan Antonio López Luque

Alfonso XII

From the very moment of his coronation in 1875 the slight, tubercular Alfonso XII proved a model constitutional monarch and enjoyed a somewhat higher reputation than his ministers

The king died prematurely 3 days short of his 28th birthday without a male heir, though a son, also named Alfonso, was born posthumously several months later.

The regency is entrusted to the infant's mother, a second Maria Cristina.

Juan Antonio López Luque

Alfonso XIII

The reign of Alfonso XIII is complicated by

many long-running internal problems:

separatism,

anarchism terrorism

But even more significant during the reign are difficulties abroad.

The Spanish-American war of 1898

The Moroccan war

Juan Antonio López Luque

The Cuban Disaster

Spanish Colonies in 1898

Juan Antonio López Luque

The Cuban Disaster

Spanish Colonies in 1898

Juan Antonio López Luque

The Cuban Disaster

Spanish Colonies in 1898

Juan Antonio López Luque

The Cuban Disaster

Spanish Colonies in 1898

Juan Antonio López Luque

The Moroccan Dilemma

Godoy c