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A Scientific Approach to Evaluate Normal ClassRoom Chalk and Imported Dustless Chalk:An

Application of Instrumentation & Control

Engineering

Conference Paper November 2013

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4 authors, including:

Manish Thakker

Dharmsinh Desai University

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Premal Shukla

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A Scientific Approach to Evaluate Normal Class RoomChalk and Imported Dustless Chalk:An Application of

Instrumentation & Control Engineering

Manish Thakker1, 2, Dr.Dinesh O.Shah2,3, Dr.Premal Shukla2,4

1Department of Instrumentation & Control Engineering, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 387001,India

2Shah-Schulman center for surface science and Nanotechnology, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad

387001, India3Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida,

Gainesville, USA4Department of Chemical Engineering, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad 387001,India

ABSTRACT This research was undertaken to examine the nature of normal black board chalks and importeddustless chalks. Due to economic price majority of schools in developing country like India uses normal gypsum

based chalks which generate 3 to 4 times more dust particles than carbonate based imported chalks. We have

designed Wettability Instrument, Breaking strength Instrument for quantitative evalution of chalks. From wettability

data we had observed that gypsum based normal chalks are hydrophilic and Imported carbonate based chalks are

hydrophobic. We had done XRD measurement for elemental analysis and confirm the carbonate and gypsum

composition in the chalks. we had performed particle size measurement and found particle size produced during

writing process for gypsum based chalks is in the range of 150 400 nm and for carbonate based chalks, particle

size is in the range of 800-1500 nm. Large particle size favors sedimentation in the air rather than staying in air for a

longer time. This makes good quality carbonate chalks dustless. These are imported from Europe, Korea and United

state of America. One of the primary objectives of research is to develop cost effective, user friendly instruments

for measurement of Surface properties of solids and liquids.

1.

INTRODUCTION

In developing country like India classroom teaching with chalks still popular in schools. Teacher and students

hardly avoid chalk dust during teaching session. A small amount of respirator chalk dust is not considered harmful

but those who have chronic breathing issues such as asthma for that chalk dust create big problem. Inhaling chalk

dust for a number of years could create respiratory problem. This kind of problem known as occupational asthma it

symptoms include coughing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. In fact, many school systems strongly urge

teachers to move students with respiratory problems away from the chalkboard area[1-5].

In modern schools teaching method is shifted from blackboard to white board and audio visual technique. A study

which recently investigated whether teaching with overhead projectors was more effective than chalkboards

concluded that chalkboards were more interactive, progressive and fruitful[7]. As per the 7 thall Indian education

survey by NCERT there are 25, 52,165 black boards in schools and if we count college then this number will

increase [6].

Chalks imported from developed country like USA is label CP[certified products]. It meets the standards of art and

craft materials. This label certifies that art materials for children is non toxic and meet standards of quality. Chalk

main raw materials calcium carbonate and calcium sulphate shall be determined in accordance with ASTM D4236

& ANSI standards Z356.1-Non Toxic. Products from developing country there is no such standard follows in

manufacturing.


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The main purpose of this research is to study mineral composition, Physical properties and manufacturing process

of local and imported blackboard chalks. We had also converted normal black board chalks in to dustless chalk but

in this paper we are presenting only comparative results of local and imported chalks.

2.

EXPERIMENTAL

The blackboard chalks samples in these experiments are commonly used in various academic Institutions in India.

Several blackboard chalk samples were collected from Indian local market and some samples are imported. Physical

properties of chalk samples listed in Table I

Table: 1. Chalks samples economic and physical detail

Chalk type Price per stick in

Indian Rupees

Dimension

(length)*

(Cms)

Weight of single stick

(Grams)

Chalk required for 60 feet

writing on green glass

board(Grams)[Abrastion]

NCL1 0.23 6.8 3.818 0.292

NCL2 0.15 7.1 4.365 0.288

DLCI1 2.00 8.0 9.855 0.177

DLCI2 2.00 8.0 9.456 0.092

*All the chalk sticks having bottom diameter of 102mm

NCL1- normal chalks from manufacturer 1_India, NCL2- normal chalks from manufacture 2_India, DLCI1-

dustless chalks from Korea, DLCI2- dustless chalk from USA

a.

About wettability Instrument:

A special Instrument was designed to performed wettability measurement for the chalks. This Instrument works on

well known Washburn method published in 1921 by Edward Washburn and which described the dynamics of

capillary flow [11-15]. This is very simple, user-friendly and cost effective approach to determine wettability of

solid as well as powder samples. This method is based on measuring the changed sample mass during the adsorptionof liquids into solid. The sample mass is squared (M2) for making it more linear and graphically plotted Vs time (T).

The slope of the curve M2/T is called capillary velocity. From the slope it is also possible to give wettability data.

According to Washburn theory when solid is brought into contact with liquid the rise of liquid into pores of solid

obey following relationship

T = [ / C 2 cos ] M 2 (1)

T = time of contact= viscosity of liquid

C = material constant characteristic of solid sample

= density of liquid

= surface tension of liquid

= contact angleM = mass of liquid adsorbed on solid

An experiment is performed by hanging chalk stick on the transducer, Petri dish filled with type 1 water (from

Millipore system) was used to performed wettability experiment. Due to capillary action at chalk water interaction,

water penetration in the chalk pores which is measured though wettability Instrument. National Instrument software

LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering workbench) having extensive features for data

acquisition [8-10]. Dedicated LabVIEW based software was designed to acquire online wettability data in to

computer. Software gives online graph as shown in Figure 2 and also gives data in to excel file which later on used

for comparison of graphs. Wettability results of local and imported chalks are shown in Figure. 2
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227695544_Wettability_Assessment_of_Submicrometer_Alumina_Powder_Using_a_Modified_Washburn_Method?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d11c1af6-1b05-4c9c-9ff7-88641e2e5f5a&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI3NTY0NTQ3NDtBUzoyMjM4NTYyMzQxMTA5NzdAMTQzMDM4Mjg5MzE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/31695871_Hands-on_Exercise_Manual_for_LabVIEW_Programming_Data_Acquisition_and_Analysis_JY_Beyon?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d11c1af6-1b05-4c9c-9ff7-88641e2e5f5a&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI3NTY0NTQ3NDtBUzoyMjM4NTYyMzQxMTA5NzdAMTQzMDM4Mjg5MzE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227695544_Wettability_Assessment_of_Submicrometer_Alumina_Powder_Using_a_Modified_Washburn_Method?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d11c1af6-1b05-4c9c-9ff7-88641e2e5f5a&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI3NTY0NTQ3NDtBUzoyMjM4NTYyMzQxMTA5NzdAMTQzMDM4Mjg5MzE0Mw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/31695871_Hands-on_Exercise_Manual_for_LabVIEW_Programming_Data_Acquisition_and_Analysis_JY_Beyon?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-d11c1af6-1b05-4c9c-9ff7-88641e2e5f5a&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI3NTY0NTQ3NDtBUzoyMjM4NTYyMzQxMTA5NzdAMTQzMDM4Mjg5MzE0Mw==


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Figure 1. Real time graph of Time Vs Mass2from LabVIEW software

b.

About breaking strength Instrument

To measure breaking strength Load cell based breaking strength Instrument was designed which gives vertical

compressive load value. Two types of chalk stick normal and dustless was tested and results shown in Figure 2.

Compressive strength was measured to understand behavior of chalk particle interaction. Tightly packed particle

generate less dust and give higher breaking strength where as loosely pack particle generate more dust and also

having less breaking strength. This Instrument gives maximum load (KGF) applied on chalk. LabVIEW based

serial communication system is used to acquire data in to computer and to observe real time chart. It is observed that

when chalk breaks it gives peak from high to low load. The necessary features like to store data in excel and store

maximum peak value during experiment was developed in the software. This two Instrument are designed at Shah

Schulman Center for Surface Science and Nanotechnology, DDU, Nadiad, India

c. Bulk densities, Hausner Ratio and Compressibility Index of CaSO4,CaCO3

Table: 2. Density parameters of local and imported chalks

Particulars Calcium sulphate Calcium carbonate

Weight (g) 22.05 61.78

Initial Volume (ml) 48.0 79.0

Final Volume( ml)

(after1250 taps)

24.0 43.0

Bulk Density (g/ml) 0.459 0.782

Tapped Density (g/ml) 0.918 1.436Carrs Index (%) 50.0 45.56

Hausner Ratio 2.0 1.837

The poured bulk density of CaSO4and CaCO3powder was measured using tapped density apparatus, these powders

mainly used as a raw material in chalks. For the measurement gently filling the powder sample in a 100 ml glass

cylinder by keeping the cylinder in a slightly inclined position and pouring the powder into it so as to avoid the

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

LiquidAbsorptioninS

olid(Gram)

Time(sec)


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compaction of the powder during free fall. The poured volume and mass of powder were noted. The tap density of

powder samples were determined using a tap density test apparatus (Veego Instruments Corporation, TAP/MATIC-

II model, India) employing USP type I test in which the cylinder is raised by a height of 14+2 mm and then allowed

to drop under its own weight.

RESULTS & DISCUSSION:

Wettability test was performed for the two types of chalks, chalks from local market were porous and made from

CaSo42H2O(calcium sulphate dihytrate).

Figure 2. Time Vs Mass2of local and imported chalks

This chalks shows higher water penetration in 100 second it absorbed 3.9 and 2.2 grams of water. Imported chalks

were tightly packed and made from CaCO3 with some additives. In wettability results these chalks shows

hydrophobic in nature. This may due to of some polymeric additive.

Figure 3: compressive strength and weight of local and imported chalks

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

0

1

2

3

4

5

DLCI2

DLCI1

NCL1

NCL2

WaterAbsorbed(Gram2)

Time(sec)

NCL1

NCL2

DCLI1

DCLI2

NCL1 NCL2 DLCI1 DLCI2

0

5

10

15

20

25

Bre

akingstrenthandweight(Grams)

Types of Chalk

% Breaking Strenth(KGN)

% Weight(Gram)


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Various samples of chalks was analyzed using Breaking strength Instrument and results shown in Figure -3 and it is

observed that chalk made from calcium carbonate showing higher breaking strength(18-24KGF) and chalks made

from Gypsum shows less breaking strength(5-8 KGF). Apparent densities of carbonate based chalks are higher than

Gypsum based chalks. Gypsum based chalks having less weight (4-5 grams) where carbonate based chalks having

higher weight (8-9 grams). Tight packing of particle in carbonate based chalk results in higher braking strength.

Bulk density and tape density of calcium carbonate is higher (0.78,1.43g/ml) than calcium sulphate (0.45,0.91g/ml).

This also confirm with weight of chalk made from carbonate and sulphate. Weight of calcium sulphate is higher

than calcium carbonate; It is also observed that breaking strength of carbonate chalks is higher than sulphate based

chalks.

Figure: 4 Particle sizes and Abrasion after writing 60 feet on glass board of local and imported chalks

Particle size of chalk measured during writing process. Clean green glass board were used to write 60 feet line with

equal normal pressure. All the fans, windows kept closed during the experiment. Abrasion found by measuring

weight difference before and after writing 60 feet on the green glass board, the data presented in Figure-4.Dust

particle during writing was collected in silver foil paper from that particle size measurement was done using

Malvern Zeta seizer. From particle size analysis it shows that normal gypsum based particle in 150 -300 nm where

carbonate based imported chalk particle size in range of 1000 -1450 nm. In this study we had reported particle size

of chalk from USA and Korea which comes 990, 1483 nm respectively, where as Indian Gypsum based chalks from

two different companies 78,276 nm. In the measurement particle all the particles were not of the same size but we

had reported major particles. It is also observed during experiment due to less weight normal chalk particle float in

the air, furniture, cloth etc. and due to higher weight imported chalk particle fall directly on the floor. There is no

significance difference in visibility aspects if we use normal chalk or dustless chalk. However, if yellow chalk used

in black board instead of white chalk it gives comparatively more visibility in large class. In Air condition class

room effect of dust particle is less compared with classroom with fan, in normal chalk with air flow more particles

are spared in the class compared to dustless chalks. The effect of writing pressure will be more in normal chalk

compared to dust less chalk, In normal chalks particles bonds are week and with higher pressure, higher chalk

transfer in the board so abrasion is higher and dust generation is higher. Due to tight packing of particle for same

writing length consumption of normal chalks is higher than dust less chalks.

X-Ray Diffraction Measurement of various Imported and Indian Chalks:

X-ray diffraction measurement was done using D8 Advance Bruker AXS for selected chalk samples. In imported

chalks major peaks shown carbonate. Similar peak also found from pure caco3 powders (results not shown here). In

NCL1 NCL2 DLCI1 DLCI2

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Particle size(nm)

Abrasion(Gram)

Types of Chalk

Particlesize(nm)

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

Abr

asion


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Indian chalks several strong peaks were detected. The main composition of Indian chalk is caso4.These several

peaks due to hydrated crystals. It is possible that both uniform and non uniform strain is produced by the adsorption

of water. Since water is absorbed on the surface, the resulting strain will be non uniform throughout the crystallite

Figure: 5 XRD of imported carbonate based chalk from Korea

Figure: 6 XRD of local Gypsum based chalk from India

CONCLUSION:

Occupational health hazard from normal writing chalk is presented in details, particle -particle adhesion is strong in

Imported chalks hence it generate large particle compared to normal chalks. Instrumentation design approach is

extensively used for designing cost effective and user friendly instruments using LabVIEW graphical programming

language. These Instruments is very useful to carry out fundamental research in academic and Industry. To study

Particle behavior scientific technique like X-ray diffraction technique and particle size analyzer are used. This

research may help to academic community in usage of chalks and small scale industry to improve their products

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Lin(Counts)

2 -Theata Scale

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

0

100

200

300

400

500

Lin(Co

unts)

2-Theata Scale


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Authors would like to acknowledge Dr.P.A.Joshi, Director, Anchor Institute- chemical and petrochemicals

(Promoted by Industries commissionerate, Government of Gujarat), Dharmsinh Desai University, India for

providing financial support to carry out this research work.

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[1]Sobhi Nasir, Mineralogy, petrography and manufacturing of good quality blackboard chalks, Qatar University

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[2]Deepananjan Majumdar et.al, Assessment of Airborne fine particulate matter and particle size distribution in

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[3] Access online http://www.wisegeek.com/is-chalk-dust-harmful.htm

[4] Access online http://www.dcp-pop.com/dustless-chalks.html online February 2013

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[6] Access onlinehttp://www.ncert.nic.in/programmes/education_survey/pdfs/

Schools_Physical_Ancillary_Facilities.pdf

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Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2001.

[11]Neirinck, B., Van Deursen, J., Van der Biest, O., & Vleugels, J. (2010). Wettability Assessment of

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[12] Method, C. R. (2008). An Investigation on Wetting Of Porous, 42, 251-260.

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910571-2-6) published by Valardocs. PP 367-376
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