AppeasementCollaborationResistanceDissent

Kevin P. Dincher

www.kevindincher.com

Bachelor of Arts, Accounting Canisius College

Master of Arts, Philosophy Fordham University

Master of Divinity Weston Jesuit School of Theology

Master of Arts, Counseling Psychology (MFCC) Santa Clara University

Master of Science, Organizational Development University of San Francisco

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High School Teacher

Student Services

Mental Health

Non-profit Management

Organization/Business Development Consulting Crazy Moon Consulting

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Osher Lifelong Learning – since 2003▪ UC Santa Cruz Extension (Cupertino Campus)▪ CSU-East Bay (Concord Campus)▪ San Jose State University▪ Santa Clara University

“What do you teach?” Historical Anthropology?

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“… a wave of amnesia that has overtaken the West .”

William Shirer1960

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Ambassador William E. Dodd and family arriving in Germany (1933)

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Some History

4 Roads

Appeasement

Collaboration

Resistance

Dissent

What was going on?

What were they thinking?

What were they responding to?

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Handout:

Resources, p. 2

Timeline, p. 3

Online

www.kevindincher.com/beasts▪ PowerPoint Slides▪ Links to additional resources

FaceBook▪ Kevin P. Dincher

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Tiergarten: Animal Garden• Not a zoo (Zoologischer Garten Berlin)• 520 acre urban park

▪ Munich’s Englischer Garten: 910 acresKevin P. Dincher 19

Golden Gate Park •1017 acres

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Hitler Welthauptstadt

Germania▪ World Capital City

Germania

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Volkshalle (“People's Hall”)Große Halle (“Great Hall”) Ruhmeshalle (“Hall of Glory”)

Arch Of Triumph

350 feet

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The Olympiastadion in 1936 Capacity: 110,000 spectators(Candlestick Park Capacity: 69,732)

Schwerbelastungskörper (heavy load-bearing body)

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Reichstag/Bundestag

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Reichstag (Parliament, 1894 to 1933 )•Dem Deutsches Volk – To the German People (1916)

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Reichstag Fire27 February 1933

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Reichstag in postwar occupied Berlin3 June 1945

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Siegessäule (Victory Column)

2 September 1873•1865: Danish-Prussian War•1866: Austro-Prussian War•1870-1871: Franco-Prussian War

• Goldelse: "Golden Lizzy".

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Siegessäule (Victory Column)

1939: relocated to Großer Stern (Great Star)1941: tunnels and street widening

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Brandenburg Gate

Hotel Adlon, Pariser Platz

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US Embassy (Blücher Palace)

De facto US Embassy onBendlerstraße 39 (Stauffenbergstraße)

Dodd’s Residence27a Tiergartenstraße

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Some History: If Clocks Could Talk

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Junghans Grandfather Clock

• 1910-1920

•Junghans und Tobler• Established: 15 April 1861• Schramberg, Baden- Württemberg (Black

Forest)• Erhard Junghans with his brother-in-law

Jakob Zeller-Tobler• 1900: world’s largest clockmaker

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Paul and Emma Kramer

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1915

1916

Hildegard Kramer1919: Born in Berlin 1923 (4): Beer Hall Putsch, Munich

Mein Kampf

1933 (14): • Jan: Hitler named Chancellor

• Feb: Reichstag Fire and Reichstag Fire Decree

• Mar: Enabling Act

• April: Gestapo formed

• May: Trade Unions dissolve; leaders sent to concentration camps

• Jul: NSDAP (Nazi Party) becomes the only legal party

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1935 16 years old

Mein Kampf My Struggle

▪ 1923: Munich▪ 1925: Volume 1▪ 1926: Volume 2

Viereinhalb Jahre (des Kampfes) gegen Lüge, Dummheit und Feigheit,

Four and a Half Years (of Struggle) Against Lies, Stupidity and Cowardice

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Mein Kampf

Judaism▪ “The Jewish Peril”

Communism/Marxism

Weimar Republic▪ Parliamentary System

Lebensraum

Re-emergence of Germany

▪ Stage 1: Treaty of Versailles

▪ Stage 2: Align with Britain and Italy

▪ Stage 3: War against France and Russia

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Hildegard Kramer1919: Born in Berlin 1923 (4): Beer Hall Putsch, Munich

Mein Kampf

1933 (14): • Jan: Hitler named Chancellor

• Feb: Reichstag Fire and Reichstag Fire Decree

• Mar: Enabling Act

• April: Gestapo formed; Jews banned from civil service jobs

• May: Trade Unions dissolve; leaders sent to concentration camps

• Jul: NSDAP (Nazi Party) becomes the only legal party

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1935 16 years old

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Gestapo Headquarters, Prinz-Albrecht- Straße, Berlin (1933)

Rudolf Diels, first Commander of the Gestapo (1933–1934)

Niederkirchnerstraße Topography of Terror

Gestapo (Geheimne Staatspolizei)

Secret State Police 1933 – 1945

SA (Sturmabteilung) Storm Troopers (Brown

Shirts)▪ Paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party

1920 - 1934

SS (Schutzstaffel) Defense Corps 1929 – 1945

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Hildegard Kramer1919: Born in Berlin 1923 (4): Beer Hall Putsch, Munich1933 (14):

• Jan: Hitler named Chancellor

• Feb: Reichstag Fire and Reichstag Fire Decree

• Mar: Enabling Act

• April: Gestapo formed; Jews banned from civil service jobs

• May: Trade Unions dissolve; leaders sent to concentration camps

• Jul: NSDAP (Nazi Party) becomes the only legal party

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1935 16 years old

Hildegard Kramer1934 (15):

• Hitler becomes Führer

• Nacht der Langen Messer

• Night of the Long Knives (June 30)

1935 (16):

• Germany rearms

• Hildegard graduates “high school” and receives Abteilung

• Sep: Nuremburg Laws

• The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor

• The Reich Citizenship LawKevin P. Dincher 50

1935 16 years old

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Hildegard Kramer1936 (17):

Hitler Youth made mandatory

▪ Hitler-Jugend: Boys, 14-18

▪ Deustches Jungvolk: Boys, 10-14

▪ Bund Deutscher Mädel in der Hitler-Jugend: Girls, 14-18

1938 (19): Kristallnacht

1939 (20): Invasion of Poland; “Final

Solution” ordered

1945 (26): Battle of Berlin (16 April – 2 May)

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1935 16 years old

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Paul and Emma Kramer with Putzl about 1950

First Road: Appeasement

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AppeasementThe policy of acceding to the demands of a potentially hostile nation in the hope of maintaining peace

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William Edward Dodd (1869 – 1940)

▪ 1869 – 1940▪ Historian/Academic▪ US Ambassador to Germany:

1933 – 1937▪ “Telephone Book Dodd”

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I wish it were really possible to make our people at home understand, for I feel that they should understand it, how definitely this martial spirit is being developed in Germany. If this Government remains in power for another year and carries on in the same measure in this direction, it will go far towards making Germany a danger to world peace for years to come. With few exceptions, the men who are running this Government are of a mentality that you and I cannot understand. Some of them are psychopathic cases and would ordinarily be receiving treatment somewhere.

George S. MessersmithAmerican Consul General for

Germany, 1930-1934

June 1933 dispatch to the State Department

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In France, Britain, the United States and elsewhere, policymakers had to decide whether they were dealing with the mad, belligerent Hitler of Mein Kampf or the public, more cautious Hitler, the one who constantly praised the merits of peace, sought no more than equality for his nation, and cursed the useless strife of war.

Kevin P. Glowalla An American Ambassador in Berlin: Observing Hitler’s

Gambles in Foreign Policy 1933-1937 Link to the full article: www.kevindincher.com/beast

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1. Political/Economic Instability

2. Nativism, Isolationism, Neutrality and Pacifism

3. Hitler’s Message

4. America’s “Affinity” with Germany

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POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC INSTABILITY

Loss of WW I and the Abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II (1818)

“German Revolution” (1918-1919)

The Weimar Republic (1919)

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Economic Collapse and Hyperinflation (1921-1923)

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Loss of WW I and the Abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II (1918)

▪ Conditional Surrender:

▪ Abdicated: November 9, 1918

▪ Armistice: November 11, 1918

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Kaiser Wilhelm II1859 – 1941

Reign: 1888 – 1918(picture: circa 1890)

Abdication: 9 Nov 1918

Authority: church and state

PersonificationGermanyGerman peopleGerman way of life

Psychological Impact

Armistice: 11 Nov 1918

Kaiser’s role?

Dolchstosslegende

“dagger thrust” myth stabbed in the back

myth

November Criminals

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Kevin P. Dincher 651919 Austrian postcard

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1924 German political cartoon

Kevin P. Dincher 671924 German Magazine

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Loss of WWI and Kaiser’s Abdication Psychological wounding of the Nation Dolchstosslegende Political vacuum

German Revolution of 1918 Revolutionary Period: 1917—1921 1918—1919 WW I surrender Abdication:

▪ Kaiser Wilhelm II▪ King Ludwig III of Bavaria

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1845 – 1921King of Bavaria (1913 – 1918)

German Revolution of 1918

November 1918 – August 1919

Social Democrats (Democratic Republic)

Communists (Socialist/Marxist Republic)▪ First Red Scare (1919–1921)

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Revolutionary Movement

A "new" conservatism

Ethnic nationalism ▪ German people/heritage (völkisch)

Anti-democracy▪ Opposed individualism/liberalism (anti-democracy)

Anti-communism▪ Advocated their own brand of "conservative

socialism“

Authoritarian/militaristicKevin P. Dincher 73

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Major Political Parties of the Weimar Republic

1. Bavarian People's Party 2. Centre Party (Zentrum)3. Christian Social People's

Service 4. Communist Party of Germany 5. Communist Party of Germany

(Opposition)6. Conservative People's Party7. German Democratic Party 8. German National People's

Party

9. German People's Party10. German Racialist Freedom

Party11. German State Party 12. German Workers' Party13. Independent Social Democratic

Party of Germany

14.14. National Socialist German National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP - Nazi Workers' Party (NSDAP - Nazi Party) Party)

15. Socialist Workers' Party of Germany

Political/Economic Instability

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

▪ Dissolution of the Army▪ Paramilitary/Militia Groups

▪ Reparations

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Versailles Treaty Reparations

1921: 226 billion Gold Marks▪100,000 tons of pure gold = 50% of all gold ever mined ▪$53.8 billion ($757 billion in 2012)

1929: reduced to 132 billion Gold Marks▪$31.4 billion ($442 billion in 2012)

1931: Germany suspended annual payments

1954: London agreement

Oct 4, 2010: final payment – 20th anniversary of unificationKevin P. Dincher 77

Versailles Treaty Reparations

Loans:▪1933: Owed US banks $1.2 billion

▪ In 2013 dollars?

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= $212 billion

Versailles Treaty Reparations

Hyperinflation 1914 – 1918 (WW I):

▪Amount of currency in circulation rose 400%▪Prices doubled

1921: January – June – Prices doubled again▪1921: $1 = 75 DM▪1922: $1 = 400 DM▪1923: $1 = 7000 DM

▪ Aug: $1 = 1 million DM▪ Nov: $1 = 4 billion DM

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Hyperinflation

•1923 Loaf of Bread

▪ Sep 1922: 163 DM▪ Sep 1923: 1,500,000 DM▪ Nov 1923: 200,000,000,000 DM

Workers: paid hourly Restaurant Menus: no prices

•November 1923: Rentenmark (RM) Debt Security Mark Eliminated 9 zeros Backed by mortgages and bonds

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Political/Economic Instability (1918-1933)

America Nativism, Isolationism and Pacifism

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Nativism, Isolationism and Pacifism

Immigration Laws Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907 Immigration Act of 1917

▪ Homosexuals▪ “Idiots” and “feeble-minded persons▪ Criminals▪ Epileptics▪ “Insane persons” and alcoholics▪ “Professional beggars”▪ All persons “mentally or physically

defective”▪ Polygamists▪ Anarchists

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Nativism, Isolationism and Pacifism

Immigration Laws

▪ 1921: Emergency Quota Act

▪ 3% based upon 1910 census

▪ 1924: Immigration Act ▪ 2% based upon 1890 census

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Nativism, Isolationism and Pacifism

Immigration Laws

Isolationism▪ League of Nations

Neutrality ▪ German Americans▪ Irish Americans

New Pacifism

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Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith: Religion in American War and Diplomacy

Andrew PrestonWorld War I

The war to end all wars Crusade: use of war for holy cause Pacifism = treason War = “glorious paradox”

Inter-war Years Peace movement Christian pacifism Returning veterans Failure of the Great War to end all wars

America Lead the world into a warless future War = “impossible, hateful contradiction”

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American Nativism, Isolationism and Pacifism

Political/Economic Instability (1918-1933)

American Nativism, Isolationism and Pacifism

Hitler’s Message

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Hitler’s Message social justice for Germany and the

German people

1920s – 1930s America▪ Unprecedented economic prosperity and

then the worst depression in history▪ Social conflict and suffering▪ Questions of recovery, reform and social

justice

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Political/Economic Instability (1918-1933)

American Nativism, Isolationism and Pacifism

Hitler’s Message

America’s “Affinity” with GermanyKevin P. Dincher 93

1. America’s “Affinity” with Germany German-Americans Anti-semitism

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The German authorities are treating Jews shamefully and the Jews in this country are greatly excited. But this is also not a government affair. We can do nothing except for American citizens who happen to be made victims. We must protect them, and whatever we can do to moderate the general persecution by unofficial and personal influence ought to be done.

FDR to Dodd

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1. Political/Economic Instability

2. American Nativism, Isolationism and Pacifism

3. Hitler’s Message

4. America’s “Affinity” with Germany

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William Dodd•Ambassador: 30 August 1933 – 29 December 1937

•Instructions: “don’t upset the apple cart” $1.2 billion in loans; American domestic politics

•Pro-German Initially saw the “positives” of a strong leader Concerned by militaristic spirit

•Critical Oct, 1933: American Chamber of Commerce (Berlin) Jul, 1934: Night of the Long Knives Nov, 1936: Report to the State Department Annual Nazi Party Rallies (Nuremburg)

•Lack of “Style” – Not a Member of the “Club”

•“Resigned” in 1937

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William Dodd•“There were very few men who realized what was happening in Germany more thoroughly" than Dodd, who proved ineffective because he "was completely appalled by what was happening.” (George S. Messersmith)

•“Sincere though impulsive and inexperienced.“

•Dodd “has impressed his diplomatic associates as a man who is inclined to forget his responsibilities as an envoy in his zeal as an historian and in his views as a contemporary observer of governing trends.”

•“A tragic misfit … "a babe-in-the-woods in the dark forests of Berlin”

Several policies were adopted during the first two

years of the Nazi regime.

The first was to suppress the Jews.... They were to

hold no positions in University or government

operations, own no land, write nothing for

newspapers, gradually give up their personal business

relations, be imprisoned and many of them killed....

And of course there is not a word … to warn the

unwary … that all the people who might oppose the

regime have been absolutely silenced.

The central idea behind it is to make the rising

generation worship their chief and get ready to "save

civilization" from the Jews, from Communism and from

democracy—thus preparing the way for a Nazified

world where all freedom of the individual, of

education, and of the churches is to be totally

suppressed.

Dodd, 1938Kevin P. Dincher 101

William Dodd• Speaking tour of Canada

and the US

• Warned against the dangers posed by Germany, Italy, and Japan, and detailed racial and religious persecution in Germany

• Predicted German aggression against Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland

• Nuremburg Trials:"one of the few accredited diplomats in Berlin who very obviously had no sympathy of any sort for the regime in power".