4 realtime wether station for monitoring and control of agricultre

Real Time Weather Station for Monitoring & Control of Agriculture

REAL TIME WEATHER STATION FOR MONITORING AND CONTROL

OF AGRICULTURE

B.E Project

By

Mr. Shrikishor V. Jadhav Ms. Payal O. Panpaliya

Mr. Manoj M. Dhandar Mr. Bhushan M. Deore

Mr.Amit S. Aware Mr. Viral P. Sawle

Under the guidance

Prof. P. B. Shelke

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering,

Pankaj Laddhad Institute of Technology & Management Studies,

Buldana-443001, (M.S), India.

Session 2013-2014Chapter 1

Dept. of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, PLITMS 1


INTRODUCTION

1.1 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The main scope of this project is to make the mankind available the accurate

weather conditions at a glance on the webpage which will be beneficial for evaluating the

plans for tour even though the person is not available there and the person can make the

accurate plans without any convenience in future if he goes to that place. Also the

Tourism, health ministry, Air-force, Navy, Agricultural sector and Industrial sector can

make use of this module.

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

Every year, we experience a problem to predict the accurate weather conditions of

the area we wish to. Strong typhoons with heavy rains and flooding during the monsoon

season, air quality in the industrial area and of surroundings, atmospheric conditions for

the agricultural sector affect our day to day life and quality of production. Any error in

order to evaluate this weather updates will lead to severe loss. In order to prevent or

minimize damage caused by this natural phenomenon, obtaining timely and accurate data

is key to disaster prevention and mitigation.

To prepare for such calamities and to give exact weather condition of the local

area, the project will deploy the network for Real Time Weather Station for Monitoring &

Control of Agricultures (OWS) in different strategic locations across the country to

complement weather forecasting system.

1.3 RESEARCH METHODS

The Real Time Weather Station for Monitoring & Control of Agricultures are

monitoring stations equipped with different sensors capable of measuring the following

weather parameters:

Air temperature

Air humidity

CO2 level

Light intensity



To gather and record the amount of above discussed weather parameters at a

continuous rate,we have used the hardware circuitry of dspic processor and Ethernet

controller IC ENC28J60 and a display module in form of webpage. The microcontroller

takes the samples of the reading from every sensors output one at a time and gives that

collected data to the weather report web-page.The microcontroller makes a connection to

internet through the Ethernet controller chip and connects to the webpage and gives the

data from microcontroller to print it on the webpage.

Just the remote maintenance and diagnostic of components and systems by Web

browsers via the Internet, or a local Intranet has a very high weight for many development

projects. In numerous development departments people work on completely Web based

configurations and services for embedded systems. The remaining days of the classic user

interface made by a small LC-display with front panel and a few function keys are over.

Through future evolutions in the field of the mobile Internet, Bluetooth-based PANs

(Personal Area Network's) and the rapidly growing M2M communication

(M2M=Machine-to-Machine) a further innovating advance is to be expected.

The central function unit to get access on an embedded system via Web browser is

the Web server. Such Web servers bring the desired HTML pages (HTML=Hyper Text

Markup Language) and pictures over the worldwide Internet or a local network to the

Web browser.

1.4 ORGANIZATION OF PROJECT REPORT



Chapter 1:Includes the introduction of the project, its scope and research methods.

Chapter 2:Includes the introduction to Real time weather station for monitoring and

control of agriculture and its basic concepts.

Chapter 3:Includes the survey which has been undergone for designing of the project.

Also what all protocols OSI, TCP/IP,Ethernet overview (in terms of Protocols,frame

format,frame transmission using CSMA-CD technique & CRC code) can be utilized to

implement this project has been included in literature review.

Chapter 4& 5:Includes the problem statement for designing of this project and the

proposed system as solution to the problem.

Chapter 6:Includes the analysis and design of the project.

Chapter 7:Includes the hardware description of each & every component with its

specifications & characteristics and the programming languages like Ajax,HTML,CSS

used in this project to design webpage.Working of the hardware designed model is also

included in working and also the snapshots of implementation which includes coding for

design of webpage.

Chapter 8:Includes the Result and the related discussion of this project.

Chapter 9:Includes the conclusion,advantages & limitations of the project model.

Chapter 10:Includes various application areas where our proposed system can be used &

the future scope of the proposed system.

Chapter 11:Includes the Documentation which can be used as an help manual for the new

user who intends to use this project.

Chapter 2



INTRODUCTION TO REAL TIME WEATHER STATION

FOR MONITORING & CONTROL OF AGRICULTURE

2.1INTRODUCTION

In present scenario, weather conditions are drastically changing from time to time,

place to place in a much unexpected manner. Various technologies so far are available

which gives us the information about weather, which is generally given with updates of

3hr, 6hr, and 12hr and so on. And also which is not applicable for a specific place in

physical area surrounding to that location instead it is common for the geographic area

surrounding to that place, which is the main disadvantage of these previously developed

techniques.

Here we are eager to present - “Real Time weather station for Monitoring &

control of Agriculture”, which gives us real time updates on the webpage of a specific

agricultural field, which gives us the information about real time changes in surrounding

area in a continuous manner. The continuous monitoring of weather is essential in

agricultural sector as the crop end products are totally dependent on atmospheric

parameters.

For collecting the weather information we used 4 sensors viz. temperature,

humidity, CO2 and light intensity, which collects the real time information about these

parameters present in weather. Then the outputs of these sensors are given as input to the

dspic controller and it is displayed on webpage through the Ethernet protocol using

Ethernet controller chip. DSPIC processor, Ethernet IC ENC2860 to support serial

peripheral interface(SPI).The microcontroller makes a connection to Ajax file through the

LAN using Ethernet protocol. Ajax connects to the webpage and gives the data from

microcontroller to print it on the webpage.

Ethernet has traditionally been a quite complex interface. A small chip with 28

pins only and has a SPI interface, which is easy to use from any micro controller. This

opens a whole world of completely new applications. You can easily build small devices,

which can be spread all over the house and simply connected to Ethernet. You don't need

any more a separate serial connection or other bus. Everything can be easily connected



via Ethernet. Distance is no longer a limiting factor. Even WIFI connectivity is possible

because you can connect the devices to a wireless bridge.

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the

standardized Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). The Internet carries a vast array of

information resources and services, most notably the inter-linked hypertext documents of

the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail.

2.2BASIC CONCEPTS

2.2.1 AGRICULTURAL OWS

Agriculture sensor node developed to be deployed in Agricultural OWS and to

sense the environment of the agricultural field. The module consists of 16 bit DSPIC

processor, IEEE 802.3 compatible transceiver, and sensors(ambient light sensor,

temperature and humidity sensor), in one PCB to reduce possibilities of defects. The

network protocols of OWS are customized for this project to a light-weight CSMA based

MAC and a TCP/IP protocol. After setting up the network topology,it startsrunning its

application software. The application software begins its active period by turning on its

sensors and sensing the environment of the agricultural field. The application software

reads temperature, humidity, and luminance of a greenhouse from sensors and reports the

result to the webpage via Ethernet. It receives the data in the form of packets.

2.2.2SUBSYSTEMS

To control the physical parameters, we have added a device control unit in this

project .The control section also provided on the same webpage. Accordingly if the

temperature goes beyond a safe margin, the relay and relay driver unit driven by webpage

can be used to switch the temperature back to normal position. The pump set,shed can

also be controlled as a device by using this system.

Chapter 3



LITERATURE SURVEY

3.1RELATED WORK

In recent years, the desire to connect all electroniccomputing devices together has

increased. Although theycan be connected through wired lines, it is moreconvenient and

effective to use wireless links when weconsider the large number of pervasive devices in

theenvironment. In the coming years, it is expected that theWireless Sensor

Network(WSN) will be used commonlyin applications in consumer electronics, PC

peripherals,home automation, home security, personal healthcare,toys and games,

industrial control and monitoring, assetand inventory tracking, intelligent agriculture, and

so on. Most of developments and experimentaldeployments of WSN are inclined to be

achieved forcitizen in towns. However, there’re some researches toshare the technology

with people in a farming village reported the result of deployment in a

vineyard.Considering placing the sensor nodes with fairly highprecision, the researchers

used a planned network ratherthan a network with ad-hoc routing. For reliability,

theyprovided route diversity and multiple transmissions. Theauthors demonstrated some

of the value that a wirelesssensor network might deliver to an agricultural setting.

Inaddition to demonstrating the total cost of ownership of a wireless network is lower

than a wired network, presented Agro project that concentrated onmonitoring micro-

climates in a crop field. The pilotproject concerned the protection of a potato crop against

a fungal disease that can spread easilyamong plants and destroy a complete harvest within

alarge region. The authors described a precisionagriculture architecture based on WSN.

They deployed alarge-scale sensor network (about 100 nodes) andacquired valuable

experiences. These papers are veryuseful references for WSN applications in the

intelligentagriculture field. However, they have a little bit weakpoints. They can gather

the environmental information,but they are weak to control the environment of the field.

3.2 CONCLUSION

In this paper, we report the results of real-deployment of A2S which is designed

and implemented to realizeautomated agriculture. From the sensor node hardware to the

management system, the whole system architecture is explained. For low power

consumption, we propose the order-based sleep scheme. Especially, the experiences and

lessons which we acquired from the real deployment are discussed.On the future work,



we are studying on more stablelow power scheduling communication scheme and

developing more miniaturized agricultural sensor node.

3.3 BASIC CONCEPTS OF PROTOCOLS USED

3.3.1 OSI OVERVIEW

The seven Layer of OSI model are:

Fig 3.1: OSI Model

The functions of the seven layers of the OSI model are:

Application Layer

The Application layer is responsible for providing end-user services, such as file

transform, electronic messaging, e-mail, virtual terminal access, and network

management. This is the Layer with which user interact.

Presentation Layer



The Presentation layer is responsible for defining the syntax, which two network

host use to communicate. Encryption and compression should be presentation Layer

function.

Session Layer

The Session Layer is responsible for establishing process-to-process

communication between network hosts.

Transport Layer

The Transport Layer is responsible for delivering messages between two hosts.

The transport Layer should be responsible for fragmentation and reassembly.

Network Layer

The Network Layer is responsible establishing for data transfer through the

network. Router operates in the network Layer.

Data Link Layer

The Data Link Layer is responsible for communication between adjacent network

nodes. Hubs and switches operate at data link Layer.

Physical Layer

The Physical Layer is responsible for bit-level transmission between network

nodes. Physical Layer defines items such as: connector types, cable types, voltage and

pin-out.

3.3.2 TCP/IP OVERVIEW

TCP/IP has a network model. The TCP/IP model is not same as OSI model. OSI is a

seven-layered standard, but TCP/IP is a four layered standard. The OSImodel has been

very influential in the growth and development of TCP/IP standard, and that is why much

OSI terminology is applied to TCP/IP. The following figure compares the TCP/IP and

OSI network models.



Fig 3.2: Comparison between seven layer OSI and four layer TCP/IP Models

As we can see from the above figure, presentation and session layers are not there

in TCP/IP model. Also note that the Network Access Layer in TCP/IP model combines

the functions of Data link Layer and Physical Layer.

1.APPLICATION LAYER

Layer 4: Application layer is the top most layer of four layer TCP/IP model. Application

layer is present on the top of the Transport layer Application layer defines TCP/IP

application protocols and how host programs interface with Transport layer services to

use the network. Application layer includes all the higher-level protocols like DNS

(Domain Naming System), HTTP (HypertextTransfer Protocol), Telnet, SSH, FTP (File

Transfer Protocol), TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol), SNMP (Simple Network

Management Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail TransferProtocol) , DHCP (Dynamic Host

Configuration Protocol), X Windows, RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) etc.

2.TRANSPORT LAYER

Layer 3:Transport layer is the third layer of the four layer TCP/IP model. The position of

the Transport layer is between Application layer and Internet layer. The purpose

of Transport layer is to permit devices on the source and destination hosts to carry on a

conversation. Transport layer defines the level of service and status of the connection



used when transporting data. The main protocols included at Transport layer are TCP

(Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User DatagramProtocol).

3.INTERNET LAYER

Layer 2: Internet layer is the second layer of the four layer TCP/IP model. The position

of Internet layer is between Network Access Layer and Transport layer. Internet

layer pack data into data packets known as IP datagrams, which contain source and

destination address (logical address or IP address) information that is used to forward the

datagrams between hosts and across networks. The Internet layer is also responsible for

routing of IP datagrams. Packet switching network depends upon a connectionless

internetwork layer. This layer is known as Internet layer. Its job is to allow hosts to insert

packets into any network and have them to deliver independently to the destination. At

the destination side data packets may appear in a different order than they were sent. It is

the job of the higher layers to rearrange them in order to deliver them to proper network

applications operating at the Application layer. The main protocols included

at Internetlayer are IP (Internet Protocol), ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol),

ARP(AddressResolution Protocol),RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) and

IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol).

4.NETWORK ACCESS LAYER

Layer 1:Network Access Layer is the first layer of the four layer TCP/IP model. Network

AccessLayer defines details of how data is physically sent through the network, including

how bits are electrically or optically signaled by hardware devices that interface directly

with a network medium, such as coaxial cable, optical fiber, or twisted pair copper wire.

The protocols included in Network Access Layer are Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, X.25,

Frame Relay etc. The most popular LAN architecture among those listed above

is Ethernet. Ethernet uses an AccessMethod called CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple

Access/Collision Detection) to access the media, when Ethernet operates in a shared

media. An Access Method determines how a host will place data on the medium.

IN CSMA/CD Access Method, every host has equal access to the medium and can place

data on the wire when the wire is free from network traffic. When a host wants to place

data on the wire, it will check the wire to find whether another host is already using the

medium. If there is traffic already in the medium, the host will wait and if there is no



traffic, it will place the data in the medium. But, if two systems place data on the medium

at the same instance, they will collide with each other, destroying the data. If the data is

destroyed during transmission, the data will need to be retransmitted. After collision, each

host will wait for a small interval of time and again the data will be retransmitted.

3.3.3 ETHERNET OVERVIEW

1) Ethernet

There are several LAN technologies in use today, but Ethernet is by far the most

popular. Ethernet is a type of network cabling and signaling specifications (OSI Model

layers 1 [physical] and 2 [data link]) originally developed by Xerox in the late 1970.

The Ethernet system consists of three basic elements:

1. The physical medium used to carry Ethernet signals between computers.

2. A set of medium access control rules embedded in each Ethernet interface that

allow multiple computers to fairly arbitrate access to the shared Ethernet

channel.

3. An Ethernet frame that consists of a standardized set of bits used to carry data

over the system.

Fig 3.3: Relation To LAN Model

2)LAN and Ethernet (MAC)

The primary limitation while implementing these applications was the amount of

information that could be stored or processed by a stand-alone machine. Hence came the

concept of connecting a number of machines together. A Computer Network is a group of

interconnected computers, which have both physical (through cable) and logical (through

network address) relation. The requirement of a handy network for small areas gave rise

to LAN (Local Area Network).



Functions of a LAN:

To share and exchange the data between systems (Two or more computing

machines).

To share expensive resources.

Characteristics of LAN:

Data are transmitted in addressed frames.

There is no intermediate switching hence no routing.

2.1 The LAN has the following sub-layers at the lowest level:

1. Logical Link Control

2. Medium Access Control

3. Physical Layer

Logical Link Control layer is the highest layer of the LAN. It is used above all of

the MAC standards specified by IEEE 802. Ethernet is the most popular MAC standard.

MAC standards allow all computers participating in a network to communicate with

each other in fair and orderly manner.

IEEE 802.3 Standards CSMA/CD MAC protocol: It also defines a variety of

physical layer, transmission medium and data rate options.

MAC layer has to perform three primary functions:

1. On transmission, assemble data into a frame with address and error detection

fields.

2. On reception, disassemble the frame and perform address recognition and

error detection.

3. Manage communications over the link.


DATA ANDCONTROL SIGNALS

BUFFERS CD

CS

TXDV

RXDV

MAC

RECEIVER

TRANSMITTER

PLS

D_IN

D_OUT

RX BufferD_RX

RXAD

TXADTX Buffer

D_TX

LLC

CONTROL / STATUS SIGNALS


BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig 3.4: Block Diagram of MAC Transmitter

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

LLC: [Logical Link Control]

LLC is the upper sub-layer of the Data Link Layer. It is a logical entity, which acts as a

control block for MAC. This block generates and interprets commands to control the flow

of data including recovery operations, when transmission error is detected.

1. Whenever the data is to be transmitted LLC controls the DMA operations, which in

turn writes the data in a transmitter buffer.

2. Once the Buffer is filled, it sends the “start transmission” signal to MAC.

3. When MAC is busy with transmission it reads status and error signals from MAC.

4. Whenever the “receive OK” signal from MAC is sensed it invokes DMA to read the

data from receiver buffer.



MAC: [Media Access Control]

MAC is the lower sub-layer of the Data Link Layer. MAC is further divided as

MAC Transmitter and MAC Receiver

MAC Transmitter has following functions

1. Encapsulates the frame on receiving “start transmission” signal from LLC.

2. Generates Frame Check Sequence.

3. Manages the channel and provides the status signals to the LLC.

MAC Receiver has following functions

1. On detecting “receive valid” signal, it checks whether the packet is for itself or not. If

not then it discards the packet.

2. If the packet is for itself then does error detection.

3. De-encapsulates the frame.

PLS: [Physical Signaling]

Performs the following functions:

1. Encodes and serializes the 4 bit data passed by the MAC for Transmission, and

converts the serial bit stream received on the medium into 4 bit parallel data for the

MAC Receiver.

2. Monitors the medium and generates control / status signals.

3. During Reception, synchronizes its own clock.

Buffer:

TX Buffer:

Is an on-chip buffer that contains the Destination Address, Length and Data for the frame

to be transmitted. This buffer is written into under control of the LLC before initiating

transmission. The Source Address register is a permanent register that contains the unique

MAC address of that Network Interface Card. (Not shown in the figure)

RX Buffer:

MAC Receiver writes the received data in on-chip buffer called the RX Buffer.


Transmit Frame

Assemble Frame

DeferringOn ?

Start Transmission

CollisionDetect ?

Transmissiondone ?

Send Jam

Increment Attempts

Too many Attempts?

Compute Back Off

Wait Back Off Time

Done : Transmit OK Done : Excessive Collision Error

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

N

N

N


3) MAC transmitter operation

Fig 3.5: Flowchart of Transmitter Operation



Description of flow-chart

(1) For Frame Transmission

a) Accepts data from LLC sub layer and constructs a frame.

b) Presents a nibble data stream to the Physical Layer for transmission on the

medium.

(2) Defers transmission of a nibble stream whenever the physical medium is busy.

(3) Appends proper FCS value to outgoing frames and verifies full octet boundary

alignment.

(4) Delays transmission of frame bit stream for specified inter-frame gap period.

(5) Halts transmission when Collision is detected.

(6) Schedules retransmission after a Collision until a specified retry limit is reached.

(7) Enforces Collision to ensure propagation throughout network by sending jam

message.

(8) Appends Preamble, Start Frame Delimiter, Destination Address, Source Address,

Length Count, FCS and Pad field (if necessary) from received frames.

4) IEEE 802.3 frame format

Fig 3.6:IEEE 802.3 frame format

Normal IEEE 802.3 compliant Ethernet frames are between 64 and 1518 bytes long.

They are made up of five or six different fields: a destination MAC address, a source

MAC address, a type/length field, data payload, an optional padding field and a Cyclic

Redundancy Check (CRC). Additionally, when transmitted on the Ethernet medium, a 7-


PREAMBLE 7 Bytes

SFD 1 Byte

DESTINATION ADDRESS 6 Bytes

SOURCE ADDRESS 6 Bytes

LENGTH 2 Bytes

DATA

PAD

FRAME CHECK SEQUENCE 4 Bytes


byte preamble field and Start-Of- Frame (SOF) delimiter byte are appended to the

beginning of the Ethernet packet.

a. PREAMBLE/START-OF-FRAME DELIMITER

When transmitting and receiving data with the ENC28J60, the preamble and

Start-Of-Frame delimiter bytes will automatically be generated or stripped from

the packets when they are transmitted or received. The host controller does not

need to concern itself with them. Normally, the host controller will also not need

to concern itself with padding and the CRC which the ENC28J60 will also be able

to automatically generate when transmitting and verify when receiving. The

padding and CRC fields will, however, be written into the receive buffer when

packets arrive, so they may be evaluated by the host controller if needed.

b. DESTINATION ADDRESS

The destination address field is a 6-byte field filled with the MAC address of the

device that the packet is directed to. If the Least Significant bit in the first byte of

the MAC address is set, the address is a Multicast destination. For example, 01-

00-00-00-F0-00 and 33-45-67-89-AB-CD are Multicast addresses, while 00-00-

00-00-F0-00 and 32-45-67-89-AB-CD are not. Packets with Multicast destination

addresses are designed to arrive and be important to a selected group of Ethernet

nodes. If the destination address field is the reserved Multicast address, FF-FF-FF-

FF-FF-FF, the packet is a Broadcast packet and it will be directed to everyone

sharing the network. If the Least Significant bit in the first byte of the MAC

address is clear, the address is a Unicast address and will be designed for usage by

only the addressed node. The ENC28J60 incorporates receive filters which can be

used to discard or accept packets with Multicast, Broadcast and/or Unicast

destination addresses. When transmitting packets, the host controller is

responsible for writing the desired destination address into the transmit buffer.

c. SOURCE ADDRESS

The source address field is a 6-byte field filled with the MAC address of the node

which created the Ethernet packet. Users of the ENC28J60 must generate a unique

MAC address for each controller used. MAC addresses consist of two portions.

The first three bytes are known as the Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI).



The last three bytes are address bytes at the discretion of the company that

purchased the OUI. When transmitting packets, the assigned source MAC address

must be written into the transmit buffer by the host controller.

d. TYPE/LENGTH

The type/length field is a 2-byte field which defines which protocol the following

packet data belongs to. Alternately, if the field is filled with the contents of

05DCh (1500) or any smaller number, the field is considered a length field and it

specifies the amount of non-padding data which follows in the data field. Users

implementing proprietary networks may choose to treat this field as a length field,

while applications implementing protocols such as the Internet Protocol (IP) or

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), should program this field with the

appropriate type defined by the protocols specification when transmitting packets.

e. DATA

The data field is a variable length field, anywhere from 0 to 1500 bytes. Larger

data packets will violate Ethernet standards and will be dropped by most Ethernet

nodes. The ENC28J60, however, is capable of transmitting and receiving larger

packets when the Huge Frame Enable bit is set.

f. PADDING

The padding field is a variable length field added to meet IEEE 802.3

specification requirements when small data payloads are used. The destination,

source, type, data and padding of an Ethernet packet must be no smaller than 60

bytes. Adding the required 4-byte CRC field, packets must be no smaller than 64

bytes. If the data field is less than 46 bytes long, a padding field is required. When

transmitting packets, the ENC28J60 automatically generates zero padding.

Otherwise, the host controller should manually add padding to the packet before

transmitting it. The ENC28J60 will not prevent the transmission of undersize

packets should the host controller command such an action. When receiving

packets, the ENC28J60 automatically rejects packets which are less than 18 bytes;

it is assumed that a packet this small does not contain even the minimum of source

and destination addresses, type information and FCS checksum required for all

packets. All packets 18 bytes and larger will be subject to the standard receive


FRAME ASSEMBLER

DATA STRT EOF ERR2

CLOCK

BUF_DATA BUF_ ADDR

9

8

323

CNTL

RESET


filtering criteria and may be accepted as normal traffic. To conform with IEEE

802.3 requirements, the application itself will need to inspect all received packets

and reject those smaller than 64 bytes.

g. CRC

The CRC field is a 4-byte field which contains an industry standard 32-bit CRC

calculated with the data from the destination, source, type, data and padding

fields. When receiving packets, the ENC28J60 will check the CRC of each

incoming packet. If CRCEN is clear and the packet meets all other receive

filtering criteria, the packet will be written into the receive buffer and the host

controller will be able to determine if the CRC was valid by reading the receive

status vector. Otherwise, the host controller must generate the CRC and place it in

the transmit buffer. Given the complexity of calculating a CRC, it is highly

recommended that the PADCFG bits be configured such that the ENC28J60 will

automatically generate the CRC field.

5) Frame Assembler

Fig 3.7: Frame Assembler

6)CRC Generator

A Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) is used by transmit and receive algorithms to

generate a CRC value for the FCS field. The frame check sequence (FCS) field contains a

4-octet CRC value. This value is computed as a function of the contents of the Source

Address, Destination Address, Length, LLC data and Pad.


CRC Generator

STRT

8

32

DinCRC_OUT

EN_CRC

CLK RESET


Fig.3.8:CRC Generator

The encoding is defined by the following generating polynomial:

X 32 + X 26 + X 23 + X 22 + X 16 + X 12 + X 11 +X 10 + X 8 + X 7 + X 5 + X 4 + X 2 + X 1 + 1

Mathematically, the CRC value corresponding to a given frame is defined by the

following procedure:

1. The first 32 bits of the frame are complemented.

2. The n bits of the frame are then considered to be the coefficients of a polynomial

M(x) of degree (n-1). (The first bit of the Destination Address field corresponds to

the X(n-1) term and the last bit of data field corresponds to the X0 term.)

3. M(x) is multiplied by X32 and divided by G(x), producing a remainder R(x) of

degree < 31.

4. The coefficients of R(x) are considered to be a 32- bit sequence.

5. The bit sequence is complemented and the result is the CRC.

The 32 bits of the CRC value are placed in the FCS field so that the X31 term is the

left-most bit of the first octet, and the X0 term is the right-most bit of the last octet.

The bits of the CRC are thus transmitted from MSB to LSB.

The CRC block performs its operation on byte data. It is implemented using a 32-

bit register and xor gates. This CRC register is initialized to hex’FFFFFFFF ’ during

reset condition, that is, when STRT is de-asserted.

As long as STRT and EN_CRC are asserted, the CRC block operates on the

incoming data. The contents of the CRC register after all the data bytes have been input to

it are the CRC. This CRC is transmitted in the appropriate order as the Frame Check


BUF_ADDR

BUFFER

9

RD

WR

32

BUF_DATA


Sequence. At the receiver, when the FCS block has processed this CRC, a constant

residue (hex)‘C704DD7B’ is obtained if there have been no errors during transmission.\

Since the frame assembler gives a byte at a time we have to find a equation for

CRC generator which can accept byte as input. To find this equation we started with the

serial CRC calculator and assuming that we shift in it D0 to D7 serially we found the

following equation:

According to 802.3 standards, we have to invert the CRC before sending and also

when we send each byte of CRC the sequence is from MSB to LSB, which is opposite to

data sequence.

7) TX-BUFFER

Fig 3.9 :TX-Buffer

DESCRIPTION

This blocks holds the data to be transmitted. It accepts data and write signal from LLC

and gives the data to MAC on receivng the read signal from MAC.This is 4-byte wide

and 377 deep buffer. Data contents of the buffer are as follows:

First location of the buffer contains higher 32-bits of the destination address.

Second location is shared by lower 16-bits of destination address and 16-bits length.

Remaining ‘n’ locations have data to be transmitted,where n = (length / 4 )


Address 0

Address 1

Address 2

Address 377


Destination Address (47 : 16)

Destination Addr (15 : 0) Length (15 : 0)

Data

Fig 3.10:Structure of TX-Buffer

CONSTRAINTS

1. The design basically aims at 100 MBPS transmission rate. For this data rate, the PLS

uses 4B/5B encoding for the data before transmission. Thus the MAC has to provide 4

bits at a time to PLS. So the operating frequency of the MAC has to be 25 MHz.

2. The buffer access time should be maximum 280 ns.

3. All the outputs of the internal blocks are registered, so they will be stable 1.2 ns after

the clock edge.

4. Outputs viz. D_OUT, TXDV, X_BUSY, ERR1, ERR2 will be stable 3.2 ns after the

clock edge.



Chapter 4

PROBLEM STATEMENT

PROBLEM DEFINITION

Agriculture products are affected by temperature, humidity and light intensity

mainly. In agriculture field, we comes across these problems related to our area of interest

for this project. All systems employed till now gives the weather report of some

calculated duration of time which can be a cause of concern in the applications where if

exact weather updates are not available , then can lead to huge loss as in agriculture

sector. Also the controlling of this parameters was not provided by the till now existing

system.

EXPLANATION

Air temperature is important to agriculture because it influences plant growth

through photosynthesis and respiration affects soil temperature and controls available

water in the soil. Farmers used soil temperature and soil moisture to decide when to

plant ,what varieties of crops to choose. Temperature affects all of the biomedical

reactions of photosynthesis.

Storage of food grains is practiced from the era of the beginning of civilization. It

is an important problem because the production of grain crops is seasonal and location

specific:however consumption of food grain is throughout the year and is not location

specific. Storage of food grains is necessary in order to ensure constant supply for the

year and also to provide to distant area.



Chapter 5

PROPOSED SYSTEM

As an solution to the above stated problem, we have employed or proposed a

system which provides

1) Real time weather data /information.

2) Anyone can get idea about weather and predict it.

3) Authentic user can also control these parameters.

Up till now to get real time data and to make it available for several user over the

internet. The best solution is to develop and web page to display this real time data. This

is why we want to develop the web page. Also there is necessity arises as we comes

across that if we can monitor the weather then can we also make control over it.

We can control this parameter for the particular system developed for particular

userwhich brings lots of application area towards us. In much more beneficial manner

such as in agriculture field we can control the water level to crops, the surrounding

temperature ranges can also be kept in required range and the acceptable light

illumination for plants can also be limited within the range.

Therefore the device such as pump set to provide water to the agriculture field, the

shade drive unit provides high illumination of light (Specially in Summer) to be

controlled and the temperature to within the safe limit then all this devices when comes

together provides superior benefits to the once agriculture land to give more and more

production of crops.

As we have provided several application sections in this report where the role of

controlling parameter changes with several others equipment’s and this necessity

requirement can also be fitted for that particular application also.



Chapter 6

SYSTEM ANALYSIS &DESIGN

6.1 ANALYSIS

Our System gives

i)Real-Time Weather information

ii)Anyone can get idea about the weather and predict it using Internet service.

iii)Authentic users can control these physical parameters according to its requirement.

To gather information about physical parameters the sensors used are:

1)Temperature Sensor : There are several types of temperature sensors amongst them we

have used LM35 precision grade temperature sensor which is small in size, has cheap cost

and can be calibrated in terms of degree Celsius.

2)Humidity Sensor: The SYH-1 is used amongst all of the humidity sensors because of

low cost and gives the humidity measurement upto 220 degree Celsius.

3)Light Intensity Sensor: To measure the light illumination we have used LDR Sensor as

it has high efficiency and less space for accommodation.

To get the idea related to weather to anyone, all one has to do is to employ the

hardware connected to the webpage through Ethernet cable using TCP/IP and MAC

protocol. And this data is represented on webpage in the continuous fashion with the files

related to designing stored in MMC card in the hardware module.

To give control to the authenticated user for controlling and viewing parameters

on webpage the password protected facility has been employed in this project on webpage

and to control weather parameters using several devices through relay driver unit.



6.2 DESIGN

To get the data from sensors we need the processor which can convert the analog

inputs received from temperature, humidity and LDR sensor to the DSPIC processor

which converts these analog inputs into digital form and then make this data pass through

the hardware module to the Ethernet IC ENC28J60 which pass the data in time

multiplexed form to the webpage through Ethernet cable.

Fig.6.1: Block diagram of the proposed system



Fig 6.2:Working Flowchart



DESCRIPTION OF FLOW CHART:

First we have to initialize the system and then we have to set up the connection

between host computer and module. The four sensors employed viz., temperature,

humidity ,LDR sensors senses the data such as the physical parameters and gives that data

to the DSPIC processor which converts this analog data to digital form and passes this

data in serial peripheral form to the Ethernet controller IC ENC28J60 using TCP/IP

Protocol and CSMA/CD form. The data is passes in form of frame which are the packets

transmitted through Ethernet cable and displayed on webpage. The data flow and the set

up connection and designing of webpage of the system is stored in MMC card in the

hardware module.



Chapter 7

IMPLEMENTATION

7.1 HARDWARE USED

7.1.1 POWER SUPPLY DESIGN

The most popular configuration used for AC to DC conversion is a full wave

rectifier circuit and is shown in fig. In this configuration, we use center tap transformer

two diodes. The PIV rating of the diode is equal to the peak value of AC supply.

Voltage Regulators

Voltage regulators are circuit that supplies a constant voltage regardless of change in load

current. Although voltage regulators can be designed using op-amps, it is quicker and

easier to use IC voltage regulators. Furthermore, IC voltage regulators are versatile and

relatively less expensive and are available with features such as a programmable output,

current or voltage boosting, internal short circuit current limiting, thermal shutdown, and

floating operation for high voltage application. IC voltage regulators are of the following

types:

Fixed output voltage regulators: positive and/or negative output voltage.

Adjustable output voltage regulators: positive or negative output voltage.

Switching regulators

Special regulators.



Fig.7.1:Adjustable voltage regulator IC LM 317

This circuit consists of full wave rectifier to give rectified AC supply which is

filtered by the capacitor in parallel and hence regulated by the IC LM317. Regulator IC

gives the regulated output at 3.5 Volts. A power supply converting AC line voltage to DC

power must perform the following functions at high efficiency and at low cost:

1. Rectification: Convert the incoming AC line voltage to DC voltage.

2. Voltage transformation: Supply the correct DC voltage level(s).

3. Filtering: Smooth the ripple of the rectified voltage.

4. Regulation: Control the output voltage level to a constant value irrespective of line,

load and temperature changes

5. Isolation: Separate electrically the output from the input voltage source.

6. Protection: Prevent damaging voltage surges from reaching the output; provide back-up

power or shutdown during a brown-out.

TRANSFORMER:

Two coils are wound over a Core such that they are magnetically coupled. The

two coils are known as the primary and secondary windings.In a Transformer, an iron

core is used. The coupling between the coils is source of making a path for the magnetic

flux to link both the coils.The transformers may be step-up, step-down, frequency

matching, soundoutput, amplifier driver etc. At the output of transformer we get a lower

magnitude AC voltage i.e. 12 Volts in our project.



Fig7.2:Transformer internal structure Fig7.3:Step down Transformer

Rectifier:

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct

current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is known

as rectification.A diode is provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of input.

The essential feature of a diode is that the polarity of the output is the same regardless of

the polarity at the input.

Fig7.4: Output waveform of Full wave waveform

Filter:

As we can see from the above figure that the output waveforms contains AC as

well as DC components , therefore to remove this AC components a filter capacitor must

be used which bypasses the AC components and passes only DC components at the

output.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transformer3d_col3.svg


Fig.7.5: Shunt Capacitor Filter and its output waveform

Adjustable Voltage Regulator using LM317

As linear regulators, the LM317 and LM337 are used in DC to DC

converter applications. The LM317 is an adjustable three-terminal positive-voltage

regulator capable of supplying more than 1.5 A over an output-voltage range of 1.25 V to

37 V. It is exceptionally easy to use and requires only two external resistors to set the

output voltage. Furthermore, both line and load regulation is better than standard fixed

regulators. In addition to having higher performance than fixed regulators, this device

includes on-chip current limiting, thermal overload protection, and safe operating-area

protection. All overload protection remains fully functional, even if the ADJUST terminal

is disconnected. An optional output capacitor can be added to improve transient response.

The ADJUST terminal can be bypassed to achieve very high ripple-rejection ratios, which

are difficult to achieve with standard three-terminal regulators.

Fig7.6: front view of LM 317 Fig7.7: Calculation of output voltage

Table7.1:Specifications of LM317

Attribute Value

Vout range 1.25 V – 37 V

Vin – Vout difference 3 V – 40 V

Operation ambient temperature 0 °C – 125 °C



Output Imax 1.5 A (with proper heat sinking)

Minimum Load Current 3.5 mA typical, 12 mA maximum[2]

FEATURES of IC LM 317

• Output Voltage Range Adjustable From 1.25 V

• Thermal Overload Protectionto 37 V

• Output Safe-Area Compensation

• Output Current Greater Than 1.5 A

• Internal Short-Circuit Current Limiting

Now at the output terminal we get 3.5Volts which can be used as power supply for

the circuit as per our requirement.

7.1.2 SENSORS USED

1}LM35:Precision Centigrade Temperature Sensors

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose

output voltage is linearly proportional to theCelsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35

does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies .Rated

for full −55° to +150°C range.

2} Humidity Sensor

Humidity is a measure of moisture in the air, which is water in its gaseous state.

The quantity of water vapor in the atmosphere, usually expressed as either absolute

humidity or relative humidity. Humidity is one of the most frequently measured quantities

in different fields, such as industrial processing, agricultural, climate research,

pharmaceutical engineering, etc. A humidity sensor is a device used to measure the

humidity of air or any gas in a given area. The amount of water vapor in the atmosphere

determines humidity. Humidity in a high level RH or not enough humidity can also cause

serious complications. If the humidity stays high, mold and germs can become a risk. On

the other hand, not enough humidity causes static and sparks phenomena.

The ideal humidity sensor should have some characteristics:

(1) Suitable for wide temperature,

(2) Wide humidity range,



(3) Long-life usage,

(4) Good stability;

(5) Fast response speed,

(6) Suitable in the harsh environments.

Types:

Humiditysensor is consists of

(1) Capacitive, (2) gravimetric, (3) hygrometric, (4)optical and (5) resistive techniques.

Resistive humidity sensor

The humidity sensor begins to use a thin piece of lithium chloride or other

semiconductor devices and measuring the resistance which will be affected by water

vapour. There is some resistance changes when the material become wet. The resistive

humidity sensor can use the feature to gather the humidity information. The most

advantage of this sensor is it can work in the high temperatures up to 212 degrees

Fahrenheit. However, the disadvantage is the response time usually over ten seconds.

Fig.7.8: Humidity sensor SYH-1

Application

It is used as Humidifier & dehumidifier, Air-conditioner, Refrigerator and so on.

Some patients would have heavy feeling if the humidity is above 60 percent. Hence, the

humidity can view as an indicator to predict the breathe disease.According to scientific

data confirm the survival temperature of most germs and mold is above 10 â„ƒ. Below

this temperature, most germs and mold stop breeding. If the relative humidity is below

65%, the molds stop growing. Therefore, the humidity sensor is necessary equipment for

the museums.



3} CO2 Sensor

The key components of an IR CO2 detector are light source, measurement

chamber, interference filter, and IR detector. IR radiation is directed from the light source

through the measured gas to the detector. A filter located in front of the detector prevents

wavelengths other than that specific to the measured gas from passing through to the

detector. The light intensity is detected and converted into a gas concentration value.

Fig7.9:CO2 Sensor

The ideal gas law relates the state of a certain amount of gas to its pressure,

volume, and temperature, according to the equation:

pV=nRT

where, p=pressure [Pa]

V=volume of the gas [m3]

n=amount of gas [mol]

R=universal gas constant (= 8.3145 J/mol K)

T=temperature [K]

4} LDR:

LDR(light dependent resistors)are very useful in light/dark sensor circuits to

measure light intensity/illumination. When the light level is low the resistance of the LDR

is high. This prevents current from flowing to the base of the transistors. Consequently

the LED does not light. However, when light shines onto the LDR its resistance falls and

current flows into the base of the first transistor and then the second transistor. The preset

resistor can be turned up or down to increase or decrease resistance, in this way it can

make the circuit more or less sensitive.



Fig7.10: LDR Sensors Fig7.11: Light sensor circuit

7.1.3 DSPIC33F

1) INTRODUCTION

The DSPIC33F devices contain extensive Digital Signal Processor (DSP)

functionality with high performance 16-bit microcontroller (MCU) architecture, modified

Harvard architecture with an enhanced instruction set. The CPU has a 24-bit instruction

word with a variable length opcode field. The Program Counter(PC) is 23 bits wide and

addresses up to 4M x 24 bits of user program memory space. A single-cycle instruction

prefetch mechanism is used to help maintain throughput and provides predictable

execution. All instructions execute in a single cycle, with the exception of instructions

that change the program flow, the double-word move (MOV.D). Devices have sixteen,

16-bit working registers in the programmer’s model. Each of the working registers can

serve as a data, address or address offset register. The 16th working register (W15)

operates as a software Stack Pointer (SP) for interrupts and calls. There are two classes of

instruction which are seamlessly integrated into a single CPU. The instruction set

includes many addressing modes and is designed for optimum C compiler efficiency. For

most instructions, the device is capable of executing a data (or program data) memory

read, a working register (data) read, a data memory write and a program (instruction)

memory read per instruction cycle. As a result, three parameter instructions can be

supported, allowing A + B = C operations to be executed in a single cycle.



2) PIN DESCRIPTION

Fig7.12:Pin diagram of dsPIC33FJ64G

1.AN0-AN12: Analog input channels.

2.CLKI: External clock source input, always associated with OSC1 pin function.

3.CLKO: Oscillator crystal output connects to crystal or resonator in Crystal Oscillator

mode. Optionally functions as CLKO in RC and EC modes, always associated with OSC2

pin function.

4. OSC1: Oscillator crystal input.ST buffer when configured in RC mode;CMOS

otherwise.

5.OSC2:Oscillator crystal output. It connects to crystal or resonator in Crystal Oscillator

mode. Optionally functions as CLKO in RC and EC modes.

6.RA0-RA4 & RA7-RA10:PORTA is a bidirectional I/O port.

7.RB0-RB15: PORTB is a bidirectional I/O port.

8. RC0-RC9: PORTC is a bidirectional I/O port.

9.Master Clear (MCLR) Pin: Provides two specific devicefunctions:

• Device Reset

• Device programming and debugging

Fig7.13:MCLR configuration

10.ICSP Pins: The PGECx and PGEDx pins are used for In-Circuit Serial Programming

(ICSP) and debugging purposes.



3) DSP ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW

The DSP engine features a high-speed 17-bit by 17-bit multiplier, a 40-bit ALU,

two 40-bit saturating accumulators and a 40-bit bidirectional barrel shifter.The barrel

shifter is capable of shifting a 40-bit value up to 16 bits right or left, in a single cycle.

MEMORY ORGANIZATION

Architecture features separate program and data memory spaces and buses.Also

allows the direct access of program memory from the data space during code execution.

Program Address Space: The program address memory space of the devices is 4M

instructions. The space is addressable by a 24-bit value derived either from the 23-bit

Program Counter (PC) during program execution.

DATA SPACE WIDTH: The data memory space is organized in byte addressable, 16-bit

wide blocks. Data is aligned in data memory and registers as 16-bit words, but all data

space EAs resolve to bytes. The Least Significant Bytes (LSBs) of each word have even

addresses, while the Most Significant Bytes (MSBs) have odd addresses.

Fig7.14:Program memory organization

Device features a 17-bit by 17-bit single-cycle multiplier that is shared by both the

MCU ALU and DSP engine. The multiplier can perform signed, unsigned and mixed-sign

multiplication.Using a 17-bit by 17-bit multiplier for 16-bit by 16-bit multiplication

allows you to perform mixed-sign multiplication.Supports 16/16 and 32/16 divide

operations, both fractional and integer.All divide instructions are iterative operations.



Table 7.2:Addressing modes

Data Addressing Overview

The data space can be addressed as 32K words or 64 Kbytes and is split into two

blocks, referred to as X and Y data memory. Each memory block has its own independent

Address Generation Unit (AGU). The MCU class of instructions operates solely through

the X memory AGU, which accesses the entire memory map as one linear data space.

Certain DSP instructions operate through the X and Y AGUs to support dual operand

reads.



Fig7.15:Overall Architecture



Fig7.16:Register used

4) FEATURES:

4.1) FLASH PROGRAM MEMORY

Devices contain internal Flash program memory for storing and executing application

code. The memory is readable, writable and erasable during normal operation over the

entire VDD range.

4.2) INTERRUPT CONTROLLER

The interrupt controller has the following features:

• Up to eight processor exceptions and software traps



• Eight user-selectable priority levels

• Interrupt Vector Table (IVT) with up to 118 vectors

4.3) DIRECT MEMORY ACCESS(DMA)

Direct Memory Access (DMA) is a very efficient mechanism of copying data

between peripheral SFRs (e.g., UART Receive register, Input Capture 1 buffer),and

buffers or variables stored in RAM, with minimal CPU intervention. The DMA controller

can automatically copy entire blocks of data without requiring the user software to read or

write the peripheral Special Function Registers (SFRs) every time a peripheral interrupt

occurs. The DMA controlleruses a dedicated bus for data transfers and therefore,does not

steal cycles from the code execution flow of the CPU. To exploit the DMA capability, the

corresponding user buffers or variables must be located in DMA RAM.

4.4) UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER TRANSMITTER (UART)

The Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) module is one of the

serial I/O modules.The UART is a full-duplex asynchronous system that can

communicate with peripheral devices, such as personal computers.

4.5) POWER-SAVING FEATURES

Devices provide the ability to manage power consumption in four ways:

• Clock frequency

• Instruction-based Sleep and Idle modes

• Software-controlled Doze mode

• Selective peripheral control in software

4.6) REAL-TIME CLOCK AND CALENDAR (RTCC)

The RTCC module is intended for applications where accurate time must be

maintained for extended period of time with minimum to no intervention from the

CPU.The RTCC module is optimized for low-power usage to provide extended battery

lifetime while keeping track of time.

4.7) SPECIAL FEATURES

dsPIC33FJ64GPX02/X04 devices include several features intended to maximize

applicationflexibility and reliability, and minimize cost throughelimination of external

components. These are:



• Flexible configuration

• Watchdog Timer (WDT)

• Code Protection and CodeGuard™ Security

• JTAG Boundary Scan Interface

• In-Circuit Serial Programming™ (ICSP™)

• In-Circuit emulation

5) SERIAL PERIPHERAL INTERFACE (SPI)

The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) module is a synchronous serial interface useful

for communicating with other peripheral or microcontroller devices. These peripheral

devices can be serial EEPROMs, shift registers,display drivers, analog-to-digital

converters, etc. The SPI module is compatible with SPI and SIOP from Motorola.Each

SPI module consists of a 16-bit shift register SPIxSR (where x = 1 or 2), used for shifting

data in and out, and a buffer register, SPIxBUF. A control register, SPIxCON, configures

the module. Additionally, a status

register, SPIxSTAT, indicates status conditions.

The serial interface consists of 4 pins:

• SDIx (serial data input)

• SDOx (serial data output)

• SCKx (shift clock input or output)

• SSx (active-low slave select).

In Master mode operation, SCK is a clock output. In Slave mode, it is a clock input

6) DATA CONVERTER INTERFACE (DCI) MODULE

The dsPIC33FJ64GPX02 Data Converter Interface (DCI) module allows simple

interfacing of devices, such as audio coder/decoders (Codecs), ADC and D/A converters.

10-BIT/12-BIT ANALOG-TO DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC)

Key Features

The 10-bit ADC configuration has the followingkey features:

• Successive Approximation (SAR) conversion

• Conversion speeds of up to 1.1 Msps

• Up to 13 analog input pins

• External voltage reference input pins

• Simultaneous sampling of up to four analog input pins



• Automatic Channel Scan mode

Depending on the particular device pin-out, the ADC can have up to 13 analog

input pins, designated AN0 through AN12. In addition, there are two analog input pins

for external voltage reference connections. These voltage reference inputs can be shared

with other analog input pins. The actual number of analog input pins and external voltage

reference input configuration depends on the specific device.

ADC and DMA

If more than one conversion result needs to be buffered before triggering an

interrupt, DMA data transfers can be used. ADC1 can trigger a DMA data transfer.

7.1.4ENC28J60-Ethernet controller chip

The ENC28J60 is a stand-alone Ethernet controller with an industry standard

Serial Peripheral Interface(SPI). It is designed to serve as an Ethernet network interface

for any controller equipped with SPI.The ENC28J60 meets all of the IEEE 802.3

specifications.It incorporates a number of packet filtering schemes to limit incoming

packets. It also provides an internal DMA module for fast data throughput and hardware

assisted checksum calculation, which is used in various network protocols.

Communication with the host controller is implemented via an interrupt pin andthe SPI,

with clock rates of up to 20MHz. Two dedicated pins are used for LED link and network

activity indication.

With the ENC28J60, two pulse transformers and a few passive components are all

that are required to connect a microcontroller to an Ethernet network.

The ENC28J60 consists of seven major functional blocks:

1. An SPI interface that serves as a communication channel between the host controller

and theENC28J60.

2. Control registers which are used to control and monitor the ENC28J60.

3. A dual port RAM buffer for received and transmitted data packets.

4. An arbiter to control the access to the RAM buffer when requests are made from DMA,

transmit and receive blocks.

5. The bus interface that interprets data and commands received via the SPI interface.



6. The MAC (Medium Access Control) module that implements IEEE 802.3 compliant

MAC logic.

7. The PHY (Physical Layer) module that encodes and decodes the analog data that is

present onthe twisted-pair interface.

The device also contains other support blocks, such as the oscillator, on-chip

voltage regulator, level translatorsto provide 5V tolerant I/Os and system control logic.

Fig.7.17:ENC28J60 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig.7.18:TYPICAL ENC28J60-BASED INTERFACE



Table 7.3: Pin Description

Oscillator

The ENC28J60 is designed to operate at 25 MHz with a crystal connected to the

OSC1 and OSC2 pins. TheENC28J60 design requires the use of a parallel cut crystal.

Fig.7.19: Oscillator Start-up Timer



The ENC28J60 contains an Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) to ensure that the

oscillator and integrated PHY have stabilized before use.When the OST expires, the

CLKRDY bit in the ESTAT register will be set. The application software should poll this

bit as necessary to determine when normal device operation can begin.

CLKOUT Pin

The clock out pin is provided to the system designer for use as the host controller

clock or as a clock source forother devices in the system. To create a clean clock signal,

the CLKOUT pin is held low for a period when power is first applied. After the Power-on

Reset ends, the OST will begin counting. When the OST expires, the CLKOUT pin will

begin outputting its default frequency of 6.25 MHz (main clock divided by 4).

Fig7.20: Clkout Transition

Magnetics, Termination and Other External Components

To complete the Ethernet interface, the ENC28J60 requires several standard

components to be installed externally.The internal analog circuitry in the PHY module

requires that an external 2.32 k, 1% resistor be attached fromRBIAS to ground. The

resistor influences the TPOUT+/-signal amplitude. The resistor should be placed as

closeas possible to the chip with no immediately adjacent signal traces to prevent noise

capacitive coupling intothe pin and affecting the transmit behavior. It is recommended

that the resistor be a surface mount type.

If a common-modechoke is used to reduce EMI emissions, it should be placed

between the Ethernet transformer and pins 1 and 2 of the RJ-45 connector. Many Ethernet

transformer modules include common-mode chokes inside the same device package.Both

transmit and receive interfaces additionally require two resistors and a capacitor to

properly terminate the transmission line, minimizing signal reflections.



Fig 7.21: Interfacing of ENC28J60 with RJ45 Connector

MEMORY ORGANIZATION

All memory in the ENC28J60 is implemented as static RAM. There are three

types of memory in the ENC28J60:

. Control Registers

. Ethernet Buffer

. PHY Registers

The Control registers; memory contains the registers that are used for

configuration, control and status retrieval of the ENC28J60. The Control registers are

directly read and written to by the SPI interface. The Ethernet buffer contains transmit

and receive memory used by the Ethernet controller in a single memory space. The

Ethernet buffer memory can only be accessed via the read buffer memory and write

buffer memory SPI commands .The PHY registers are used for configuration, control and

status retrieval of the PHY module. The registers are not directly accessible through the

SPI interface; they can only be accessed through Media Independent Interface

Management (MIIM) implemented in the MAC.

SERIAL PERIPHERALINTERFACE (SPI)

The ENC28J60 is designed to interface directly with the Serial Peripheral

Interface (SPI) port available on manymicrocontrollers. The implementation used on this



device supports SPI mode 0,0 only. In addition, the SPIport requires that SCK be at Idle

in a low state;selectable clock polarity is not supported.Commands and data are sent to

the device via the SI pin, with data being clocked in on the rising edge of SCK. Data is

driven out by the ENC28J60 on the SO line, on the falling edge of SCK. The CS pin must

be held low while any operation is performed and returned high when finished.

SPI Instruction Set

The operation of the ENC28J60 depends entirely on commands given by an

external host controller over theSPI interface. These commands take the form of

instructions, of one or more bytes, which are used to access the control memory and

Ethernet buffer spaces. At the least, instructions consist of a 3-bit opcode, followed by a

5-bit argument that specifies either a register address or a data constant. Write and bit

field instructions are also followed by one or more bytes of data.

7.1.5.MMC CARD

A Multi Media Card (MMC) is an IC (Integrated Circuit) which is stored in a compact

and rouged plastic enclosure. Multi Media Card (MMC) are designed to store data and to

enable the transfer of data between devices equipped with Multi Media Card Slot. A

MMC is about the size of Postage Stamp 32mm long, 24 mm wide, and 1.4 mm thick.

MMC can be used in SD (Secure Digital) Card reader and writers. The theoretical transfer

speed of a MMC is 2.5 MB/sec. MMC originally used a one bit Serial Interface, but

newer versions of the specification allow transfer of 4 or sometimes even 8 bit at a time.

Fig.7.22: 24 mm x 32 mm x 1.4 mm Fig.7.23: MMC-SD-Mini-SD card



7.1.6RELAY and RELAY DRIVER IC

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to

mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-

state relays.

Fig7.24: Relay Fig7.25: Internal structure of relay

A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a soft

iron core, an iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable

iron armature. It is held in place by a spring so that when the relay is de-energized there is

an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the

relay pictured is closed, and the other set is open. When an electric current is passed

through the coil it generates a magnetic field that activates the armature, and the

consequent movement of the movable contact(s) either makes or breaks a connection with

a fixed contact.

Pole and throw

Fig7.26:Circuit symbols of relays. (C denotes the common

terminal in SPDT and DPDT types.)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relay_Parts.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relay_symbols.svg


• SPST – Single Pole Single Throw. These have two terminals which can be

connected or disconnected.

RELAY DRIVER (ULN 2803D)

Digital system and microcontrollers pins are lack sufficient to drive the relay.

While the relays coil needs around 10mA to be energized, microcontroller’s pins can

provide a maximum 1-2mA current. For this reason, we place a driver, such as the

ULN2803 between the microcontroller and relay.

The ULN2803A device is a high-voltage, high-current Darlington transistor array.

The device consists of eight NPN Darlington pairs that feature high-voltage outputs with

common-cathode clamp diodes for switching inductive loads. The collector-current rating

of each Darlington pair is 500 mA. The Darlington pairs may be connected in parallel for

higher current capability. The ULN2803A device has a 2.7-kΩ series base resistor for

each Darlington pair for operation directly with TTL or 5-V CMOS devices.

1B1

2B2

3B3

4B4

5B5

6B6

7B7

8B8

1C18

2C17

3C16

4C15

5C14

6C13

7C12

8C11

COM10

U1

ULN2803

RL1NTE-R46-24

RL2NTE-R46-24

RL3NTE-R46-24

RL4NTE-R46-24

12345

J1

CONN-SIL5

+12 V

From Dspic Port

+12V

+12 V

+12 V

+12 V

Fig7.27: Connection of ULN2803 with Relay

Darlington pair is used for switching the relay or LED. In such way here 1C

requires inbuilt 8 Darlington pairs. When +5V supply is given to transistor Tl it act as

switch i.e.it get ON and the output current of transistor Tl drives another transistor T2



from the Darlington pair and therefore relays get de-energized. The common free-

wheeling diode is connected to pin no 10 and the common ground is at pin no 9.

Table7.3: Absolute maximum ratings of ULN2803

FEATURES

*Output current (single output) 500mA MAX.

*High sustaining voltage output 50V MIN.

*Output clamp diodes

*Inputs compatible with various types of logic

APPLICATIONS

Relay drivers, hammer drivers, lamp drivers, display drivers (LED and gas discharge),

line drivers, and logic buffers.

7.1.7PCB FABRICATION

PCB fabrication includes following steps:

1) Layout of the circuit

2) Artwork designing

3) Printing

4) Etching

5) Drilling

6) Mounting of components & soldering

7) Finishing



1) LAYOUT

The layout of a PCB has to incorporate all the information on the board before one

can go onto the all work preparation. Detailed circuit diagram, the design concept and the

philosophy behind the equipment are very important for the layout.

Layout Scale Depending on the accuracy required artwork should be produced at a 1:1 or

2:1 or even 4:1 scale. The layout is best prepared on the same scale as the artwork to

prevent the entire problem, which might be caused by redrawing of the layout to the

artwork scale. The layout/artwork scale commonly applied is 2:1 with a 1:1 scale, no

demanding single sided boards can be designed but sufficient care should be taken,

particularly during the artwork preparation.

Procedure

The first rule is to replace each and every PCB layout as viewed from the

component side. This rule must be strictly followed to avoid confusion, which would

otherwise be caused.

Another important rule is not to start the designing of a layout unless an absolutely

clear circuit diagram is available.

Among the components, the larger ones are placed first and the space in between

is filled with smaller ones. Components requiring input/output connecting come near the

connector. All components are placed in such a manner that de-soldering of other

components is not necessary if they have to be replaced.

Layout sketch

The end product of the layout designing is the pencil sketched component and

conductor drawing which is caller ‘layout sketch’. It contains all information for the

preparation of the network.

Component holes

In a given PCB, most of the holes required are one particular diameter. Holes of a

different are shown with a code in the actual layout sketch.

Conductor Holes

A code can be used for the conductor with a special width.

Minimum spacing should also be provided.

A) Holes B) Conductor Widths

Standard holes Standard width, 0.5 mm

1.1 mm 1 mm

1.5 mm 2 mm



3.2 mm 4 mm

(2) ARTWORK

The generation of PCB artwork should be considered as the first step of the PCB

manufacturing process. The importance of a perfect artwork should not be under

estimated. Problems like inaccurate registration, broken annular rings or too critical

spacing are often due to bad artwork. And even with the most sophisticated PCB

production facilities, PCB can be made better than the quality of the artwork used.

Basic Approaches

For ink drawing on white cardboard paper, good quality Indian ink and ink-pen set

are minimum requirements.

Drawing practice – drawing procedure is vary at-least by 0.1 – 0.2, and solder pad

locations.And conductors can easily be displaced by 0.3 – 0.5 mm

(3) SCREEN PRINTING

The process of screen – printing is well known to the printing industry because of

its inherent capabilities of printing a wide range of inks on almost any kind of surface

including glass, metal, plastic fabrics, wooer, etc.

Found their way into an extremely broad field of applications. Screen – printing

offers the advantages of wide control on the ink deposition, thickness though the selection

of suitable mass density and composition.It is successfully employed in printing of

Etch resists

Plate resists

Solder stop lacquers

Notation printing

In its basic form, the screen-printing process is very simple. A screen fabric with

uniform meshes and opening is stretched and fixed on a solid frame of metal or wood.The

circuit pattern area open, while the meshes in the rest of the area is closed.

In the actual printing step, ink is forced by the moving squeeze through the open

meshes onto the surface of the material to be printed.

The ink deposition, in a magnified cross section, shows the shape of a trapezoid.

Pattern Transfer onto the Screen

There are two different methods in use, and each method has its own advantages

and disadvantages.



With the direct method, the screen is prepared, by coating a photographic

emulsion directly onto the screen fabric and exposing it in the pattern area. The indirect

method makes use of a separate screen process film, supported on a backing sheet. The

film on its backing sheet that is there after pressed onto the screen fabric and sticks there.

Finally, the backing sheet is peeled off, opening all those screen meshes, which are not

covered by the film pattern.

The direct method provides very durable screen stencils with a higher dimensional

accuracy but the finest details are not reproduced. The indirect method is more suitable

for smaller series and where the finest details to be reproduced.

The indirect method is faster but dimensionally lessaccurate and the screen

stencils are less durable, more sensitive to mechanical damages and interruption in

printing.

(4) ETCHING

In all subtractive PCB process, etching is one of the most important steps. The

final copper pattern is formed by selective removal of all the unwanted copper, which is

not protected by an etching unit.

Solutions, which are used in etching process, are known as enchants.

a. Ferric Chloride

b. Cupric Chloride

c. Chromic Acid

d. Alkaline Ammonia

Of these Ferric Chloride is widely used because it has short etching time and it can be

stored for a long time. Etching of PCBs as required in modern electronic equipment

production, is usually done in spray type etching machines.

Tank or bubble etching, in which the boards kept in tank, were lowered and fully

immersed into the agitated, has almost disappeared.

5) DRILLING



Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut or enlarge a hole of circular cross-

section in solid materials.

Hole Diameter (D) <= 1mm + / - 0.05 mm

Hole Diameter (D) > 3 mm + / – 0.1 mm

Drill bits are made up of high-speed steel (HSS), Glass epoxy material, Tungsten Carbide.

(6)COMPONENT MOUNTING

Careful mounting of components on PCB increases the reliability of assembly.

1. One leads must be cleaned before they are inserted in PCB holes. Asymmetric

lead bending must be avoided; the ENT leads must fit into holes properly so that

they can be soldered.

2. When the space is to be saved then vertical mounting is preferred. The vertical

lead must have an insulating sleeve.

3. Where jumper wire crosses over conductors, they must be insulted.

4. For mounting of PCBs, TO5, DIP packages special jigs must be used of easy

insertion.

5. While mounting transistors, each lead must have insulating sleeve. All the flat

radial components such as resistors, diodes, and inductors are mounted and

soldered. Then IC bases are soldered. The vertical components such as transistors,

gang condenser and FET are mounted & soldered.

(7) SOLDERING

The next process after the component mounting is soldering; solder pint is

achieved by heating the solder and base metal about he melting point of the solders used.

The necessary heat depends upon:

1) The nature and type of joints

2) Melting temperature of solder

3) Flux Soldering techniques are of so many types but we are using iron soldering.

Iron soldering



Soldering iron consists of an insulating handle connected through a metal shaft, of

a bit accurately makes contact with the component parts of the joint and solder and heats

them up. The electrical heating element is located in the hollow shank or handles to heat

the bit.

Functions of the Bit

It stores heat and convey it from the heat source to the work. It may be required to

store surplus solder from the joint. It may be required to store molten solder and flux to

the work.

Thenits surface must be lined or wetted; this encourages flow of solder into the

joint. When the surface of the work becomes tested by solder, a continuous film of liquid

metal between the bit and the work provides a path of high thermal conductivity through

which heat can flow into the work piece.

Solder bit are made up of copper; this metal has good wetting properly, heat

capability and thermal conductivity. Tin-lead solder affects copper during soldering

operation. Production of copper bit can be made with thick iron coating followed by

Ni/Tin plating. The life of the bit is increased by a factor of 10 to 15. Solder irons are

specified in terms of wattage.

Procedure of Soldering

The points to be joined must be cleaned first and fluxed. The hard solder iron and

solder wire is applied to the work. The melted solder becomes bright and fluid. The iron

must be removed after sufficient time and joint is allowed to coal. At the end, finishing is

done.

PCB Designing using Express PCB

Express PCB has many advantages over manual designing, important among them is:

1) Changes can be easily made because we don’t have to erase our pencil work on

paper repeatedly.

2) Time is saved.

3) Before taking printout we can have preview of the design etc. The software which

we have used is Quick-route.

7.2LANGUAGES USED



7.2.1 HTML INTRODUCTION

HTML is a language for describing web pages.

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

HTML is a markup language

A markup language is a set of markup tags

The tags describe document content

HTML documents contain HTML tags and plain text

HTML documents are also called web pages

WEB BROWSERS

The purpose of a web browser (such as goggle chrome, internet explorer, Firefox)

is to read HTML documents and display them as web pages. The browser does not

display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to determine how the content of the HTML page

is to be presented /displayed to the user.

HTML Element Syntax

An HTML element starts with a start tag

An HTML element ends with end tag

The element content is everything between the start and the end tag

Some HTML elements have empty content

Empty elements are closed in the start tag

Most HTML elements can have attributes

The <p> element:

The <p> element defines a paragraph in the HTML document. The element has a

start tag <p> and end tag </p>.

The <body> element:

The <body> element defines the body of the HTML document. The element has a

start tag <body> and an end tag </body>.The element content is another HTML element.

The <html> element:



The <html> element defines the whole HTML document. The element has a start

tag <html> and an end tag </html>. The element content is another HTML element(the

body element).

HTML ATTRIBUTES

HTML elements can have attributes

Attributes provide additional information about an element

Attributes are always specified in the start tag

Attributes come in name /value pairs like: name=”value”

Attribute values should always be enclosed in quotes.

HTML HEADINGS

Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.

HTML HYPERLINKS

The HTML <a> tag defines a hyperlink. A hyperlink is a word , group of words,

or image that you can click on to jump to another document. When you move the cursor

over a link in a Web page, the arrow will turn into a little hand. The most important

attribute of the <a> element is the href attribute, which indicates the link’s destination.

By default, links will appear as follows in all browsers:

An unvisited link is underlined and blue.

A visited link is underlined and purple

An active link is underlined and red

HTML STYLES-CSS

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is used to style HTML elements.

CSS can be added to HTML in following ways:

Inline-using the style attribute in HTML elements

Internal-using the <style> element in the <head> section

External-using an external CSS file

HTML5 – NEW FEATURES



The <canvas> element for 2D drawing

The <video> and <audio> elements for media playback

Support for local storage

New content-specific elements, like <article>, <footer>,<header>, <nav>,

<section>

New form controls, like calendar, date, time, email, url, search.

7.2.2 CSS INTRODUCTION

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets

Styles define how to display HTML elements

Styles were added to HTML 4.0to solve a problem

External Style Sheets can save a lot of work

External Style Sheets are stored in CSS files

THREE WAYS TO INSERT CSS

There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:

External style sheet

Internal style sheet

Inline style

EXTERNAL STYLE SHEET

An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an

external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire web site by changing one file.

Each page must link to the style sheet using the <link> tag .The <link> tag goes inside the

head section.

INTERNAL STYLE SHEET

An internal style sheet should be used when a single document has a unique style.

You define internal styles in the head section of an HTML page, by using the <style> tag.



INLINE STYLES

To use inline styles you use the style attribute in the relevant tag. The style

attribute can contain an CSS property.

CASCADING ORDER

Generally speaking we can say that all the styles will “cascade” into a new

“virtual” style sheets by the following rules, where number four has the highest priority:

1. Browser default

2. External style sheet

3. Internal style sheet (in the head section)

4. Inline style (inside an HTML element)

So, an inline style has the highest priority, which means that it will override a style

defined inside the <head> tag, or in an external style sheet, or in a browser (a default

value). If the link to the external style sheet is placed after the internal style sheet in

HTML <head>, the external style sheet will override the internal style sheet.

7.2.3 AJAX INTRODUCTION

AJAX is about updating parts of a web page, without reloading the whole

page.AJAX is Asynchronous JavaScript and XML.AJAX is a technique for creating fast

and dynamic web pages.AJAX allows web pages to be updated asynchronously by

exchanging small amounts of data with the server behind the scenes. This means that it is

possible to update parts of a web page, without reloading the whole page.Classic web

pages, (which do not use AJAX) must reload the entire page if the content should

change.Examples of applications using AJAX: Google Maps, Gmail, Youtube, and

Facebook tabs.

WORKING OF AJAX



Fig 7.28: AJAX is based on internet standards

AJAX is based on internet standards, and uses a combination of:

XMLHttpRequest object (to exchange data asynchronously with a server)

JavaScript/DOM (to display/interact with the information)

CSS (to style the data)

XML (often used as the format for transferring data)

AJAX applications are browser- and platform-independent!

Google suggest is using AJAX to create a very dynamic web interface: When you

start typing in Google's search box, a JavaScript sends the letters off to a server and the

server returns a list of suggestions.

AJAX - Create an XMLHttpRequest Object:

The keystone of AJAX is the XMLHttpRequest object.

The XMLHttpRequest Object



All modern browsers support the XMLHttpRequest object (IE5 and IE6 use an

ActiveXObject). The XMLHttpRequest object is used to exchange data with a server

behind the scenes. This means that it is possible to update parts of a web page, without

reloading the whole page.

Create an XMLHttpRequest Object:

All modern browsers (IE7+, Firefox, Chrome, Safari, and Opera) have a built-in

XMLHttpRequest object.

Syntax for creating an XMLHttpRequest object:

variable=new XMLHttpRequest();

Old versions of Internet Explorer (IE5 and IE6) uses an ActiveX Object:

variable=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");

To handle all modern browsers, including IE5 and IE6, check if the browser

supports the XMLHttpRequest object. If it does, create an XMLHttpRequest object, if

not, create an ActiveXObject:

AJAX - Send a Request To a Server

The XMLHttpRequest object is used to exchange data with a server.

Send a Request To a Server

To send a request to a server, we use the open() and send() methods of the

XMLHttpRequest object:

xmlhttp.open("GET","ajax_info.txt",true);

xmlhttp.send();



Method Description

open(method,url,async)

method: the type of request: GET or POST

url: the location of the file on the server

async: true (asynchronous) or false (synchronous)

send(string)

Sends the request off to the server.

string: Only used for POST requests

GET or POST?

GET is simpler and faster than POST, and can be used in most cases.However, always

use POST requests when:

A cached file is not an option (update a file or database on the server)

Sending a large amount of data to the server (POST has no size limitations)

Sending user input (which can contain unknown characters), POST is more robust

and secure than GET

GET Requests

A simple GET request:

xmlhttp.open("GET","demo_get.asp",true);

xmlhttp.send();

POST Requests

A simple POST request:

xmlhttp.open("POST","demo_post.asp",true);

xmlhttp.send();

To POST data like an HTML form, add an HTTP header with setRequestHeader().

Specify the data you want to send in the send() method:



Method Description

setRequestHeader(header,value)header: specifies the header name

value: specifies the header value.

Asynchronous - True or False?

AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML, and for the

XMLHttpRequest object to behave as AJAX, the async parameter of the open() method

has to be set to true:

xmlhttp.open("GET","ajax_test.asp",true);

Sending asynchronous requests is a huge improvement for web developers. Many

of the tasks performed on the server are very time consuming. Before AJAX, this

operation could cause the application to hang or stop.

With AJAX, the JavaScript does not have to wait for the server response, but can instead:

execute other scripts while waiting for server response

deal with the response when the response ready

Async=true

When using async=true, specify a function to execute when the response is ready

in the onreadystatechange event.

AJAX - Server Response

To get the response from a server, use the responseText or responseXML property

of the XMLHttpRequest object.

Property Description

responseText get the response data as a string

responseXML get the response data as XML data



The responseText Property

If the response from the server is not XML, use the responseText property.The

responseText property returns the response as a string.

The responseXML Property

If the response from the server is XML, and you want to parse it as an XML

object, use the responseXML property.

7.3 WORKING

7.3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & DESCRIPTION

We have developed a server which is considerably simpler, cheaper and easier to setup

than a more powerful web server.

For monitoring the weather conditions in this project we have used four sensors

viz. temperature, humidity, carbon-dioxide and LDR i.e. it measures the physical

quantities present in the surrounding atmosphere. The output of all these sensors is analog

in nature. For converting this analog inputs to digital form and also to send it through

serial peripheral interface (SPI mode) i.e. we need features as:

1. Flash program memory

2. Direct memory access

3. UART(Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter)

4. Power saving

5. SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)

6. ADC(Analog to digital converter -10 bit)



Fig7.29: Circuit Diagram of real time weather station for monitoring and control of

Agriculture



The microprocessor i.e. DSPIC controller provides all these features and gets

analog inputs from sensors and converts it into digital using in-built ADC(10 bit) and

saves this data on memory card.

Then using DMA it gives that data i.e. sensors output to the Ethernet controller IC,

ENC28J60 using SPI mode. Now this Ethernet IC takes data from DSPIC controller in

serial bit stream and then provides packet framing transmission using MAC protocol over

serial peripheral interface and simultaneous sampling upto four analog inputs. It includes

MAC (Medium Access Control) that implements IEEE 802.3 frame format logic and the

physical layer encodes and decodes the analog data that is present on twisted pair

interface.

With ENC28J60,two pulse transformers are required to connect a microcontroller to

an Ethernet network. And then RJ45 is used to make a LAN connection in between host

controller and this module and serves the communication channel.

The Ajax,CSS,HTML languages are used to design the webpage and set the IP

address connectivity for Ethernet through LAN cable. The IP address settings by using

TCP-IPV4 protocol are done through as per given in documentation.

In addition to this we also provide the device controller unit on the same webpage.

The various connected devices plays a much vital role in controlling the environment

parameters with simply ON & OFF status of the switches.

The ENC28J60 receives the status of switches for the devices t be controlled &

send it to the DSP processor. The DSP processor at its output port gives this signal to

relay driver IC ULN2803 which provides isolation & sufficient current gain to drive the

relays.

As per our requirement we can select the controlling devices suitable for our

applications as per discussed in applications areas briefly.



7.3.2 SNAPSHOT OF CODES IMPLEMENTED:

Implementation encompasses all the processes involved in getting new software or

hardware operating properly in its environment, including installation, configuration,

running, and making necessary changes. As such, implementation is the action that must

follow any preliminary thinking in order for something to actually happen. Following

snapshots helps to get precise idea of our project:

Fig 7.31: Snapshot of files used in project


NO

YES


Fig 7.32: Snapshot of the files stored on SD card

Fig 7.33: Snapshot of coding of javascriptfile



Fig 7.34: Snapshot of coding of html file

Fig. 7.35: snapshot of coding of CSS file



Fig 7.36: Snapshot of front view of project

Fig 7.37: Snapshot of front view of project



Chapter 8

RESULT & DISCUSSION

8.1 RESULT

In the Real Time Weather Station for Monitoring & Control of Agriculture system

project there is use of three sensor Lm35 temperature sensor, SHY-1 humidity sensor and

LDR. Obtained result description of each sensor is as follow.

LM35 temperature sensor

Obtained result from LM35 sensor on web page it is not direct value of

temperature, to convert it in to exact temperature value following calculation is required.

Suppose result from LM35 sensor on web page is: - 106

Formula is

Temperature ¿ Result ¿LM 35 sensor on web page ¿5+10

= 106

5+10

Temperature = 31.20°C



Hence result obtained from LM35 sensor on web page is 100then approximate

value of Temperature is 31.20°C.

In this way that we can obtain the value of temperature.

SHY-1 humidity sensor

Suppose result from humidity sensor on web page is: - 208

Formula is

Relative humidity¿ Result ¿humidity sensor on web page ¿1000

×100

= 149

1000×100

Relative humidity = 14.9%

Hence result obtained from Relative humidity sensor on web page is 149then approximate

value of humidity is 14.9%.In this way that we can obtain the value of humidity.

LDR sensor

Suppose result from LDR sensor on web page is: - 826

Formula is

Light Intensity ¿ Result ¿LDR sensor on web page ¿1000

×100

= 826

1000×100

Light Intensity = 82.6% (Lux)

Hence result obtained from Light Intensity sensor on web page is 826then approximate

value of humidity is 82.6% (Lux).In this way that we can obtain the value of humidity.



8.2 DISCUSSION

Thus Real Time Weather Station for Monitoring & Control of Agriculture system

provides powerful solution on today weather monitoring system. It is show the exact

weather condition of a given place on web page of each and every time. It can also be

used in industry, coalmine, in greenhouses etc. for finding surrounding condition and its

prevention.

Real Time Weather Station for Monitoring & Control of Agriculture system

design has simple architecture, cost efficient, user friendliness and scope for further

expansion.

This project has two major phases

1. The current surrounding weather status is uploaded on the website. User can view

it whenever required.

2. We can also control the devices on webpages for handling condition again bad

weather.

Proposed system will have wider future scope.



Chapter 9

CONCLUSION

9.1 INTRODUCTION

As an overall conclusion about this project there are certain aims that this project

tries to reach. The first reason and actual motivation towards this project is to help this

module in agriculture sector. Since food is one of the basic requirement for every human

being. Producing good quality of grain is one of the motivating factor to develop such

project.

The price of this project in small scale production is estimated to be only 8000

Rs , for each ground unit which is not so expensive. Since the investment will be one time

only and no maintenances are required after installation.

9.2 CONCLUSION

Thus Real Time Weather Station for Monitoring & Control of Agriculture system

provides powerful solution on today weather monitoring system. It is show the exact

weather condition of a given place on web page of each and every time. It can also be

used in industry, coalmine, in greenhouses etc. for finding surrounding condition and its

prevention.

Real Time Weather Station for Monitoring & Control of Agriculturesystem design

has simple architecture, cost efficient, user friendliness and scope for further expansion.

This project has two major phases

1. The current surrounding weather status is uploaded on the website. User can view

it whenever required.

2. We can also control the devices on webpages for handling condition again bad

weather.

Proposed system will have wider future scope.



9.3 ADVANTAGES

1) At a glance we can get total weather condition of the local area of this system.

2) It is useful in Agriculture also.

3) It is also useful for Tourism.

4) Anyone who wants to know current status of the weather at the place where the

system is placed with the help of internet service.

5) Cheap cost& less space for accommodation is required.

9.4 DISADVANTAGES

1) In this project auto-refreshment of data is not possible.

2) Loading of web page takes time.

3) In this project calibration of temperature & humidity is to be done manually,

but obliviously this can be removed.

4) It lacks some features like server side scripting and encryption, for example,

although for most applications, this won't be a problem.



Chapter 10

APPLICATIONS & FUTURE SCOPE

10.1 APPLICATIONS

1) Automated Agriculture Field:

i) Throughout the period between harvest & consumption, temperature control has been

found to be the most important factor in maintaining product quality. The results of real

deployment of Sensor Network to monitor and control the environments and a

management sub-system to manage and provide various and convenient services to

consumers with devices such as living a farming village. The project can be deployed in

greenhouses with melon and cabbage in Seed Research Center. It can be used to monitor

the growing process of them and control the environment of the greenhouses.

Fig 10.1: Application in Agriculture field

This is a proposed system which can be very useful for agriculture applications

such as temp sensor for reading the temp of soil, humidity sensor for measuring

environmental humidity, these types of sensors can be connected to the hardware. On the

other hand we can also control the operation of the devices.

The output of these sensors will be monitored and will be displayed via a web

server, and same can be controlled remotely through a web portal (Internet).

ii) Keeping products at their lowest safe temperature will increase storage life by

lowering respiration rate, decreasing sensitivity to ethylene and reducing water loss.

Reducing the rate of water loss slows the rate of shriveling and wilting, causes of

serious postharvest losses. Another aspect to consider when handling fruits &

vegetables is the relative humidity of the storage environment. Loss of water is often



associated with a loss of quality as visual changes such as wilting or shriveling and

textural changes can take place.

2) Coal-mine Safety:

For safety of workers working in coal mine as area is underground and the

temperature, air quality is important factor to prevent hazardous situations for workers

working there.

3) Advanced Industrial Automation:

Industrial purposes where safety of workers & quality of production is of utmost

importance. To monitor the status of various physical parameters in the industries like

paper manufacturing cardboard manufacturing areas where end products are greatly

affected by physical parameters.

Fig.10.2: Advanced Industrial Automation

6) Useful for TOURISM sector as a person plans might get hampered if he doesn’t

get the exact weather updates at a glance.

7) Preservations of library & archival collections:

Control of temperature & relative humidity is critical in the preservation of library &

archival collections because unacceptable levels of these contribute significantly to the

breakdown of materials.Heat accelerates deterioration: the rate of most chemical

reactions,including deterioration, is approximate doubled with each increase in

temperature of 10 degree Celsius.Extremely low relative humidity,which can occur in



winter in centrally heated buildings may lead to desiccation and embrittlement of some

materials.

10.2 FUTURE SCOPE

Limitations

In this project auto-refreshment of data is not possible. Calibration of temperature

& humidity is to be done manually, but obviously this can be removed. It lacks some

features like server side scripting and encryption, for example, although for most

applications, this won't be a problem.

To overcome these limitations in future, this project can reports continuous

weather conditions on the webpage and anyone can get the information about the current

status of the weather using Internet Service. If several modules of this project are placed

at different cities then at a glance we can get the current status of the weather and also we

can predict it for the future purpose. The graphical presentation of the data gives adequate

and abrupt changes in the atmosphere surrounding our environment.

The health ministry department of our state can use this project to get the

continuous weather information about every city located with this module and predict the

weather report. This project is very much essential in case of hazardous situations.



Chapter 11

DOCUMENTATION

The procedure for operating the model is as follow.

1. Plug in both AC cord and make switch on.

2. When LED on kit is blinking means kit is now in working condition.

3. Now connect the one end of male RJ45 to female RJ45 of model and another end

of male RJ45 to female RJ45 of computer.

4. Procedure on computer is as follows:

I. Select the Network setting in which select sub option Network and

Sharing Center.

II. Now select the Ethernet option, Ethernet Status is obtained as shown:

III. Select the option Properties; now in networking select the option Internet

Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4).



IV. General option window appears and select Use the following IP address

now put

IP Address = 192.168.1.3(you can use any value in place of 3 except

34)

Gateway = 192.168.1.1

Subnet Mask= 255.255.255.0

Primary DNS = 192.168.1.1

Select OK for all windows and close the Ethernet Status

V. After all this procedure open the browser(Ex: Internet Explorer,Google

Chrome)

VI. Put the IP Address = 192.168.1.34in URL bar of browser.

VII. Now you are able to see the web page of Online Weather Monitoring

system.

VIII. By selecting weather option user can see the weather information and by

selecting settings option, we can control the device status. After selecting

settings option a window will pop-up which will ask a new user for



authentication then you should provide it with user name and password as

follows:

User = admin

Password = pass

IX. Now select the ‘1’ to switch ON the device and select ‘0’ to switch OFF

the device through web pagesettings option.



COST SHEET

Component Cost (Rs.)

dsPIC33FJ64GP802 1250

LM317 35

IC base 28 pin 12

Transistor Array ULN 2803 10

Relay 12v SPDP 18

Resistors 1k, 1.2k, 20

Voltage Regulator 7805 18

Bridge 12

Power supply

Transformer 09 2amp 100

ENC28J60 1850

PCB 6 x 6 80

Reliable connector

LED 12

Acrylic sheet 120

Capacitors

1 470llF 16V electrolytic 12

1 331lF 16V electrolytic 6

2 1 OIlF tantalum 6

3 1 OOnF monolithic 3

4 33pF ceramic 12

Resistors (O.25W, 1 %)

410kn 1 180n 12

1 2kn 2110n 12

11kn 451n 6

5330n 6



Semiconductors

1 dsPIC33FJ64GP802-I/SP pro- 1250

1 ENC28J60 Ethernet controller (IC) 1850

2 N4004 silicon diode (D1) 6

1 LM317T adjustable 3-terminal regulator (REG1) 35

1 3mm green LED (LED1) 6

1 3mm orange LED (LED2) 6

Ethernet RJ45 Connector with Magnetics, Amphenol 2750

8MHz crystal (X1) 25

25MHz crystal (X2) 25



REFERENCES

[1] Clyde C. W. Robson, Samuel Silverstein, and Christian Bohm (2008) An Operation-

Server Based Data Acquisition System Architecture IEEE Transaction on Nuclear

Science, Vol. 55, No.1.

[2] Du.Y, and Liu.C, (2007) Testing Method for Embedded Real-time System Software

Control & Automation, Vol. 23, No. 4-2, pp. 86-88.

[3] Li.S,Jiarong.R.Luo,Yichun.C.Wu,Guiming.M.Li,FengWang,andYongWang,(2010)

Continuous and Real-Time Data Acquisition Embedded System for EAST IEEE

Transaction on Nuclear Science,Vol.57,No.2.

[4] Hong-Taek Ju, _ Mi-Joung Choi and James W. Hong “An efficient and lightweight

embedded Web server for Web-based network element management” International

Journal of Network Management, pp. 261– 275, Oct 2000.

[5] Martin Abadi, Andrew Birrell, Raymie Stata, and Edward Wobber. Secure web

tunneling. Pro- ceedings of the Seventh International World Wide Web Conference.

Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, 30:531{539, April 1998.

[6] Bill Cheswick and Steve Bellovin. Firewalls and Internet Security: Repelling the Wily

Hacker. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1994.

[7] M. E. Davis and E. J. Weyuker. Computabil- ity, Complexity, and Languages.

Academic Press, Inc, 1983.

[8] Simson Gar_nkel and Gene Spa_ord. Practical Unix & Internet Security. O'Reilly &

Associates,Inc., 1996.

[9] Simson Gar_nkel and Gene Spa_ord. Web Secu- rity & Commerce. O'Reilly &

Associates, Inc., 1997. Appendix C.

[10] Hirafuji, M., K. Tanaka, T. Kiura, A. Otuka, Modelbase System, 2000, A Distributed

Model Database on The Internet, Pre-Proceeding: Application Area of IWS2000:

International Workshop on Asia Pacific Advanced Network and its Applications, pp.57-

61.



[11] Tanaka, K., T. Watanabe, M. Hirafuji, 2000, Model Design Using the Interface and

Use of Models by the Modelbase System, Proc. of the Second Asian Conference for

Information Technology in Agriculture, pp.267-772.

[12] Kiura, K, M. Hirafuji, K. Tanaka, M. Laurenson, S. Honda, M. Shimomura, 2000,

Distibuted Agricultural Model System, Proc. of the Second Asian Conference for

Information Technology in Agriculture, pp.251- 256.

[13] Laurenson, M.R, T. Kiura, A. Otuka, A, S. Ninomiya, 2001, Using MetBroker to

Access Weather Data, Proc. APAN Conf. 2001, Penang. USM, 131-137.


4 realtime wether station for monitoring and control of agricultre

Education

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