4 personality- theories -class
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PERSONALITY
THEORIES
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What is Personality? People differ from
each other in
meaningful ways
People seem to showsome consistency in
behavior
Personality is defined as distinctive and relatively
enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting
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Theories of Personality
FREUDIAN STAGES OR PSYCHO-ANALYTICALTHEORY
The ID : It is the foundation of the unconscious
behaviour. Man is motivated more by unseen forces
than by conscious and rational thoughts.
The EGO : The ego is logical part associated withrealities of life.
The Super EGO : It is the higher level force to restrainthe ID and is described as the conscious of the
person. It tells what is right and what is wrong
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Psychosexual Theory of
Development Five Stages of Development
� Oral Stage
� Anal Stage
� Phallic Stage
� Latency Period
� Genital Stage
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The Development of Personality
ORAL STAGE (First year) Related to later mistrust and rejection issues
ANAL STAGE (Ages 2-4)
Related to later personal power issues
PHALLIC STAGE (Ages 4-6)
Related to later self identification and genderdifferentiation
LATENCY STAGE (Ages 5-11) A time of socialization
ADULT STAGE (Ages 12-60)
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Oral Stage: Birth to 2 year
Satisfy drive of hunger and thirst
Over Dependency
Over Attachment Intake of interesting substances/ideas
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Anal Stage: 2- 4 years
Toilet training get superego to impose
societal norms
Self -control
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Phallic Stage: 4 6 years
Differences between boys and girls
Emerging sexual gender identity
Personality fixed by end of this stage
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Latency Period 5-11 years of
age The energies are channeled into school and
friends
Interest developed for outer world
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Adolescence - Adulthood
Family oriented relations
Marriage
Child-rearing
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Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychoanalytic theory, an attempts to explainpersonality on the basis of unconscious mental
forces
Levels of consciousness: We are unaware of some aspects
of our mental states
Freud argued that personality is made up of multiplestructures, some of which are unconscious
Freud argued that as we have impulses that cause usanxiety; our personality develops defense mechanisms toprotect against anxiety
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Freudian Theory
Anxiety occurs when:
Impulses from the id threaten to get out of control
The ego perceives danger from the environment The ego deals with the problem through:
coping strategies
defense mechanisms
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Defense Mechanisms
Defense mechanisms refer to unconscious mentalprocesses that protect the conscious person fromdeveloping anxiety
Denial
:
person refuses to recognize reality Intellectualization: Ignoring the emotional aspects of a
painful experience by focusing on abstract thoughts, words,or ideas
Reaction formation: Refusing to acknowledge unacceptable
urges, thoughts or feelings by exaggerating the oppositestate.Wanted to have glamorous job, associate withadvertising,media industry
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Defense Mechanisms
Regression: Responding to a threatening situation in away appropriate to an earlier age or level of development
Displacement: Substituting a less threatening object forthe original object of impulse. Releasing the frustration
on other people.
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TRAIT THEORY
An Individual may be described in terms of a
constellation of traits such as affiliation,achievement, anxiety, aggression and dependency.
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Personality Traits
Traits are relatively stable and consistent personalcharacteristics
Trait personality theories suggest that a person canbe described on the basis of some number of
personality traits Allport identified some 4,500 traits
Cattel used factor analysis to identify 30-35 basic traits
Eysenck argued there are 3 distinct traits in personality
� Extraversion/introversion
� Neuroticism
� Psychotocism
Allport
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Assessing Traits: An
Example Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI)
the most widely researched and clinically used of allpersonality tests
developed to identify emotional disorders
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MMPI: examples
Nothing in the newspaper interests me
except the comics.
I get angry sometimes.
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Assessing the
Unconscious--TATThematic
Apperception
Test (T AT)
� people expr ess their
inner motives
through the
stories they
make up about
ambiguous
scenes
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Evaluating Trait Theory
Trait theory, especially the Big 5 model, is able todescribe personality
Cross-cultural human studies find good agreement for theBig 5 model in many cultures
Appear to be highly correlated not only in adulthood, butalso in childhood and even late preschoolers
Three dimensions (extraversion, neuroticism andagreeableness) have cross-species generality
Problems with trait theory include
:
Lack of explanation as to WHY traits develop
Issue of explaining transient versus long-lasting traits
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The BIG FIVE Personality
Traits.
1. Extroversion : Extroverts tend to be social, lively,assertive, outgoing and talkative.
2. Emotional Stability: It refers to persons ability towithstand stress.
3. Agreeableness : It refers to persons ability to getalong with others.
4. Conscientiousness. : It is a measure of reliability
of a person. Such people are more responsible,responsible and organised.
5. Openness : Such people are creative andinnovative.
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SELF THEORY
The relationship of I or Me with others and tovarious aspects of life has been analysed by Carl
Rogers. There are four factors of Self Concept.
Self Ima
ge:
It is the way one see oneself Ideal Image : It is the way one would like to be.
Looking Glass Self : It is the perception of
others .
Real Self : It is what one really is.
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CHRIS ARGYRISS IMMATURITY-
MATURITY THEORY
Immaturity Characteristics
Passivity
Dependence
Few ways of behaving
Shallow Interests
Short-time Perspective Subordinate position
Lack of self awareness
Maturity Characteristics
Activity
Independence
Diverse behaviour
Deep interest
Long-time perspective Super-ordinate position
Self awareness and control