4 key principles for a
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
1/30
4 Key Principles for a
Low Waste Society
Everything is connected.
There is no away for the waste we produce
Dilution is not always the solution to pollution
The best and cheapest way to deal with waste
and pollution is to produce less pollutants and
reuse and recycle most of the materials we use
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
2/30
Roles and Responsibilities
Waste Generator must:
Conduct waste determination
Document waste determination Maintain a list of waste streams with hazard status
and proper disposal method
Waste Determination Documentation
Waste stream description Physical state
Process generating the waste
Results of waste determination steps
Attach, as applicable: MSDSs or other technical or manufacturers data
Laboratory report and data
Waste profile
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
3/30
Solid waste management This is the collection, storage, transportation and
disposal of waste in such a way as to render theminnocuous to human and animal life, ecology and
the environment generally.
Objectives
1. Elimination of health hazards2. Prevent degradation and pollution of natural environment
3. Employment opportunities
4. Enhance supply of raw materials through salvaging and recycling
4/18/2013 3
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
4/30
Solid waste management
Waste management now involves anintegrated approach
The ideal strategy should be
1. Avoidance of waste generation
2. Minimize waste generation
3. Recycle and reuse
4. Treat
5. Dispose
4/18/2013 4
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
5/30
5
Pollution-Prevention Hierarchy
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
6/30
General Awareness
Bill of Lading descriptions must follow a
specific order
Proper Shipping Name
Hazard Class
Identification Number
Packing Group
Reportable Quantity (RQ) (only if applicable)
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
7/30
General Awareness
Example:
Sulfuric Acid, 8, UN1830, PGII, RQ
Proper Shipping
Name(From
49CFR172.101)Hazard Class(8 =
Corrosive
Material)Identification
Number Packing
Group
Reportable Quantity exceeded
in shipment (Sulfuric Acid RQ =
1000 lbs.)
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
8/30
Security Transportation security has become an important issue
HazMat employees must be aware of potential security
threats associated with the shipment of hazardous materials
Never accept shipments of materials without a proper Bill of
Lading
Never accept shipments sent to an unfamiliar recipient
without verification
Verify that the carrier is properly licensed for hazardous
materials transportation
Refer to the OCC Emergency Response Plan for appropriate
contacts if a suspicious or improperly prepared package is
received
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
9/30
12 Principles Applied to Redesigned
Shaw Carpet Tiles
4.6 billion lb carpet to U.S. landfills annually
Redesigned for recycle
Nylon 6 or Nylon 6,6 carpet
PVC plastisol backing replaced with branched LDPE
Can disassemble and recycle both nylon and backing
2003 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge winner
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
10/30
1: Inherently nonhazardous
Replaced virgin calcium carbonate filler with coal
fly ash Replace PVC and phthalate plasticizer with
(mostly) branched LDPE (metallocene catalyst
important)
Less toxic flame retardant (not, Sb2O3, or
proprietary aluminum trihydrate, what is it?)
2: Prevent waste
Recycle everything
Penalized by CPG under RCRA 6002 when
introducing NEW recyclable material !!!
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
11/30
3: Minimize mass and energy use
Low energy mechanical separation and size
reduction for recycle Nylon sent for depolymerization (Honeywell)?
4: Efficiency
Extrusion coating requires less energy than radiantgas fusing (VOCs)
New tiles are 40% lighter (shipping!)
Telescoping boxes
5: Output pulled rather an input pushed
NA since replacement application
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
12/30
6: Embedded complexity is investment
Cant make out of one material due to
performance Separating and recycling next best thing
7: Durability, not immortality
These materials are immortal OK because can recycle forever?
8: No unnecessary capacity
NA since replacement market
Problem if try to implement for regular carpet
market
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
13/30
9: Minimize material diversity
Cant get this down due to performance criteria
Using same backing for multiple products is an example of
this
10: Mass/energy integration
Cooling water in plant in closed loop
Recycling of polymers closes the loop
11: Design for commercial afterlife
Recycling so dont need to worry about afterlife
12: Renewable rather than depleting
Materials used are not renewable
Energy used is not renewable
but company has invested in a wind farm
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
14/30
TRP Chapter 6.1 14
Physical treatment
Manual separation - removes selected wastes by
visual inspection Sieving and screening (penyarigan/ayakan) -
removes coarse kasar material
Sedimentation - settles solids to separate liquid
Decanting - removes water content Centrifuging - removes water content
Filtration
Solvent extraction
Adsorption Soil washing - extracts soluble contaminants
Sludge drying
Autoclaving - sterilises waste by heat & pressure
Microwave irradiation - sterilisation
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
15/30
TRP Chapter 6.1 15
Chemical treatment
Chemical reduction and oxidation - uses oxidisingand reducing agents to transform constituents
Neutralisation - adjusts pH to neutral
Precipitation - separates hazardous constituents
from solution Dechlorination - removes chlorine from organic
materials
Hydrolysis - breaks down constituents by adding
water Electrolysis - breaks down chemical compounds
with electrical charge
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
16/30
TRP Chapter 6.1 16
Physico-chemical treatment
Solvent extraction - uses immiscible solvent to dissolveorganic material in aqueous solution
Flocculation & coagulation - aggregates fine constituents
Stripping / Desorption - separates volatile components from
liquid by passing through gas stream
Membrane-separation - uses semi-permeable memebrane
Leaching - removes soluble components from solid
material
Scrubbing - removes constituents from gas or liquid stream
by contact with washing liquid/slurry or powder
UV Irradiation / Ozonolysis - breaks down hazardous
constituents by ozone/energy
Ion exchange - exchange with dissolved ionic species
through contact with resin
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
17/30
TRP Chapter 6.1 17
Biological treatmentBiodegradation of organic into simple inorganic
species with suitable microbes
Activated sludge treatment - biodegrades organic
species with bio-active sludge in aqueous phase
Rotating biological contactor- breaks down aqueous
organic species in contact with bacterial rich filter
Aerated lagoons and stabilisation ponds - break
down organic wastes in shallow pools with oxygen
Anaerobic digestion - degrades organic waste in
absence of oxygen
Land application - biodegrades organic matter
through action with soil microbes
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
18/30
TRP Chapter 6.1 18
Stabilisation and Solidification
Converts waste into insoluble rock-like materials
Stabilisation - treats waste tominimise migration
Solidification - uses cement-based process
Encapsulation - encloses waste within casing orlayer of inert substance
Recommended for inorganic hazardous wastes
A pretreatment step prior to landfill disposal
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
19/30
Thermal treatment
Thermal treatment of waste:
Incineration
allows energy recovery, materials recycling Pyrolysis
Gasification
allow recovery of useful materials
Co-combustion in cement kilns
Existing lime or cement kilns can be
adapted to burn hazardous wastes
Suitable for interim and long term use
Avoids need for new facility
Saves on fuel costs in cement making
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
20/30
TRP Chapter 6.1 20
Key considerations
Waste reduction and avoidance by generators
should always be a priority
Role of on-site vs off-site technologies
Need to consider residues from treatment
processes and their disposal
Transitional technologies may be used until final
high-quality installations are available
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
21/30
Chapter 6.5 Summary
TRP Chapter 6.5 21
Thermal treatment:
is suitable for organic wastes
includes different technologies, all require high
capital investment is highly regulated, requires high operating and
safety standards
needs skilled personnel
has medium to high operating costs
generates useful energy
has by-products which need careful handling
often attracts opposition
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
22/30
Chapter 6.4 Summary
TRP Chapter 6.4 22
Stabilisation and solidification techniques
Reduce potential for hazardous waste leaching
Improve handling and physical characteristics
May require pre-treatment of wastes eg tochange particle size, pH
Stabilisation is usually followed by solidification
Should be considered as a pre-landfill treatment
process
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
23/30
Chapter 6.3 Summary
TRP Chapter 6.3 23
Biological treatment of hazardous waste optimises a natural process
is suitable for low concentration organic
wastes eg sludges
requires good control of process conditions is relatively low cost, effective and tolerant to
changes in waste
is most widely used for wastewater treatment
may be on-site or off-site
new applications being developed
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
24/30
Chapter 6.2 Summary
Physical and chemical treatment includes a
range of cool processing techniques Often used in combination
Suitable for a wide range of waste types
May enable re-use or recycling
Treatment can be on-site or off-site
Processes inevitably generate residues
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
25/30
TRP Chapter 6.4 25
Key factors
Characteristics of waste
chemical propertiescomposition and concentration
acidity/alkalinity
oxidation/reduction potential
solubilityPhysical properties
state (liquid, sludge or solid)
particle size, shape & distribution
solid contentviscosity
Characteristics of binders
Mode of processing
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
26/30
TRP Chapter 6.4 26
Waste assessment
Waste sampling and characterisation to determine:
type of contaminants
levels of contamination
spatial distribution of contaminants
presence of possible interference effects
S/S is best suited to largely inorganic wastes
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
27/30
TRP Chapter 6.4 27
Performance tests
Physical tests
Moisture content
specific gravity
bulk density
permeabilityporosity
strength
durability
Chemical tests
pH
acid neutralisation capacity
oxidation/reduction potential
total organic carbon
oil & grease
volatile organic compounds
metal analysis
Leaching/extraction tests
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
28/30
Bioremediation Technology
Of all the technologies that have been investigated,bioremediation has been found to be the most cost
effective and environmental friendly treatment option for
many environmental pollutants.
Bioremediation is a pollution control technology that usesbiological systems to catalyze the degradation or
transformation of various toxic chemicals to less harmful
forms.
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
29/30
Bioremediation Technology Bioreactors technologically are the most
sophisticated category of environmentalbioremediation.
Bioreactors offer a much faster means of waste
biodegradation than land treatment and more control
over reaction conditions and effluent quality thansimple biofilters.
In bioremediation, microorganisms are used to destroy
or immobilize waste materials.
Microorganisms include:Bacteria (aerobic and anaerobic)
Fungi
Algae
Actinomycetes (filamentous bacteria).
-
7/28/2019 4 Key Principles for A
30/30
Advantages of Bioremediation
Ecologically sound, a natural process
Target chemicals are detoxified
Economical On-site elimination of waste
Disadvantages of Bioremediation
Research is needed
Slow process
Toxic by-products are produced