4 founding fathers...“fear of serious injury alone cannot justify oppression of free speech and...
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Name_____________________________________________Per___Founding Fathers & Supreme Court Justices: How do they define “American” protest?
FirstAmendmentoftheUSConstitution:Congressshallmakenolawrespectinganestablishmentofreligion,orprohibitingthefreeexercisethereof(1);orabridgingthefreedomofspeech(2),orofthepress(3);ortherightofthepeoplepeaceablyto
assemble(4),andtopetitionthegovernmentforaredressofgrievances(5).
BoxthequotethatbestillustratesthereasonforwhichourFoundersestablishedtheFirstAmendment.
“Ifallprintersweredeterminednottoprintanythingtilltheyweresureitwouldoffendnobody,therewouldbeverylittleprinted.”-BenjaminFranklin“Butnoneofthemeansofinformationaremoresacred,orhavebeencherishedwithmoretendernessandcarebythesettlersofAmerica,thanthepress.”-JohnAdams“Thelibertyofthepressisessentialtothesecurityofthestate.”–JohnAdams“Ourlibertydependsonthefreedomofthepress,andthatcannotbelimitedwithoutbeinglost.”–ThomasJefferson“Wereitlefttometodecidewhetherweshouldhaveagovernmentwithoutnewspapers,ornewspaperswithoutagovernment,Ishouldnothesitateamomenttopreferthelatter.”–ThomasJefferson“Theythatcangiveupessentiallibertytoobtainalittletemporarysafetydeserveneitherlibertynorsafety.”—BenjaminFranklin“Hethatwouldmakehisownlibertysecuremustguardevenhisenemyfromopposition;forifheviolatesthisdutyheestablishesaprecedentthatwillreachtohimself.”—ThomasPaine"ShouldIkeepbackmyopinionsatsuchatime,throughfearofgivingoffense,Ishouldconsidermyselfasguiltyoftreasontowardsmycountry,andofanactofdisloyaltytowardtheMajestyofHeaven,whichIrevereaboveallearthlykings..."–PatrickHenry“Iholditthatalittlerebellion,nowandthen,isagoodthing…Anobservationofthistruthshouldrenderhonestrepublicangovernorssomildintheirpunishmentofrebellions,asnottodiscouragethemtoomuch.Itisamedicinenecessaryforthesoundhealthofgovernment.”–ThomasJefferson
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BoxthequotethatbestillustrateshowtheSupremeCourtcontinuesthattradition.“Restrictionoffreethoughtandfreespeechisthemostdangerousofallsubversions.Itistheoneun-Americanactthatcouldmosteasilydefeatus.”—SupremeCourtJusticeWilliamO.Douglas“Fearofseriousinjuryalonecannotjustifyoppressionoffreespeechandassembly.Menfearedwitchesandburntwomen.Itisthefunctionofspeechtofreemenfromthebondageofirrationalfears.”—SupremeCourtJusticeLouisD.Brandeis“Censorshipreflectsasociety’slackofconfidenceinitself.Itisahallmarkofanauthoritarianregime....”—SupremeCourtJusticePotterStewart“[F]reedomtodifferisnotlimitedtothingsthatdonotmattermuch.Thatwouldbeamereshadowoffreedom.Thetestofitssubstanceistherighttodifferastothingsthattouchtheheartoftheexistingorder.”—SupremeCourtJusticeRobertH.Jackson"Therighttorevolthassourcesdeepinourhistory."–SupremeCourtJusticeWilliamO.Douglas
5majorSupremeCourtcasesthathavedefinedfreespeech Ican/can’t…
“ClearandPresentDanger”Rule(Schenckv.UnitedStates,1919)"Themoststringentprotectionoffreespeechwouldnotprotectamaninfalselyshoutingfireinatheatreandcausingapanic.ThequestionineverycaseiswhetherthewordsareusedinsuchcircumstancesandareofsuchanatureastocreateaclearandpresentdangerthattheywillbringaboutthesubstantiveevilsthatCongresshasarighttoprevent."–JusticeOliverWendellHolmes
“PureSpeech”Rule(Tinkerv.DesMoines,1969)“Wearingofanarmbandforthepurposeofexpressingcertainviewsisthetypeofsymbolicactthatis(protected)andinthiscasewasentirelydivorcedfromactuallyorpotentiallydisruptiveconductbythoseparticipatinginit.Itwascloselyakinto"purespeech"which,wehaverepeatedlyheld,isentitledtocomprehensiveprotection.,, Thestudentsneitherinterruptedschoolactivitiesnorsoughttointrudeintheschoolaffairsorthelivesofothers.”–JusticeAbeFortas
“ActualMalice”Rule(NewYorkTimesv.Sullivan,1964)“TheFirstAmendmentprotectsthepublicationofallstatements,evenfalseones,abouttheconductofpublicofficialsexceptwhenstatementsaremadewithactualmalice(withknowledgethattheyarefalseorinrecklessdisregardoftheirtruthorfalsity)."–JusticeHugoBlack
“SchoolSpeech”Rule(BethelSchoolDistrictv.Fraser,1986)“Theundoubtedfreedomtoadvocateunpopularandcontroversialviewsinschoolsandclassroomsmustbebalancedagainstthesociety'scountervailinginterestinteachingstudentstheboundariesofsociallyappropriatebehavior.Eventhemostheatedpoliticaldiscourseinademocraticsocietyrequiresconsiderationforthepersonalsensibilitiesoftheotherparticipantsandaudiences.”–ChiefJusticeWarrenBurger
“SymbolicSpeech”Rule(Johnsonv.Texas,1989)“Thehardfactisthatsometimeswemustmakedecisionswedonotlike.Wemakethembecausetheyareright,thatthelawandtheConstitution,asweseethem,compeltheresult.Andsogreatisourcommitmenttotheprocessthat,exceptintherarecase,wedonotpausetoexpressdistastefortheresult.Thisisoneofthoserarecases.Thoughsymbolsoftenarewhatweourselvesmakeofthem,theflagisconstantinexpressingbeliefsAmericansshare,beliefsinlawandpeaceandthatfreedomwhichsustainsthehumanspirit.Thecaseheretodayforcesrecognitionofthecoststowhichthosebeliefscommitus.Itispoignantbutfundamentalthattheflagprotectsthosewhoholditincontempt.”–JusticeAnthonyKennedy
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Thequote/”rule”IthinkistheMOST“American”is……because…..Thequote/”rule”IthinkistheLEAST“American”is……because…..SpeechandexpressionaretheleastrestrictedrightsAmericanshavebecause…
Morse v. Frederick (2007) Is THIS protest “American”?
• Studentspermittedtoleaveclasstowatchthe2002OlympicTorchRelaypassthroughtown• Frederick(Student)showedupwiththissignbutdidn’tattendclassthatday• Frederickandtheotherkidsheldthesignacrossthestreet,notonschoolproperty• Morse(principal)wentacrossthestreetandgrabbedthebannerandlatersuspendedFrederick• Fredericksuedthatthispunishmentviolatedhisrighttofreespeech
Inpairsoftwo,scorethisspeechfrom-10to+10andjustifyitusingmultiplepiecesofevidencewehave
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1) Wedecideinfavorof(theprincipal,DeborahMorseORthestudent,JosephFrederick,)thattheact
of……is/isn’tprotectedspeechaccordingtotheUSConstitution.
2) Speechlikethisis/isn’t…
3) While,ononehand…
4) However,strongestreasontodecideinfavorof…isbecause…
5) Additionally,wehavedecidedthiswayisbecause…
“Ifallprintersweredeterminednottoprintanythingtilltheyweresureitwouldoffend
nobody,therewouldbeverylittleprinted.”-BenjaminFranklin
“Butnoneofthemeansofinformationaremoresacred,orhavebeencherishedwithmoretendernessandcarebythesettlersofAmerica,thanthepress.”-JohnAdams
“Thelibertyofthepressisessentialtothesecurityofthestate.”–JohnAdams
“Ourlibertydependsonthefreedomofthepress,andthatcannotbelimitedwithoutbeinglost.”–ThomasJefferson
“Wereitlefttometodecidewhetherweshouldhaveagovernmentwithoutnewspapers,ornewspaperswithoutagovernment,Ishouldnothesitateamomenttopreferthelatter.”
–ThomasJefferson
“Theythatcangiveupessentiallibertytoobtainalittletemporarysafetydeserveneitherlibertynorsafety.”—BenjaminFranklin
“Hethatwouldmakehisownlibertysecuremustguardevenhisenemyfromopposition;forifheviolatesthisdutyheestablishesaprecedentthatwillreachtohimself.”—Thomas
Paine
"ShouldIkeepbackmyopinionsatsuchatime,throughfearofgivingoffense,Ishouldconsidermyselfasguiltyoftreasontowardsmycountry,andofanactofdisloyaltytoward
theMajestyofHeaven,whichIrevereaboveallearthlykings..."–PatrickHenry
“Iholditthatalittlerebellion,nowandthen,isagoodthing…Anobservationofthistruthshouldrenderhonestrepublicangovernorssomildintheirpunishmentofrebellions,asnottodiscouragethemtoomuch.Itisamedicinenecessaryforthesoundhealthof
government.”–ThomasJefferson
“Restrictionoffreethoughtandfreespeechisthemostdangerousofallsubversions.Itistheoneun-Americanactthatcouldmosteasilydefeatus.”—SupremeCourtJustice
WilliamO.Douglas
“Fearofseriousinjuryalonecannotjustifyoppressionoffreespeechandassembly.Menfearedwitchesandburntwomen.Itisthefunctionofspeechtofreemenfromthe
bondageofirrationalfears.”—SupremeCourtJusticeLouisD.Brandeis
“Censorshipreflectsasociety’slackofconfidenceinitself.Itisahallmarkofanauthoritarianregime....”—SupremeCourtJusticePotterStewart
“[F]reedomtodifferisnotlimitedtothingsthatdonotmattermuch.Thatwouldbeamereshadowoffreedom.Thetestofitssubstanceistherighttodifferastothingsthat
touchtheheartoftheexistingorder.”—SupremeCourtJusticeRobertH.Jackson
"Therighttorevolthassourcesdeepinourhistory."–SupremeCourtJusticeWilliamO.Douglas