4 einstein and his time
DESCRIPTION
Big Questions in Science series, (4 of 9). Class taught at AUC (University of Amsterdam) during the 2012-2013 fall semester.TRANSCRIPT
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and
relativity
Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 1
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Clockwork universe Ptolemy geocentrism Copernicus: heliocentrism Gelileo: moons of Venus, Jupiter's satellites,
Saturn's rings, sunspots Kepler's laws Newton unifies heavens and earth: law of
gravity Scientific revolutions
Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 2
http://www.platypusart.com/
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Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 3
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1880-1900: optimism. Telegraph, telephone, radio, automobile, airplane, economic growth.
Later on: new cultural movements (van Gogh, Cézanne, de Toulouse Lautrec).
“There is nothing new to be discovered in physics now. All that remains is more and more precise measurement” (attributed to Lord Kelvin).
Somewhat of a myth.
Modern physics developed in a context of crisis and decadence.
Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 4
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Questions on the internal structure of matter.
Questioning properties of aether.
Matter vs. radiation.
Clash of world views:
materialism vs. energeticism,
mechanicism vs. electromagnetic
world view.
Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 5
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Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 6 http://www.theartworlddaily.com/2013/01/08/usps-turns-to-modern-art-for-its-2013-stamps-2/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_Metzinger,_Le_go%C3%BBter,_Tea_Time,_1911,_75.9_x_70.2_cm,_Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art.jpg
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Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 7 http://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/cubism/
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Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 8 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PoincareHyperbolicDisk.html
http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatland
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Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 9
A visitor from the fourth dimension
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Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 10 Erich Mendelsohn, Einstein Tower 1920-21.
Hannah Höch, Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung 1919
Naum Gabo, Kinetic Construction 1919-20
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Ideas about higher (spatial) dimensions were very much part of culture in the end 19th, beginning 20th centuries (Flatland).
Poincaré suggested to represent higher-dimensional objects combining multiple perspectives.
Picasso and Georges Braque responded to physics redefining matter and space: X-rays, radioactivity, electron, waves; not relativity.
Picasso’s Vollard: space as suffused with ether, matter as transparent and continually dematerializing into ether on model of radioactivity.
Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 11
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After Einstein’s publication of general relativity in 1916, artists engaged with motion and dynamical space-times:
Gabo’s Kinetic Construction: sculpture in which space and time are active components.
Mendelsohn’s Einstein Tower: awareness of energies in mass, dynamic condition. Contractions of form. Science, technology organic as distortions of muscles human body (L. Dalrymple).
Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 12
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Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 13
The Persisentece of Memory, 1931. Dalí engaged with time slowing down. He humorously compares paranoic “psychic dilation of ideas” to Einstein’s “physical dilation of measures”. “The soft, extravagant, and solitary paranoic-critical Camembert of time and space.”
http://arthistory.about.com/od/from_exhibitions/ig/dali_painting_and_film/dali_moma_0708_11.htm
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Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 14
… and this is what The Simpsons made of it…
http://www.gearfuse.com/simpson-meets-dali-the-simpsons-and-the-persistance-of-memory/
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Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 15
• Psychological • Cosmological
(increase in entropy) • Operational: what a
clock measures
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Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 16
Local time
http://www.sxc.hu/photo/1086908
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Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 17
Postulates: 1. Laws of physics are the same in all
frames of reference 2. Speed of light is the same for all
observers
http://www.newsbiscuit.com/2012/09/10/ministers-to-consider-raising-the-speed-of-light/
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Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 18
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Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 19
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Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 20
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Time
Time
Time
time for one tick of stationary clock
Time
time for one tick of moving clock
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Pythagoras:
postulate 2
Time
time for one tick of stationary clock
Time
time for one tick of moving clock
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Result:
: moving clocks run slower
Time
time for one tick of stationary clock
Time
time for one tick of moving clock
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Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 23
Result:
Take:
Object traveling at 99% of the speed of light:
Stationary clock will tick seven times as fast
: moving clocks
run slower
• Time
time for one tick of stationary clock
• Time
time for one tick of moving clock
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Observers moving with constant velocity with respect to each other:
1. The laws of physics are the same.
2. Velocity of light in vacuum is the same.
Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 24
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Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 25
Even though the observer on the ground and the observer in the airplane see different things, the laws of physics that apply must be the same for both.
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Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 26
There can be no ether in which light propagates. Light moves at the same speed in all directions.
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When time and space look alike
Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 27
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Einstein 1915: mass implies curvature of space-time. Curvature is perceived as gravitational attraction.
Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 28
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Black hole itself cannot be seen. Indirect evidence: matter swallowed up by supermassive black
object. Predictions: time delay, gravitational lensing.
Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 29
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Black hole itself cannot be seen. Indirect evidence: matter swallowed up by supermassive black
object. Predictions: time delay, gravitational lensing.
Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 30
Gravitational lensing: the earth looks like a pancake when it is behind the black hole because light rays are deflected.
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If as heavy as the sun: one meter. Supermassive (one million suns): size of the solar system. Milky Way: Sagittarius A*.
Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 31
from us
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Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 32
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Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 33
Near the horizon, space behaves as a timelike dimension.
If the water travels at downward speed
(increasing down the waterfall) and the fish swims at upward speed
, the fish cannot escape beyond the point where
.
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Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 34
• Psychological • Cosmological
(increase in entropy) • Operational: what a
clock measures
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Compare the two figures (on earth/in space). What is the equivalence principle? What does this say about gravity?
Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 35
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1959 lecture The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution: C.P. Snow famously argued that asking whether someone is able to describe the Second Law of Thermodynamics is scientific equivalent of: Have you read a work of Shakespeare’s? His conclusion: every academic should know it.
State the law (see e.g. p. 19, 64-65). How does it relate to time? Provide arguments for Snow’s statement.
Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 36
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Measure of a system’s thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing mechanical work.
Number of ways in which a system may be arranged (logarithmic grow times Boltzmann’s constant).
The latter definition gives a measure of "disorder" (the higher the entropy, the higher the disorder).
Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 37
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Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 38
Increasing entropy (disorder)
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Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 39
Increasing entropy (disorder)
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Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 40
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Main source of energy Energy processed by plants
Energy is conserved: types of energy
Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 41
• Kinetic energy • Potential energy (gravitational, electric,…) • Heat (dissipated kinetic energy).
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Kinetic energy
Engine
Industrial revolution
Potential energy
Altitude
Electrical attraction
Heat:
Energy loss – friction
42 Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC
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Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 43
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Energy quadratic in speed first written down by Émilie du Châtelet. Willem Jacob ‘s Gravesande The heavier the object, the more energy it contains.
Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 44
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Pair production of particles out of energy:
Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 45
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Nuclear fusion within the Sun:
Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 46
• Proton: positively charged, found in nucleus of the atom
• Neutron: neutral, found in nucleus of atom • Positron: positive charge, antiparticle of
electron • Neutrino: neutral, interacts only weakly,
small mass • Gamma ray: highly-energetic photon
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Big Questions in Science, spring 2012. SdH, AUC 47
The Higgs boson is the particle that gives mass to everything around us.
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48
: moving clocks run slower