4-1 chapter four systems design: process costing
TRANSCRIPT
4-1
Chapter Four
Systems Design:Process Costing
4-2Similarities Between Job-Order and Process Costing
• Both systems assign material, labor and overhead costs to products and they provide a mechanism for computing unit product cost.
• Both systems use the same manufacturing accounts, including Manufacturing Overhead, Raw Materials, Work in Process, and Finished Goods.
• The flow of costs through the manufacturing accounts is basically the same in both systems.
4-3Differences Between Job-Order and Process Costing
• Process costing is used when a single product is produced on a continuing basis or for a long period of time. Job-order costing is used when many different jobs are worked on each period.
• Process costing systems accumulate costs by department. Job-order costing systems accumulate costs by individual jobs.
• Process costing systems compute unit costs by department. Job-order costing systems compute unit costs by job on the job cost sheet.
4-4
Process costing is used for products that are:
a. Different and produced continuously.
b. Similar and produced continuously.
c. Individual units produced to customer specifications.
d. Purchased from vendors.
Quick Check
4-5
Process costing is used for products that are:
a. Different and produced continuously.
b. Similar and produced continuously.
c. Individual units produced to customer specifications.
d. Purchased from vendors.
Quick Check
4-6
Processing Departments
Any unit in an organization where materials, labor or overhead are added to the product.
The activities performed in a processingThe activities performed in a processingdepartment are department are performed uniformly on allon all
units of production. Furthermore, the output ofunits of production. Furthermore, the output ofa processing department must bea processing department must be
homogeneous.
4-7
Learning Objective 1
Record the flow of Record the flow of materials, labor, and materials, labor, and overhead through a overhead through a process cost system.process cost system.
4-8Comparing Job-Orderand Process Costing
FinishedGoods
Cost of GoodsSold
Work inProcess
Direct Materials
Direct Labor
Manufacturing Overhead
4-9Comparing Job-Orderand Process Costing
FinishedGoods
Cost of GoodsSold
Direct Labor
Manufacturing Overhead
Jobs
Costs are traced andapplied to individualjobs in a job-order
cost system.Direct
Materials
4-10Comparing Job-Orderand Process Costing
FinishedGoods
Cost of GoodsSold
Direct Labor
Manufacturing Overhead
ProcessingDepartment
Costs are traced and applied to
departments in a process cost system.
Direct Materials
4-11T-Account and Journal Entry Views of Cost Flows
For purposes of this example, assume there are two processing departments – Departments A
and B. We will use T-accounts and
journal entries.
4-12
Raw Materials
Process Cost Flows(in T-account form)
Work in Process Department B
Work in Process Department A
•DirectMaterials
•Direct Materials
•Direct Materials
4-13 Process Cost Flows(in journal entry form)
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 4
Date DescriptionPost. Ref. Debit Credit
Work in Process - Department A XXXXX
Work in Process - Department B XXXXX
Raw Materials XXXXX
To record the use of direct material.
4-14 Process Cost Flows(in T-account form)
Work in Process Department B
Work in Process Department A
Wages Payable
•Direct Materials
•Direct Materials
•Direct Labor
•Direct Labor •Direct
Labor
4-15 Process Costing(in journal entry form)
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 4
Date DescriptionPost. Ref. Debit Credit
Work in Process - Department A XXXXX
Work in Process - Department B XXXXX
Salaries and Wages Payable XXXXX
To record direct labor costs.
4-16 Process Cost Flows(in T-account form)
Work in Process Department B
Work in Process Department A
Manufacturing Overhead
•OverheadApplied to
Work inProcess
•AppliedOverhead
•AppliedOverhead
•Direct Labor
•Direct Materials
•Direct Labor
•Direct Materials
•Actual Overhead
4-17 Process Costing(In journal entry form)
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 4
Date DescriptionPost. Ref. Debit Credit
Work in Process - Department A XXXXX
Work in Process - Department B XXXXX
Manufacturing Overhead XXXXX
To apply overhead to departments.
4-18 Process Cost Flows(in T-account form)
Work in Process Department B
Work in ProcessDepartment A
•Direct Materials
•Direct Labor•AppliedOverhead
•Direct Materials
•Direct Labor
•AppliedOverhead
Transferred to Dept. B
•Transferred from Dept. A
4-19 Process Costing(in journal entry form)
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 4
Date DescriptionPost. Ref. Debit Credit
Work in Process - Department B XXXXX
Work in Process - Department A XXXXX
To record the transfer of goods from
Department A to Department B.
4-20
Finished Goods
Process Cost Flows(in T-account form)
Work in Process Department B
•Cost of Goods
Manufactured
•Direct Materials•Direct Labor
•Applied Overhead
•Transferred from Dept. A
•Cost of Goods
Manufactured
4-21 Process Costing(in journal entry form)
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 4
Date DescriptionPost. Ref. Debit Credit
Finished Goods XXXXX
Work in Process - Department B XXXXX
To record the completion of goods
and their transfer from Department B
to finished goods inventory.
4-22
Finished Goods
Cost of Goods Sold
Process Cost Flows(in journal entry form)
Work in Process Department B
•Cost of Goods
Manufactured
•Direct Materials
•Direct Labor
•AppliedOverhead
•Transferred from Dept. A
•Cost of GoodsSold
•Cost of GoodsSold
•Cost of Goods
Manufactured
4-23 Process Costing(in journal entry form)
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 4
Date DescriptionPost. Ref. Debit Credit
Accounts Receivable XXXXX
Sales XXXXX
To record sales on account.
Cost of Goods Sold XXXXX
Finished Goods XXXXX
To record cost of goods sold.
4-24
Equivalent Units of Production
Equivalent units are the product of the number of partially completed units and the percentage completion of those
units.
We need to calculate equivalent units because a department usually has some partially completed units in
its beginning and ending inventory.
4-25
Equivalent Units – The Basic Idea
Two half completed products are equivalent to one completed product.
Two half completed products are equivalent to one completed product.
So, 10,000 units 70% completeare equivalent to 7,000 complete units.
So, 10,000 units 70% completeare equivalent to 7,000 complete units.
+ =1
4-26
For the current period, Jones started 15,000 units and completed 10,000 units, leaving 5,000 units in process 30 percent complete. How many equivalent units of production did Jones have for the period?
a. 10,000 b. 11,500 c. 13,500 d. 15,000
For the current period, Jones started 15,000 units and completed 10,000 units, leaving 5,000 units in process 30 percent complete. How many equivalent units of production did Jones have for the period?
a. 10,000 b. 11,500 c. 13,500 d. 15,000
Quick Check
4-27
For the current period, Jones started 15,000 units and completed 10,000 units, leaving 5,000 units in process 30 percent complete. How many equivalent units of production did Jones have for the period?
a. 10,000 b. 11,500 c. 13,500 d. 15,000
10,000 units + (5,000 units × 0.30) = 11,500 equivalent units
Quick Check
4-28
Calculating Equivalent Units
Equivalent units can be calculated two ways:
The First-In, First-Out Method – FIFO is covered in the appendix to this chapter.
The Weighted-Average Method – This method will be covered in the main portion of the chapter.
4-29
Learning Objective 2
Compute the equivalent Compute the equivalent units of production using units of production using
the weighted-average the weighted-average method.method.
4-30 Equivalent Units of ProductionWeighted-Average Method
The weighted-average method . . .
• Makes no distinction between work done in prior or current periods.
• Blends together units and costs from prior and current periods.
• Determines equivalent units of production for a department by adding together the number of units transferred out plus the equivalent units in ending work in process inventory.
4-31
Treatment of Direct Labor
Direct labor costsmay be small
in comparison toother product
costs in processcost systems.
DirectMaterials
Type of Product Cost
Dollar
Am
ou
nt
DirectLabor
Conversion
4-32
Treatment of Direct Labor
Type of Product Cost
Do
llar
Am
ou
nt Conversion
Direct labor and manufacturing overhead may beDirect labor and manufacturing overhead may becombined into one product cost called combined into one product cost called conversionconversion..Direct labor and manufacturing overhead may beDirect labor and manufacturing overhead may be
combined into one product cost called combined into one product cost called conversionconversion..
DirectMaterials Direct labor costs
may be smallin comparison to
other productcosts in processcost systems.
4-33
Weighted-Average Example
Double Diamond Skis reported the following activity in Shaping and Milling Department for the month of
May:
Percent Completed
Shaping and Milling Department Units Materials Conversion
Beginning work in process 200 55% 30%
Units started into production in May 5,000
Units completed during May and 4,800 100% 100% transferred to the next department
Ending working process 400 40% 25%
4-34
The first step in calculating the equivalent units is to identify the units completed and transferred out of the
Department in May (4,800 units)
Weighted-Average Example
Materials Conversion
Units completed and transferred to the next department 4,800 4,800
4-35
The second step is to identify the equivalent units of production in ending work in process with respect to
materials for the month (160 units) and add this to the 4,800 units from step one.
Weighted-Average Example
Materials Conversion
Units completed and transferred to the next department 4,800 4,800
Work in process, June 30:
400 units × 40% 160
Equivalent units of Production in during the month of May 4,960
4-36
Weighted-Average Example
The third step is to identify the equivalent units of production in ending work in process with respect to
conversion for the month (100 units) and add this to the 4,800 units from step one.
Materials Conversion
Units completed and transferred to the next department 4,800 4,800
Work in process, June 30:
400 units × 40% 160
400 units × 25% 100
Equivalent units of Production in during the month of May 4,960 4,900
4-37
Equivalent units of production always equals: Units completed and transferred + Equivalent units remaining in work in process
Equivalent units of production always equals: Units completed and transferred + Equivalent units remaining in work in process
Weighted-Average Example
Materials Conversion
Units completed and transferred to the next department 4,800 4,800
Work in process, June 30:
400 units × 40% 160
400 units × 25% 100
Equivalent units of Production during the month of May 4,960 4,900
4-38
Learning Objective 3
Compute the cost per Compute the cost per equivalent unit using equivalent unit using the weighted-average the weighted-average
method.method.
4-39
Beginning work in process: 200 units
Materials: 55% complete $ 9,600Conversion: 30% complete 5,575
Production started during May 5,000 unitsProduction completed during May 4,800 units
Costs added to production in MayMaterials cost $ 368,600Conversion cost 350,900
Ending work in process 400 unitsMaterials: 40% completeConversion: 25% complete
Compute and Apply Costs
4-40
Compute and Apply Costs
The formula for computing the cost per equivalent unit is :
4-41
Here is a schedule with the cost and equivalent unit information.
Compute and Apply Costs
TotalCost Materials Conversion
Cost to be accounted for: Work in process, May 1 15,175$ 9,600$ 5,575$ Costs added in the Shipping and Milling Department 719,500 368,600 350,900
Total cost 734,675$ 378,200$ 356,475$
Equivalent units 4,960 4,900
Cost per equivalent unit
4-42
TotalCost Materials Conversion
Cost to be accounted for: Work in process, May 1 15,175$ 9,600$ 5,575$ Costs added in the Shipping and Milling Department 719,500 368,600 350,900
Total cost 734,675$ 378,200$ 356,475$
Equivalent units 4,960 4,900
Cost per equivalent unit 76.25$ 72.75$ Total cost per equivalent unit = $76.25 + $72.75 = $149.00
Compute and Apply Costs
$356,475 ÷ 4,900 units = $72.75$356,475 ÷ 4,900 units = $72.75 $378,200 ÷ 4,960 units = $76.25
Here is a schedule with the cost and equivalent unit information.
4-43
Learning Objective 4
Assign costs to units Assign costs to units using the weighted-using the weighted-
average method.average method.
4-44
Applying Costs
Materials Conversion TotalEnding work in process inventory: Equivalent units of production 160 100 Cost per equivalent unit 76.25$ 72.75$ Cost of ending work in process inventory 12,200$ 7,275$ 19,475$
Units completed and transferred out: Units transferred to the next department 4,800 4,800 Cost per equivalent unit 76.25$ 72.75$ Cost of units transferred out 366,000$ 349,200$ 715,200$
Shaping and Milling DepartmentCost of Ending Work in Porcess Inventory and the Units Transferred Out
4-45
Applying Costs
Materials Conversion TotalEnding work in process inventory: Equivalent units of production 160 100 Cost per equivalent unit 76.25$ 72.75$ Cost of ending work in process inventory 12,200$ 7,275$ 19,475$
Units completed and transferred out: Units transferred to the next department 4,800 4,800 Cost per equivalent unit 76.25$ 72.75$ Cost of units transferred out 366,000$ 349,200$ 715,200$
Shaping and Milling DepartmentCost of Ending Work in Porcess Inventory and the Units Transferred Out
4-46
Applying Costs
Materials Conversion TotalEnding work in process inventory: Equivalent units of production 160 100 Cost per equivalent unit 76.25$ 72.75$ Cost of ending work in process inventory 12,200$ 7,275$ 19,475$
Units completed and transferred out: Units transferred to the next department 4,800 4,800 Cost per equivalent unit 76.25$ 72.75$
Shaping and Milling DepartmentCost of Ending Work in Porcess Inventory and the Units Transferred Out
4-47 Computing the Cost of Units Transferred Out
Materials Conversion TotalEnding work in process inventory: Equivalent units of production 160 100 Cost per equivalent unit 76.25$ 72.75$ Cost of ending work in process inventory 12,200$ 7,275$ 19,475$
Units completed and transferred out: Units transferred to the next department 4,800 4,800 Cost per equivalent unit 76.25$ 72.75$ Cost of units transferred out 366,000$ 349,200$ 715,200$
Shaping and Milling DepartmentCost of Ending Work in Porcess Inventory and the Units Transferred Out
4-48 Computing the Cost of Units Transferred Out
Materials Conversion TotalEnding work in process inventory: Equivalent units of production 160 100 Cost per equivalent unit 76.25$ 72.75$ Cost of ending work in process inventory 12,200$ 7,275$ 19,475$
Units completed and transferred out: Units transferred to the next department 4,800 4,800 Cost per equivalent unit 76.25$ 72.75$ Cost of units transferred out 366,000$ 349,200$ 715,200$
Shaping and Milling DepartmentCost of Ending Work in Porcess Inventory and the Units Transferred Out
4-49 Computing the Cost of Units Transferred Out
Materials Conversion TotalEnding work in process inventory: Equivalent units of production 160 100 Cost per equivalent unit 76.25$ 72.75$ Cost of ending work in process inventory 12,200$ 7,275$ 19,475$
Units completed and transferred out: Units transferred to the next department 4,800 4,800 Cost per equivalent unit 76.25$ 72.75$ Cost of units transferred out 366,000$ 349,200$ 715,200$
Shaping and Milling DepartmentCost of Ending Work in Porcess Inventory and the Units Transferred Out
4-50
Reconciling Costs
Costs to be accounted for: Cost of beginning work in process inventory 15,175$ Costs added to production during the period 719,500 Total cost to be accounted for 734,675$
Cost accounted for as follows: Cost of ending work in process inventory 19,475$ Cost of units transferred out 715,200 Total cost accounted for 734,675$
Shaping and Milling DepartmentCost Reconciliation
4-51
Reconciling Costs
Costs to be accounted for: Cost of beginning work in process inventory 15,175$ Costs added to production during the period 719,500 Total cost to be accounted for 734,675$
Cost accounted for as follows: Cost of ending work in process inventory 19,475$ Cost of units transferred out 715,200 Total cost accounted for 734,675$
Shaping and Milling DepartmentCost Reconciliation
4-52
Operation Costing
Operation cost is a hybrid of job-order and process costing because it possesses attributes of both
approaches
Operation costing is commonly used when
batches of many different products pass through the
same processing department.
Operation costing is commonly used when
batches of many different products pass through the
same processing department.
4-53
End of Chapter 4