3.profil pengguna
TRANSCRIPT
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IS 3323
Interaksi Manusia Komputer
3rd Session
FAU
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Human Capabilities
-Senses
-Memory-Motor Systems
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Human Capabilities
Why do we care? better design!
Want to improve user performance
Knowing the user informs the design
SensesInformation processing
Physical responding
Time and effort expendedto complete tasks
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I. Senses
Sight, hearing, touch important forcurrent HCI
smell, taste ???
Abilities and limitations
affect design
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Vision
Visual System
Eye
Retina
Neural pathway
~ 80% of brains operation
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Visual Abilities
SensitivityLuminance: 10-6~107 mL
Absolute threshold: 10-6 mL
Comfortable reading: 1~100 mL
Colorless vision 10-6
~ 10-1
mLColor vision 1 ~ 107 mL
Acuitydetection, alignment, recognition (visual angle)
Ability to sense the details
Foveal
visionretinal position: foveahas best acuity
Peripheral visionSenses the area surrounding the location we looking at
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Movementtracking, reading, vibrations
Note: Vision decreases with age
Implications (??)
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Visual Abilities
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Visual Ability
Cobalah untuk membaca tulisan berikut ini lalubandingkan dengan teks yang akan munculberikutnya.
Adakah yang bisa membaca teks yang muncul berikut ini, berikan pendapatmu mengenai hal inidan kaitannya dengan mata kuliah imk.
Kalau modelnya begini bagaimana ? Apakah masih
seperti yang sebelumnya. Manakah yang lebih gampang dibaca ?
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Ponzo Illusion
Manakah yang lebih panjang ?
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Hearing
Capabilities (best-case scenario)pitch - frequency (20 - 20,000 Hz)
loudness - amplitude (30 - 100dB)
location (5 source & stream separation)
timbre - type of sound (lots of instruments)
Often take for granted how good it is(disk whirring)
Implications (??)
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Touch
Three main sensations handledby different types of receptors:
Pressure (normal)
Intense pressure (heat/pain)
Temperature (hot/cold)
Sensitivity, Dexterity,Flexibility, Speed
Where important?Mouse, Other I/O, VR, surgery
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II. Memory
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Information Processing
Three major systems of humaninformation processing:
Perceptual (read-scan)Cognitive (think)
Motor system (respond)
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1. Perceptual
is our awareness and understanding of the elements andenvironment through the physical sensation of our various sense
Memory structures
Sensory buffer - Holds fixed image of outside world long enough forsome analysis
Our sensing mechanism are bombarded by many stimuli
Signal: important stimuli
Noise: not important or unwanted stimuli
Processes - Info goes to brain for more processinge.g. Pattern recognition
Uses context & knowledge
Could be different with others try these:
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2. Cognitive
Cognitive model
How does it work?
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Memory
Four typesPerceptual buffers (sensory storage)
Brief impressionsShort-term memoryConscious thought, calculations
Intermediate
Storing intermediate results, future plansLong-termPermanent, remember everything everhappened to us
Chess
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Short-term memory
Use chunks: 4-5 units (Koyani et al.2004)
Previous research by Miller (1956), human canhandle 72 units of chunks gradually lowered
Display format should match memorysystem used to perform task
New info can interfere with old info
Piece of information
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Format depends on peoplescharacteristics
V-K-A-DVisual: sensing as an image
Kinematic: sensing through touch
Auditory: sensing through audio/voiceDigital auditory: imaginary conversation
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Short-term memory
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Long-term Memory
Seemingly permanent & unlimited
Access is harder, slower
-> Activity helps (we have a cache)
File system full
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LT Memory Structure
Episodic memoryEvents & experiences in serial formHelps us recall what occurred
Semantic memoryStructured record of facts, concepts & skillsOne theory says its like a network
Another uses frames & scripts (like record structs)
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Memory Characteristics
Things move from STM to LTM byrehearsal & practice and by use in context
We forget things due to decay and
interference
Unclear if we everreally forget something Lack of use
Similar gets inway of old
Exercise
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Exercise
Put a number 1000 into your memory
Well do a simple math operation: add
Speak out loud every result youve count
Get ready
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Do it quick!!!
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1000
1000
40
301000
1000
20
10
+
++++
++
???
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Processes
Four main processes of cognitive system:
Selective Attention
LearningProblem Solving
Language
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Selective Attention
We can focus on one particular thing
Cocktail party chit-chat
Salient visual cues can facilitate s.a.
Examples?Boldface, blinking and beeping
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Learning
Two types:Procedural How to do something
Declarative Facts about something
InvolvesUnderstanding concepts & rules
Memorization
Acquiring motor skills
Automotization
Tennis
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Learning
Facilitated
By analogy
By structure & organizationIf presented in incremental units
Repetition
Use users previous knowledge ininterface
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Observations
Users focus on getting job done, notlearning to effectively use system
Users apply analogy even when it doesntapply
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Problem Solving
Storage in LTM, then application
Reasoning
Deductive-
Inductive-
Abductive-
If A, then BGeneralizing from previouscases to learn about new ones
Reasons from a fact to theaction or state that caused it
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Observations
People are more heuristic than algorithmic
Try a few quick shots rather than plan
Resources simply not available People often choose suboptimal strategies
for low priority problems
People learn better strategies withpractice
Implications??
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Implications
Allow flexible shortcuts
Forcing plans will bore user
Have active rather than passive help
Recognize waste
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III. Motor System
CapabilitiesRange of movement, reach, speed,strength, dexterity, accuracy
Often cause of errorsWrong button
Double-click vs. single click
PrinciplesFeedback is important
Minimize eye movement
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People
GoodInfinite capacity LTM
LTM duration &
complexityHigh-learningcapability
Powerful attention
mechanismPowerful patternrecognition
Bad
Limited capacity STM
Limited duration STM
Unreliable access toLTM
Error-prone processing
Slow processing
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Any Question ?
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