shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/35944/7/chapter 3.pdf · 34 the results...

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CHAPTER 3

RESULTS

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The results obtained from the experiments conducted to study the molecular variation in

some of the selected silkworm breeds through protein, enzymes and DNA analysis, also to

reveal the relationship/role, with the expression of selected commercial characters of

silkworm Bombyx mori L., are presented in this chapter.

3.1. Commercial characters:

The study of commercial characters in the selected silkworm breeds showed that the

two bivoltine races are superior for productivity traits, whereas multivoltines are superior for

viability traits. The hybrids showed average values of their parents (Table 3.1). The results of

one way ANOVA revealed that the variation in all commercial characters among the

experimental batches are all significant at 0.1 % (P<0.001).

3.2. Protein:

The concentration of total protein in haemolymph, midgut and fat body tissues samples

is shown in the tables 3.2.1, 3.2.2 and 3.2.3 respectively. The concentration of total proteins

showed significant increase in their levels at every 24 hours till the end of fifth instar. Same

trend was observed in the three tissues of all the experimental batches. The highest

concentration haemolymph protein was observed in Pure Mysore x CSR2 (45.62 µg/µl was

the average during fifth instar) followed by CSR2 (44.03 µg/µl), Nistari x NB4D2 (43.28

µg/µl), NB4D2 (42.8 µg/µl), Nistari (39.93µg/µl) and Pure Mysore (36.85 µg/µl). The results

of one way ANOVA revealed that the variation among the experimental batches are all

significant at 0.1 % (P<0.001). The results of regression analysis between haemolymph

proteins and commercial characters are presented in figures 3.2.1-3.2.9. From the results of

statistical analysis it is very clear that the haemolymph protein with cocoon weight

(R2=0.784), shell weight (R2=0.549), filament length (R2=0.721) and denier (R2=0.563)

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showed highly positive correlation; whereas larval weight (R2=0.345), larval duration

(R2=0.263) and shell ratio (R2=0.469) revealed moderately positive correlation; but,

fecundity (R2=0.092) and renditta (Y= -0.695 x +38.6) showed low and negative correlations

respectively.

In midgut tissue, the highest concentration protein was observed in Pure Mysore x

CSR2 (33.82 µg/µl) followed by Nistari x NB4D2 (29.99 µg/µl), Pure Mysore (23.99 µg/µl),

CSR2 (23.24 µg/µl), NB4D2 (21.64 µg/µl) and Nistari (20.39 µg/µl). The results of one way

ANOVA revealed that the variation among the experimental batches are all significant at 0.1

% (P<0.001). The results of regression analysis between midgut tissue protein and

commercial characters are presented in figures 3.2.10-3.2.18. From the results of regression

analysis it is clearly showed that the larval duration (R2=0.015), single cocoon weight

(R2=0.063), filament length (R2=0.066) and denier (R2=0.046) showed low positive

correlation, whereas fecundity (Y= -2.11 x + 543), larval weight (Y= -0.037 x + 4.154), shell

ratio (Y= -0.037 x + 18.22) and renditta (Y= -0.192 x + 14.23) showed negative correlation

with midgut proteins. However, shell ratio (R2=0.000) exhibited neutral status with midgut

tissue proteins.

In the case of fat body tissue, the highest concentration of protein was observed in

CSR2 (44.03 µg/µl), followed by Pure Mysore x CSR2 (34.07µg/µl), Nistari x NB4D2 (29.45

µg/µl), Pure Mysore (26.47 µg/µl), NB4D2 (26.26 µg/µl) and Nistari (22.63 µg/µl). The

results of one way ANOVA revealed that the variation among the experimental batches are

all found to be significant at 0.1% (P<0.001). The results of regression analysis between fat

body proteins and commercial characters are in the figures 3.2.19 – 3.2.27. From the results

of regression analysis it is clearly showed that denier (R2=0.358), filament length (R2=0.342)

and single cocoon weight (R2=0.316) had high positive moderately relationship, also single

shell weight (R2=0.169), shell ratio (R2=0.123) and larval duration (R2=0.024) showed weak

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positive relationship. It was neutral (R2=0) for larval weight, whereas renditta (Y = -0.506 x +

23.52) and fecundity (Y = -1.458 x + 530.0) showed strong and weak negative relationship

respectively.

A number of qualitative and quantitative variations in the protein bands were

observed in haemolymph, midgut and fat body proteins (Plates 3.2.1-3.2.9). In the case

multivoltines, the haemolymph protein profiles exhibited almost same pattern of banding

pattern. However, in the case of Pure Mysore a protein band with 84.8 kDa showed almost

same intensity during the entire 5th instar, whereas in Nistari same band appeared to be very

paler. In the case of Nistari, two protein bands with 35.84 and 34.12 kDa appeared from 4th to

6th days only. Among the bivoltines, a protein band of 105.81 kDa in NB4D2 worms was paler

during the entire 5th instar, whereas in the case of CSR2 race same band was darker. Three

protein bands with 44.21, 42.16 and 41.1 kDa were very paler in NB4D2 silkworms, but in the

case of CSR2 silkworms same bands were prominent. Also, two protein fractions of 26.17

and 25.46 kDa appeared only in NB4D2 silkworms. In case of hybrids, a protein band of

59.22 kDa showed gradual decrease in its intensity as the age advances. Two protein bands of

81.43 and 66.94 kDa were prominent in Nistari x NB4D2 worms, whereas in the case of Pure

Mysore x CSR2 silkworms same bands were paler in their intensities.

In the case of midgut protein profiles multivoltines there is no significant differences

observed. In the case of bivoltines, two protein bands with 176.58 and 171.01 kDa showed

gradual increase in their intensities as age advances, whereas same bands are paler in NB4D2

silkworms. Among the hybrids, three protein bands with 182.64, 179.48 and 148.96 kDa are

paler in Pure Mysore x CSR2 when compared to Nistari x NB4D2 silkworms.

In the case of Pure Mysore silkworm fat body protein profiles, following bands with

36.18 (on 1st day), 34.17 (on 2nd and 4th day), 26.54 (on 1st day), 24.13 (on 1st and 2nd day),

22.10 (on 1st day) and 16.67 kDa (from 6th to 8th day) were appeared. In the case of Nistari

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the bands with 18.71 (from 4th to 6th day) and 18.39 kDa (from 3rd to 6th day) are newly

appeared. In the case of NB4D2 silkworms, the bands with 33.92 kDa (on 1st and 2nd day),

19.88 (on 1st and 2nd day) and 19.59 kDa (on 1st and 3rd day) are prominent. In the case of

CSR2 silkworms, the bands with 253.90 (on 3rd day), 176.86 (on 6th day), 155.15 (on 3rd day),

19.50 (on 6th day) are very clear. In the case of Pure Mysore x CSR2 silkworms, the bands

with 93.12 and 80.64 kDa (on 5th to 6th day) were prominent. The Nistari x NB4D2

silkworms exhibited the bands with 71.10 (on 5th day), 66.00 (on 5th day), 41.71 (on 4th day),

36.43 (on 4th day) and 24.43 k Da (on 2nd day) are clear.

3.3. Amylase:

The specific activity of amylase in haemolymph, midgut and fat body tissues samples is

shown in the tables 3.3.1, 3.3.2 and 3.3.3 respectively. The specific activity of amylase in

haemolymph, midgut and fat body tissue samples showed significant changes in their levels

at every 24 hours till the end of fifth instar. Almost similar trend was observed in the three

tissues of all the experimental batches. The highest Specific activity of amylase in

haemolymph was observed in CSR2 (0.156 µM/mg/min at 37°C was the average during fifth

instar), followed by NB4D2 (0.151 µM/mg/min at 37°C ), Pure Mysore x CSR2 ( 0.117

µM/mg/min at 37°C) , Pure Mysore ( 0.116 µM/mg/min at 37°C) , Nistari x NB4D2 ( 0.112

µM/mg/min at 37°C) and Nistari ( 0.109 µM/mg/min at 37°C). The results of statistical

analysis revealed that the variation among the experimental batches are all found to be

significant at 0.1 % (P<0.001). The results of regression analysis between the haemolymph

amylase activity levels and commercial characters are presented in figures 3.3.1-3.3.9. From

the results of statistical analysis, it is very clear that the activity of amylase in haemolymph

with shell ratio (R2=0.813), shell weight (R2=0.770), fecundity (R2=0.700), larval weight

(R2=0.615), cocoon weight (R2=0.549), filament length (R2=0.535), denier (R2=0.532) and

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renditta (R2=0.511) showed strong positive relationships; whereas larval duration (Y= -315.6

x + 630.8) and renditta (R2=0.029) showed week and moderately strong negative

relationships respectively.

In the case of midgut tissue, the highest activity of amylase was observed in Pure

Mysore (0.066 µM/mg/min at 37°C), followed by CSR2 (0.064 µM/mg/min at 37°C), Pure

Mysore x CSR2 (0.062 µM/mg/min at 37°C), Nistari (0.062 µM/mg/min at 37°C), NB4D2 and

Nistari x NB4D2 (0.058 µM/mg/min at 37°C). The results of one way ANOVA revealed that

the variation among experimental batches are all significant at 0.1 % (P<0.001). In the case of

midgut tissue amylase and commercial characters, the results of regression analysis are

presented in figures 3.3.10-3.3.18. From the results of statistical analysis, it is very clearly

that the larval duration (R2=0.631) showed strong positive relationship. On the other hand,

denier (R2=0.018) and fecundity (R2=0.014) showed weak positive relationships. Larval

weight (Y= -134.1x+16.6) gave moderately negative relationship, whereas filament length

(Y=-25738 x + 2346), cocoon weight (Y= -29.75 x + 3.303), shell weight (Y= -4.50 x +

0.536) and shell ratio (Y=-88.87 x + 22.72) showed weak negative relationships.

In the case of fat body amylase and commercial characters, the results of regression

are presented in figures 3.3.19 – 3.3.27. From the results of statistical analysis, it is very

clearly that the fecundity (Y = -1395 x + 566.3), denier (y = -31.67 x + 11.08), shell ratio (y =

-217.4 x + 29.29), shell weight (y = -5.354 x + 0.562), larval duration (y = -520.0 x + 619.6),

renditta (y = -31.67 x + 11.08), larval weight (y = -25.73 x + 4.625) and cocoon weight (y = -

2.252x + 1.606) showed weak negative relationship; whereas filament showed weak positive

relationship (R2=0.002).

The zymograms of haemolymph, midgut and fat body tissues amylase exhibited a

number of qualitative and quantitative variations (Plates 3.3.1 – 3.3.11). In the case of

multivoltines, the haemolymph amylase isozymes exhibited almost same pattern of banding

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in all the experimental sets. However, in the case of Nistari from 1st to 3rd day the bands are

more prominent in addition to appearance of five diffused bands with R.F 0.184, 0.346,

0.573, 0.680 and 0.915. Also, the R.F. values of all the bands are slightly more than Pure

Mysore. Among the bivoltines, two bands with R.F. 0.305 and 0.359 are appeared from 3rd to

6th day and showed gradual increment in their intensities only in NB4D2 silkworms. Also, two

more minor bands with R.F 0.093 and 0.173 appeared during later ages of fifth instar.

Whereas in CSR2 silkworms one band with R.F. 0.388 appeared on 1st day and the same band

gradually decreased as the age advances. In case of hybrids, two negative bands of 0.035 R.F.

and 0.262 R.F. are prominent in Nistari x NB4D2 worms, whereas in Pure Mysore x CSR2

silkworms two bands of 0.027 R.F. and 0.318 R.F are prominent.

In the case of midgut amylase isozyme profiles of Pure Mysore, the intensity of all the

bands gradually decreased from 1st day to 8th day. Interestingly, reverse trend was noticed in

case of Nistari silkworms. In the case of bivoltines, the isozyme profiles of NB4D2 follows

Pure Mysore pattern. However, there was no much variation in case of CSR2 silkworms.

Among the hybrids, two bands with R.F. 0.335 and 0.448 are prominent in Nistari x NB4D2

silkworms, whereas in Pure Mysore x CSR2 silkworms two bands with R.F. 0.322 and 0.435

are prominent. Among the silkworm varieties the R. F. values are different with each other.

In the case of Pure Mysore fat body amylase isozyme profiles, the band with R.F.

0.114 was appeared only from 6th to 8th day, whereas the Nistari silkworms exhibited a band

with R.F. 0.09 on 5th and 6th day only i.e., later ages of fifth instar. In the case of NB4D2

silkworms the band with R.F. 0.196 was tick on 3rd and 6th day. Also, the bands with R.F.

0.538 and 0.699 were exhibited more intensity on 4th and 6th days respectively. On the other

hand the band with R.F. 0.488 was observed on 1st, 2nd and 5th day only. In CSR2 silkworms,

the band with R.F. 0.209 was more intense from 4th to 6th day. Also the bands with R.F.

0.539 was thick on 4th and 6th day only. In addition, a band with R.F. 0.704 showed more

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intensity on 5th day only. Another the band with R.F. 0.493 was observed only on 5th and 6th

day i.e., later stages of 5th instar. In the case of Pure Mysore x CSR2 silkworms, the band with

R.F. 0.132 was thick on 6th and 7th day. On the other hand an additional band with R.F. 0.265

was observed from 4th to 7th day i.e., later stages of fifth instar. Interestingly, same band was

appeared during mid fifth instar of Nistari x NB4D2 silkworms i.e., on 3rd and 4th day. Also,

the bands with R.F. 0.136, 0.318 and 0.586 were thick on 4th, 3rd, 6th days respectively.

3.4. Succinate dehydrogenase:

The specific activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) in haemolymph, midgut and

fat body tissue samples is shown in the tables 3.4.1, 3.4.2 and 3.4.3 respectively. The activity

of SDH in haemolymph, midgut and fat body tissues samples showed significant changes in

their levels at every 24 hours till the end of fifth instar. Almost similar trend was observed in

the three tissues of all the experimental batches. The highest SDH activity in haemolymph

was observed in Pure Mysore x CSR2 (2.72 µM/mg/min at 37°C was the average during fifth

instar), followed by NB4D2 (2.68 µM/mg/min at 37°C ), Pure Mysore ( 2.58 µM/mg/min at

37°C), CSR2 ( 2.57 µM/mg/min at 37°C), Nistari x NB4D2 ( 2.46 µM/mg/min at 37°C) and

Nistari ( 1.87 µM/mg/min at 37°C). The results of one way ANOVA clearly indicated that the

variation among the experimental batches are all found to be significant at 0.1 % (P<0.001).

The results of regression analysis between the haemolymph amylase activity levels and

commercial characters are presented in figures 3.4.1-3.4.9. From the results of regression

analysis, it is very clear that the activity of SDH in haemolymph with filament length

(R2=0.415), denier (R2= 0.330), cocoon weight (R2=0.319), showed strong positive

correlation. Also shell weight (R2=0.246), shell ratio (R2=0.214), larval weight (R2=0.19) and

larval duration (R2=0.165) showed moderately positive relationships; whereas fecundity

(R2=0.003) and renditta (Y= -6.297 x +24.95) showed weak positive and negative

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relationships respectively. In the case of midgut tissue, the highest activity of SDH was

observed in NB4D2 (2.94 µM/mg/min at 37°C ), followed by CSR2 (2.90 µM/mg/min at

37°C), Nistari ( 2.86 µM/mg/min at 37°C), Pure Mysore x CSR2 (2.83 µM/mg/min at 37°C),

Pure Mysore ( 2.76 µM/mg/min at 37°C) and Nistari x NB4D2 ( 2.53 µM/mg/min at 37°C).

In the case of midgut tissue SDH and commercial characters, the results of regression

analysis are presented in figures 3.4.10-3.4.18. From the results of statistical analysis, it is

very clear that the correlation coefficient between the activity of SDH in midgut with denier

(R2= 0.315) showed strong positive relationship. Also shell ratio (R2=0.188), shell weight

(R2=0.183), fecundity (R2=0.112) and cocoon weight (R2=0.103) showed moderately positive

relationships. On the other hand, larval weight (R2=0.066), filament length (R2=0.056) and

larval duration (R2=0.004) showed weak positive relationships; whereas renditta (Y= -3.469 x

+19.06) showed negative relationship.

In the case of fat body tissue, the highest activity of SDH was observed in Nistari x

NB4D2 (3.14 µM/mg/min at 37°C), followed by Pure Mysore X CSR2 (3.13 µM/mg/min at

37°C), Nistari (3.08 µM/mg/min at 37°C), Pure Mysore (2.83 µM/mg/min at 37°C), CSR2

(2.73 µM/mg/min at 37°C) and NB4D2 (2.58 µM/mg/min at 37°C). The results of regression

analysis are presented in figures 3.4.19 – 3.4.27. From the results of regression analysis, it is

very clear that the shell ratio (Y = -11.94 x + 52.07), fecundity (Y = -56.79 x + 654.7) and

shell weight (Y = -0.302 x + 1.147) showed moderately strong negative relationship. Also

larval weight (Y = -1.736X + 8.262), denier (Y = -1.058X + 5.343), filament length (Y = -

414.2 x + 1975.), cocoon weight (Y = -0.495 x + 2.927) and larval duration (Y = -24.32 x +

661.7) exhibited strong negative correlation. On the other hand renditta indicated weak

positive relationship (R2=0.193).

A number of qualitative and quantitative variations were observed in the

zymograms of haemolymph, midgut and fat body tissues SDH (Plates 3.4.1 – 3.4.9). In the

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case of multivoltines, the haemolymph SDH isozymes in Pure Mysore exhibited entirely

different pattern of banding when compared to Nistari silkworms. In the case of Pure Mysore

larvae, an isozyme fraction with 0.399 R.F. exhibited more intensity during later days of fifth

instar. Also, another band with R.F. 0.430 appeared prominently from 6th to 8th day; same

band was paler on 1st and 2nd day and it was completely absent from 3rd to 5th day. However,

in the case of Nistari three bands with R.F. 0.414, 0.452 and 489 were appeared on 1st and 2nd

days only. However, a band with R.F 0.452 was pale only on 6th day. Among the bivoltines,

two bands with 0.509 and 0.873 R.F. in NB4D2, one band with 0.391 R.F. in CSR2 were more

prominent. Of the hybrids, Pure Mysore x CSR2 showed one new band with 0.337 R.F. was

appeared only on first day. Whereas in Nistari x NB4D2, a band with 0.779 R.F. was more

prominent.

In the case of midgut SDH isozyme profiles of Pure Mysore and Nistari silkworms,

the banding pattern was almost same. However, in Pure Mysore two bands with R.F. 0.326

and 0.413 showed variation in their intensities during fifth instar. In the case of Nistari

silkworms an isozyme fraction with 0.423 R.F. exhibited gradual increment in their intensity

as the age progressed. In the case of bivoltines, the isozyme profiles of NB4D2 showed two

bands with 0.289 and 0.390 R.F. are more prominent in 3rd day. In the case of CSR2

silkworms, a new isozyme fraction with 0.249 R.F. appeared only on the first day. Further,

the intensity of two bands with 0.392 and 0.540 R.F. showed gradual reduction in their

intensity from 1st day till the end of fifth instar. Among hybrids, Pure Mysore x CSR2

silkworms exhibited a new band with 0.300 R.F. on 5th and 6th days only. Whereas in the case

of Nistari x NB4D2 larvae there is no significant variations. Among the silkworm varieties

used in the present investigation the R. F. values and intensity/volume of the bands are

different with each other.

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In the case of fat body SDH isozyme profiles of Pure Mysore silkworms, a band with

R.F. 0.436 was observed from 1st to 3rd day only. In Nistari silkworms, a band with 0.530

was appeared only from 3rd to 6th day. In the case of NB4D2 a band with R.F. 0.357 was

observed only on 6th day. Similarly, in CSR2 silkworms an isozyme fraction with 0.369 was

observed on 1st and 2nd day only. In the case of Pure Mysore x CSR2 silkworms the bands

with R.F. 0.347 and 0.384 were observed only during later ages of fifth instar. In the case of

Nistari x NB4D2 silkworms, an isozyme fraction with R.F. 0.374 was appeared during mid

fifth instar i.e., on 3rd and 4th day only.

3.5. Esterase:

The specific activity of esterase in haemolymph, midgut and fat body tissue samples

is shown in the tables 3.5.1, 3.5.2 and 3.5.3 respectively. The specific activity of esterase in

the haemolymph, midgut and fat body tissues were estimated. The activity of esterase in

haemolymph, midgut and fat body tissues samples showed significant changes in their

activity levels at every 24 hours till the end of fifth instar. The results of one way ANOVA

revealed that the variation among the experimental batches are all found to be significant at

0.1 % (P<0.001). The highest esterase activity in haemolymph was observed in Pure Mysore

(8.92 µM/mg protein/min at 37°C was the average during fifth instar) followed by CSR2

(8.60 µM/mg/min at 37°C), Pure Mysore x CSR2 (8.53 µM/mg/min at 37°C), NB4D2 (7.59

µM/mg/min at 37°C ), Nistari x NB4D2 (7.33 µM/mg/min at 37°C) and Nistari (6.55

µM/mg/min at 37°C). The results of quantitative analysis were subjected for regression

analysis against selected commercial characters to know the correlation coefficient between

them. The results of regression analysis between the haemolymph esterase activity levels and

commercial characters are presented in figures 3.5.1 – 3.5.9. The results of statistical analysis

clearly showed that the haemolymph esterase activity levels exhibited positive correlation

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with denier (R2=0.209), filament length (R2=0.044), larval duration (R2=0.579), shell ratio

(R2=0.062), single cocoon weight (R2=0.029) and single shell weight (R2=0.063) only.

In the case of midgut tissue, the highest activity of esterase was observed in NB4D2

(11.43 µM/mg/min at 37°C ) followed by CSR2 (11.36 µM/mg/min at 37°C), Nistari (10.23

µM/mg/min at 37°C), Pure Mysore (9.32 µM/mg/min at 37°C), Nistari x NB4D2 ( 8.72

µM/mg/min at 37°C) and Pure Mysore x CSR2 (8.22 µM/mg/min at 37°C). The results of

regression analysis are presented in figures 3.5.10 – 3.5.18. The esterase activity levels

showed positive correlation with denier (R2=0.099), fecundity (R2=0.710), filament length

(R2=0.088), larval weight (R2=0.460), shell ratio (R2=0.351), cocoon weight (R2=0.110) and

shell weight (R2=0.293) only.

In the case of fat body tissue, the highest activity of esterase was observed in Nistari

x NB4D2 (7.76 µM/mg/min at 37°C) followed by Pure Mysore x CSR2 (7.41 µM/mg/min at

37°C), NB4D2 (7.24 µM/mg/min at 37°C ), CSR2 (7.05 µM/mg/min at 37°C), Pure Mysore

(6.77 µM/mg/min at 37°C) and Nistari (6.70 µM/mg/min at 37°C). Also, in the case of fat

body tissue, the results of regression analysis are presented in figures 3.5.19 – 3.5.27. The

activity levels of fat body esterase showed positive correlation with denier (R2=0.043),

fecundity (R2=0.019), filament length (R2=0.381), larval weight (R2=0.143), shell ratio

(R2=0.076), cocoon weight (R2=0.296) and shell weight (R2=0.107) only.

The zymograms of esterase also exhibited variation among the selected silkworm

varieties. A number of qualitative and quantitative variations were observed in the

zymograms of haemolymph, midgut and fat body tissue esterase (Plates 3.4.1 – 3.4.9). In the

case of multivoltines, the haemolymph esterase isozymes in Pure Mysore exhibited entirely

different pattern of banding when compared to Nistari silkworms. In the case of Pure Mysore

larvae, an isozyme fraction with 0.395 R.F. exhibited more intensity during days of fifth

instar except 5th and 6th day. Also, another band with R.F. 0.323 appeared prominently from

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1st to 6th day only and it was completely disappeared on 7th and 8th day. Also, a band with

R.F. 0.105 appeared on 1st, 2nd and 7th day only. However, in the case of Nistari three bands

with R.F. 0.404 is prominent in 1st, 3rd, 4th and 6th day. Also one band with R.F. 0.140 was

appeared in 2nd and 4th day only. Among the bivoltines, the bands with R.F. 0.186 and 0.314

were observed in 5th and 6th day of NB4D2 silkworms; however a band with R.F.0.201

appeared from 1st to 6th day in case of CSR2 silkworms. In addition, two isozyme fractions

with R.F. 0.429 and 0.467 were prominent in CSR2 silkworms. Of the hybrids, Pure Mysore x

CSR2 silkworms showed two prominent bands with R.F. 0.335 and 407. In Nistari x NB4D2

silkworms, a band with R.F. 0.392 exhibited gradual reduction in its intensity as the age

advances.

In the case of midgut esterase isozyme profiles of Pure Mysore and Nistari silkworms,

the banding pattern was almost same. In Pure Mysore silkworms, a band with R.F. 0.431 was

present from 2nd to 4th day only and the same band was absent in case of Nistari silkworms. In

the case of bivoltines, two bands with R.F. 0.321 and 0.331 from NB4D2 and CSR2 silkworms

respectively, appeared only during later stages of fifth instar. In the case of hybrids, an

isozyme fraction with 0.244 present throughout the fifth instar of Pure Mysore x CSR2

silkworms, but same fraction is totally absent in case of Nistari x NB4D2 silkworms.

In the case of fat body esterase isozyme profiles of Pure Mysore silkworms, two bands

with R.F. 0.257 and 0.614 were prominent on 6th day only. Also, in Nistari silkworms a band

with R.F. 0.515 is prominent on 2nd day only. In bivoltine zymogram profiles, NB4D2 showed

two bands with R.F. 0.271 and 0.363 were prominent during early ages of fifth instar. In case

of CSR2 silkworms, a band with R.F. 0.246 was prominent on 3rd day. Of the hybrids the

banding pattern was almost same. However, in Pure Mysore x CSR2 silkworms a band with

R.F. 0.487 was absent on 6th and 7th day. On the other hand, Nistari x NB4D2 silkworms

showed two bands (R.F. 0.422 and 0.586) with more intensity.

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3.6. Alkaline phosphatase:

The activity of alkaline phosphatase in haemolymph was nil. The specific activity of

alkaline phosphatase in midgut and fat body tissue samples is shown in the tables 3.6.1 and

3.6.2 respectively. The activity of alkaline phosphatase in midgut and fat body tissues

samples showed significant changes in their activity levels at every 24 hours till the end of

fifth instar. Almost similar trend was observed in both the tissues of all the experimental

batches. The results of one way ANOVA revealed that the variation among the experimental

sets is found to be significant at 0.1% (P<0.001).

In the case of midgut tissue, the highest alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in

Nistari (9.38 µM/mg/min at 37°C was the average during fifth instar) followed by Pure

Mysore (8.41 µM/mg/min at 37°C), NB4D2 (8.38 µM/ mg/ min at 37°C ), CSR2 ( 8.15

µM/mg/min at 37°C), Pure Mysore x CSR2 (7.17 µM/ mg/ min at 37°C) and Nistari x NB4D2

( 6.79 µM/mg/min at 37°C). The results of quantitative analysis were subjected for regression

analysis against selected commercial characters to know the level of correlation coefficient

between them. The results of regression analysis between the midgut alkaline phosphatase

activity levels and commercial characters are presented in figures 3.6.1 – 3.6.9. The results of

statistical analysis clearly showed that the midgut alkaline phosphatase activity levels

exhibited moderately positive correlation with renditta (R2=0.299), fecundity (R2 = 0.026)

and larval duration (R2=0.002) only. In the case of fat body tissue, the highest activity was

observed in Nistari x NB4D2 ( 6.72 µM/mg/min at 37°C) followed by NB4D2 (6.47

µM/mg/min at 37°C ), Pure Mysore (6.24 µM/mg/min at 37°C), Nistari (6.20 µM/ mg/min at

37°C), CSR2 ( 6.00 µM/mg/min at 37°C) and Pure Mysore x CSR2 (5.82 µM/ mg/ min at

37°C).

In the case of fat body tissue, the results of regression analysis are presented in figures

3.6.10 – 3.6.18. The results of statistical analysis clearly indicated that the fat body alkaline

47

phosphatase activity levels exhibited positive correlation with fecundity (R2 = 0.136), larval

weight (R2 = 0.073) and renditta (R2=0.064) only.

The zymograms of alkaline phosphatase also exhibited variation among the selected

silkworm varieties. A number of quantitative and qualitative variations were observed in the

zymograms (Plates 3.6.1 – 3.6.6). In the case of multivoltines, the midgut alkaline

phosphatase isozymes in Pure Mysore exhibited entirely different pattern of banding when

compared to Nistari silkworms. In the case of Pure Mysore larvae, an isozyme fraction with

R.F. 0.187 was observed only in 7th and 8th day. Also, another band with R.F. 0.405 was

prominent on 8th day only. In the case of Nistari silkworms, a band with R.F. 0.182 was

present only from 1st to 4th day. Among the bivoltines, in the case of NB4D2, one band with

R.F. 0.193 was prominent only on 5th and 6th day. In the case of CSR2 silkworms, an isozyme

fraction with 0.174 was clear only on third day. Of the hybrids, Pure Mysore x CSR2

silkworms, two bands with R.F. 0.290 and 0.338 were prominent on 1st and 2nd day. In the

case of Nistari x NB4D2 silkworms, an isozyme fraction with R.F. 0.335 was prominent from

3rd to 6th day.

In the case of fat body the silkworms of Pure Mysore breed exhibited a band with R.F.

0.281 was clear during later ages of fifth instar i.e., from 6th to 8th day. Similar pattern was

also observed in the case of Nistari silkworms, wherein a band with R.F. 0.292 was present

only on 6th day. Among the bivoltines, NB4D2 silkworms exhibited two fractions with R.F.

0.301 and 0.356 were present only during later stage of fifth instar i.e. on 5th and 6th day. In

the case of CSR2 larvae, two isozyme fractions with R.F. 0.294 and 0.353 were appeared as

in case of NB4D2 silkworms. Of the hybrids, Pure Mysore x CSR2 larvae showed a fraction

with R.F. 0.480 was prominent from 1st to 3rd day. In the case of Nistari x NB4D2 breed, a

band with R.F. 0.398 was present during early days of fifth instar.

48

3.7. Deoxyribonucleic Acid:

The concentrate of DNA in midgut tissue samples showed significant changes in

their levels at every 24 hours till the end of fifth instar (Table 3.7). The results of statistical

analysis revealed that the variation among the experimental batches are all found to be

significant at 0.1 % (P<0.001). The results of quantitative analysis were subjected for

regression analysis against selected commercial characters to know the correlation coefficient

between them (Figures 3.7.1 – 3.7.9). The results of statistical analysis clearly showed that

concentration of DNA has positive correlation with denier, filament length, larval duration

and single cocoon weight only.

3.8. Ribonucleic Acid:

The amount of RNA in midgut tissue samples showed significant changes in their levels

at every 24 hours till the end of fifth instar (Table 3.8). The results of statistical analysis

revealed that the variation among the experimental batches are all found to be significant at

0.1 % (P<0.001). The results of quantitative analysis were subjected for regression analysis

against selected commercial characters to know the correlation coefficient between them

(Figures 3.8.1 – 3.8.9). The results of statistical analysis clearly showed that concentration of

RNA has positive correlation with denier, filament length, larval duration, shell ratio, single

cocoon weight and single shell weight only.

3.9. RNA ratio to DNA:

The RNA ratio to DNA showed statistically significant (P<0.001) variation among

experimental sets (Table 3.9). The results of quantitative analysis were subjected for

regression analysis against selected commercial characters to know the correlation coefficient

between them. The results of statistical analysis (Figures 3.9.1 – 3.9.9) clearly showed that

49

RNA to DNA ratios has positive correlation with denier, filament length, larval duration,

renditta, shell ratio, single cocoon weight, single shell weight except fecundity and larval

weight.

3.10. DNA analysis:

Figure 3.10.1 shows Genomic DNA isolated that was loaded on 1% agarose for checking

the quality. It consisted of Lanes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 as, CSR2, NB4D2, Nistari x NB4D2,

Nistari, Pure Mysore and Pure Mysore x CSR2 respectively. PCR was performed as per

standard protocol. Figure 3.10.2 shows states the results of PCR products analyzed through

2% agarose gels containing ethidium bromide (5 µg/ml) in 10X Assay buffer (PH 8.0) and

documented in the gel documentation system. A molecular weight marker was also used for

analysis of the fragment size. It includes seven lines L1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 as 100 bp Ladder,

RAPD profile of CSR2, NB4D2, Nistari X NB4D2, Nistari, Pure Mysore and Pure Mysore x

CSR2 silkworm. All amplification reactions were carried out at least thrice in order to make

sure consistency and repeatability of fingerprints generated using selected RAPD primers. All

the DNA bands are found to be spread over the molecular weight ranging from 100 bp to

1000 bp depending on the amplification of DNA. The genetic distance estimated from the

RAPD markers (Figure 3.10.3), varied from 0.23404 (Pure Mysore and Nistari x NB4D2) to

0.52941 (CSR2 and Pure Mysore x CSR2). The cluster analysis based on RAPD analysis

software and based on Phylogenetic Tree has generated the dendrogram which has clearly

separated the races. From the RAPD profile obtained on agarose gel as well as phylogenetic

tree, it is observed that the Sample CSR2, NB4D2, Nistari x NB4D2, Nistari, Pure Mysore and

Pure Mysore x CSR2 are different from each other. The phylogenetic relationship shows that

the CSR2 and Pure Mysore branching out together and bootstrap value between the two

strains is 61. Sample NB4D2 also branching from the root but it is different from CSR2 and

Pure Mysore. Also RAPD analysis data (Figures 3.10.4 – 3.10.9) show that RAPD primer is

50

labeled with FAM which gives blue color in genescan analysis and Orange peaks are internal

size standard.

The summary of the results of regression analysis between biomolecules and

commercial characters are presented in the table 3.11.

The summary of the results of zymograms of proteins, amylase, succinate

dehydrogenase, esterase, alkaline phosphatase and RAPD analysis are presented in the table

3.12.

51

Table 3.1: Mean values ± SD of nine commercial characters in six verities of silkworm, Bombyx mori

SILKWORM BREEDS

FECUNDITY LARVAL WEIGHT

(g)

LARVAL DURATION

(h)

SINGLE COCOON WEIGHT

(g)

SINGLE SHELL

WEIGHT (g)

SHELL RATIO

(% )

FILAMENT LENGTH (m)

DENIER RENDITTA

PURE MYSORE 467.22±10.96 2.01±0.06 660±10.39 1.02±0.75 0.12±0.01 12.57±0.49 426.44±19.83 1.77±0.09 11.77±0.82

NISTARI 485.11±5.30 2.83±0.06 564.88±10.01 1.14±0.71 0.15±0.01 13.41±0.87 435.66±17.21 1.78±0.07 13.26±0.24

CSR2 509.10±16.58 4.07±0.05 578.88±6.45 1.81±0.47 0.43±0.01 24.02±0.18 1011.99±12.34 2.93±0.22 5.78±0.23

NB4D2 520.55±16.65 4.16±0.05 576.67±11.08 1.76±0.30 0.35±0.01 20.27±0.15 1020±29.96 2.48±0.06 8.34±0.47

PURE MYSORE x CSR2

466.66±11.52 2.68±0.07 610±11.10 1.67±0.23 0.28±0.01 17.29±0.21 910±18.74 2.75±0.06 7.64±0.12

NISTARI x NB4D2 490.77±6.81 3.46±0.04 557±10.21 1.47±0.22 0.23±0.01 16.06±0.85 805.99±12.36 1.83±0.02 9.22±0.85

F 89.775 4210.79 853.92 3570.99 3898.36 1484.63 65.17 311.48 28230.47

Values are the mean± SD of Pre monsoon, Monsoon and post monsoon observations.

The variation between the races is statistically significant at 0.1 % (P<0.001).

52

Table 3.2.1: Concentration of total proteins (µg/µl) in haemolymph during fifth instar

SILKWORM BREEDS 1st Day 2nd Day 3rd Day 4th Day 5th Day 6th Day 7th Day 8th day AVERAGE

PURE MYSORE 21.86 27.20

(+24.42)

31.20

(+14.70)

33.86

(+8.52)

37.46

(+10.63)

43.20

(+15.32)

48.26

(+11.71)

52.00

(+7.74)

36.85

NISTARI 26.13 28.26

(+8.15)

32.00

(+13.23)

43.73

(+36.65)

53.60

(+22.57)

56.93

(+6.21)

- - 39.93

CSR2 24.53

32.00

(+30.45)

36.00

(+12.50)

46.66

(+29.61)

61.33

(+31.44)

64.00

(+4.35)

- - 44.03

NB4D2 21.60 30.40

(+40.74)

34.13

(+12.26)

47.46

(+39.05)

60.00

(+26.42)

63.46

(+5.76)

- - 42.80

PURE MYSORE x CSR2 28.33 29.60

(+4.48)

32.80

(+10.81)

48.53

(+47.95)

54.40

(+12.09)

59.46

(+9.30)

66.40

(+11.67)

- 45.62

NISTARI x NB4D2 32.00 36.00

(+12.50)

42.40

(+17.77)

46.13

(+8.79)

47.20

(+2.31)

56.00

(+18.64)

- - 43.28


Values within parentheses represent per cent change over previous day.

53

Table 3.2.2: Concentration of total proteins (µg/mg) in midgut tissue during fifth instar

SILKWORM BREEDS 1st Day 2nd Day 3rd Day 4th Day 5th Day 6th Day 7th Day 8th Day AVERAGE


(+23.52)

19.46

(+15.83)

22.66

(+16.44)

24.80

(+9.44)

26.93

(+8.58)

31.20

(+15.85)

36.53

(+17.08)

23.99

NISTARI 13.60 14.66

(+7.79)

18.13

(+23.66)

20.80

(+14.72)

24.26

(+16.63)

30.93

(+27.49)

- - 20.39

CSR2 15.20 16.80

(+10.52)

20.26

(+20.59)

24.26

(+19.74)

29.33

(+20.89)

33.60

(+14.55)

- - 23.24

NB4D2 14.40 16.26

(+12.91)

18.93

(+16.42)

22.40

(+18.33)

25.86

(+15.44)

32.00

(+23.74)

- - 21.64


(+21.77)

30.40

(+20.01)

35.20

(+15.78)

39.70

(+12.78)

41.33

(+4.10)

44.00

(+6.46)

- 33.82


(+26.35)

28.26

(+16.48)

33.33

(+17.94)

35.20

(+5.61)

39.73

(+12.86)

- - 29.99



54

Table 3.2.3: Concentration of total proteins (µg/ mg) in fat body during fifth instar



(+18.05)

20.20

(+18.82)

24.10

(+19.30)

27.60

(+14.52)

32.00

(+15.94)

36.20

(+13.12)

40.30

(+11.32)

26.47

NISTARI 14.40 16.40

(+13.88)

18.20

(+10.97)

22.80

(+25.27)

29.40

(+28.94)

34.60

(+17.68)

- - 22.63

CSR2 17.30

22.60

(+30.63)

26.40

(+16.81)

30.50

(+15.53)

35.20

(+15.40)

43.20

(+22.72)

- - 44.03

NB4D2 16.40 20.80

(+26.82)

22.20

(+6.73)

27.30

(+22.97)

32.60

(+19.41)

38.30

(+17.48)

- - 26.26


(+14.81)

28.40

(+14.51)

34.20

(+20.42)

36.40

(+6.43)

44.90

(+23.35)

48.20

(+7.34)

- 34.07


(+17.64)

27.20

(+23.63)

30.60

(+12.50)

37.40

(+22.22)

40.80

(+9.09)

- - 29.45



55

Table 3.3.1: Amylase specific activity levels (µµµµ moles of glucose generated/mg protein/min at 37ºC) in haemolymph during fifth instar



(-1.68)

0.119

(+1.70)

0.120

(+0.84)

0.119

(-0.83)

0.115

(-3.36)

0.111

(-3.47)

0.108

(-2.70)

0.116

NISTARI 0.115 0.125

(+8.69)

0.127

(+1.60)

0.103

(-18.89)

0.089

(-13.59)

0.096

(+7.86)

- - 0.109

CSR2 0.253

0.188

(-25.69)

0.169

(-10.10)

0.126

(+25.44)

0.102

(-19.04)

0.101

(-0.98)

- - 0.156

NB4D2 0.229 0.182

(-20.52)

0.167

(+0.54)

0.131

(-21.55)

0.102

(-22.13)

0.100

(-0.01)

- - 0.151


(+1.60)

0.134

(+5.51)

0.112

(-16.41)

0.113

(+0.89)

0.106

(-6.19)

0.103

(-2.83)

- 0.117


(-2.83)

0.104

(+0.97)

0.113

(+8.65)

0.127

(+12.38)

0.119

(-6.29)

- - 0.112



56

Table 3.3.2: Amylase specific activity levels (µµµµ moles of glucose generated/mg protein/min at 37ºC) in midgut during fifth instar



(-6.12)

0.053

(+15.21)

0.061

(+15.09)

0.075

(+22.95)

0.082

(+9.33)

0.081

(-1.21)

0.085

(+4.93)

0.066

NISTARI 0.052 0.051

(-1.92)

0.054

(+5.88)

0.063

(+16.66)

0.070

(+11.11)

0.072

(+2.85)

- - 0.060

CSR2 0.054 0.054

(0)

0.059

(+9.25)

0.067

(+13.55)

0.077

(+14.92)

0.076

(-1.29)

- - 0.064

NB4D2 0.051 0.050

(-1.96)

0.054

(+8.00)

0.059

(+9.25)

0.065

(+10.16)

0.072

(+10.76)

- - 0.058


(+9.61)

0.060

(+5.26)

0.056

(-6.66)

0.063

(+12.50)

0.071

(+12.69)

0.080

(+12.67)

- 0.062


(+1.92)

0.057

(+7.54)

0.055

(-3.50)

0.066

(+20.00)

0.066

(0)

- - 0.058



57

Table 3.3.3: Amylase specific activity levels (µµµµ moles of glucose generated/mg protein/min at 37ºC) in fat body during fifth instar


PURE MYSORE 0.042

0.038

(-9.52)

0.045

(+18.42)

0.052

(+15.55)

0.062

(+19.23)

0.062

(0)

0.064

(+3.22)

0.073

(+14.66)

0.055

NISTARI 0.046

0.043

(-6.52)

0.045

(+4.65)

0.053

(+17.77)

0.058

(+9.43)

0.062

(+6.89)

- - 0.051

CSR2 0.045

0.040

(-11.11)

0.050

(+25)

0.054

(+8)

0.056

(+3.70)

0.059

(+5.35)

- - 0.051

NB4D2 0.043

0.040

(-6.97)

0.053

(+32.50)

0.056

(+5.66)

0.058

(+3.57)

0.064

(+10.34)

- - 0.052

PURE MYSORE x CSR2 0.043

0.051

(+18.60)

0.061

(+19.60)

0.056

(-8.19)

0.065

(+16.07)

0.062

(-4.61)

0.068

(+9.67)

- 0.058

NISTARI x NB4D2 0.053

0.061

(+15.09)

0.066

(+8.19)

0.068

(+3.03)

0.068

(0)

0.078

(+14.70)

- - 0.065



58

Table 3.4.1: Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) specific activity levels (µµµµ moles of formazan formed/mg protein/min at 37ºC)

in the haemolymph during fifth instar



(+5.15)

2.52

(+2.78)

2.65

(+5.15)

2.57

(-3.01)

2.51

(-2.33)

2.73

(+8.76)

2.90

(+6.22)

2.58

NISTARI 1.52 1.80

(+18.42)

2.18

(+21.11)

1.67

(-23.39)

1.82

(+8.98)

2.24

(+23.07)

- - 1.87

CSR2 2.62

2.70

(+3.05)

2.86

(+5.92)

2.38

(-16.78)

2.31

(-2.94)

2.57

(+11.25)

- - 2.57

NB4D2 2.57 2.70

(+5.05)

3.02

(+11.85)

2.70

(-10.59)

2.44

(-9.62)

2.66

(+9.01)

- - 2.68


(+12.75)

2.94

(+7.92)

2.65

(-9.86)

2.52

(-4.90)

2.89

(+14.68)

2.91

(+0.69)

- 2.72


(+5.88)

2.38

(+20.20)

2.60

(+9.24)

2.98

(+14.61)

2.97

(-0.33)

- - 2.46



59


in the midgut tissue during fifth instar



(+1.98)

2.63

(+2.33)

2.59

(-1.52)

2.63

(+1.54)

2.97

(+12.92)

3.12

(+5.05)

3.06

(-1.92)

2.76

NISTARI 2.93 3.33

(+13.65)

2.75

(-17.41)

2.83

(+2.90)

2.68

(-5.30)

2.69

(+0.37)

- - 2.86

CSR2 3.00 3.07

(+2.33)

3.05

(-0.65)

2.75

(-9.83)

2.70

(-1.81)

2.84

(+5.18)

- - 2.90

NB4D2 3.14 3.17

(+0.95)

3.12

(-1.57)

2.74

(-12.17)

2.61

(-4.74)

2.91

(+11.49)

- - 2.94


(+4.29)

2.63

(-1.49)

2.80

(+6.46)

3.04

(+8.57)

3.06

(+0.65)

3.10

(+1.30)

- 2.83


(0)

2.47

(+4.21)

2.26

(-8.50)

2.99

(+32.30)

2.76

(-7.69)

- - 2.53



60


in the fat body tissue during fifth instar



(+13.38)

2.97

(-2.62)

2.53

(-14.81)

2.64

(+4.34)

2.94

(+11.36)

2.82

(-3.74)

3.02

(+7.09)

2.83

NISTARI 3.31 3.86

(+16.61)

3.59

(-6.99)

3.11

(-13.37)

2.45

(-21.22)

2.21

(-9.79)

- - 3.08

CSR2 2.69 2.54

(-5.57)

2.51

(-1.81)

2.58

(+2.78)

2.64

(+2.32)

2.51

(-4.92)

- - 2.73

NB4D2 3.11 2.65

(-14.79)

2.69

(+1.50)

2.75

(+2.23)

2.58

(-6.18)

2.60

(+0.77)

- - 2.58


(+18.38)

3.31

(+2.79)

3.00

(-9.36)

3.53

(+17.66)

3.08

(-12.74)

3.05

(-0.97)

- 3.13


(+8.80)

3.14

(-1.25)

3.21

(+2.22)

3.14

(-2.18)

3.26

(+3.82)

- - 3.14



61

Table 3.5.1: Esterase specific activity levels (µµµµ moles of /mg protein/min at 37ºC) in haemolymph during fifth instar



(-0.35)

8.45

(+1.56)

8.56

(+1.30)

9.62

(+12.38)

8.94

(-7.06)

9.73

(+8.83)

9.42

(-3.18)

8.92

NISTARI 5.61 6.01

(+7.13)

6.56

(+9.15)

6.17

(-5.94)

6.59

(+6.80)

7.99

(+21.24)

- - 6.55

CSR2 10.35

8.77

(-15.26)

9.48

(+8.09)

7.37

(-22.25)

7.38

(+0.13)

8.26

(+11.92)

- - 8.60

NB4D2 8.69 7.49

(-13.80)

8.16

(+8.94)

6.92

(-15.19)

6.73

(-2.74)

7.60

(+12.92)

- - 7.59


(+19.09)

10.06

(+8.99)

7.69

(-23.55)

8.39

(+9.10)

8.17

(-2.62)

8.43

(-3.18)

- 8.53


(+16.72)

6.68

(+1.82)

7.08

(+5.98)

8.96

(+26.55)

9.10

(-1.56)

- - 7.33



62

Table 3.5.2: Esterase specific activity levels (µµµµ moles of /mg protein/min at 37ºC) in midgut during fifth instar



(-2.09)

8.04

(+1.38)

7.79

(-3.10)

9.40

(+20.66)

10.89

(+15.85)

11.75

(+7.89)

10.67

(-9.19)

9.32

NISTARI 9.07 9.99

(+10.14)

9.92

(-0.7)

10.28

(+3.62)

11.27

(+9.63)

10.88

(+3.46)

- - 10.23

CSR2 9.95 10.45

(+5.02)

11.09

(+6.12)

10.88

(-1.89)

13.02

(+19.66)

12.81

(-1.61)

- - 11.36

NB4D2 9.67 12.10

(+25.12)

12.01

(-0.74)

11.53

(-3.99)

10.68

(-7.37)

12.61

(+18.07)

- - 11.43


(+1.93)

7.67

(+11.80)

7.38

(-3.78)

8.72

(+18.15)

9.99

(+14.56)

10.22

(+2.30)

- 8.22


(+7.17)

8.03

(-4.06)

8.39

(+4.48)

8.99

(+7.15)

10.73

(+19.35)

- - 8.72



63

Table 3.5.3: Esterase specific activity levels (µµµµ moles of /mg protein/min at 37ºC) in fat body during fifth instar



(+27.27)

7.25

(+12.57)

6.21

(-14.34)

6.01

(-3.22)

6.86

(+14.14)

8.01

(+16.76)

8.35

(+4.24)

6.77

NISTARI 4.37 4.87

(+11.44)

7.50

(+54.00)

7.46

(-0.53)

8.04

(+7.77)

7.99

(-0.62)

- - 6.70

CSR2 5.76 6.17

(+7.11)

6.41

(+3.88)

6.55

(+2.18)

8.21

(+25.34)

9.25

(+12.66)

- - 7.05

NB4D2 4.87 5.59

(+14.87)

6.75

(+20.75)

7.84

(+16.14)

8.67

(+10.58)

9.73

(+12.22)

- - 7.24


(+9.30)

7.72

(+17.32)

6.61

(-14.37)

7.77

(+17.54)

8.23

(+5.92)

8.97

(+8.99)

- 7.41


(+16.01)

7.71

(+13.21)

8.51

(+10.37)

8.11

(+4.70)

9.55

(+17.55)

- - 7.76



64

Table 3.6.1: ALKP specific activity levels (µµµµ moles of /mg protein/min at 37ºC) in midgut during fifth instar


PURE MYSORE 6.88

8.33

(+21.07)

9.01

(+8.16)

8.92

(+0.99)

8.95

(+0.33)

8.90

(-0.55)

8.54

(-4.04)

7.78

(-8.89)

8.41

NISTARI 5.89

8.03

(+36.33)

10.30

(+28.26)

11.69

(+13.49)

10.99

(-5.98)

9.40

(-14.46)

- - 9.38

CSR2 6.01

7.38

(+22.79)

8.09

(+9.62)

9.16

(+13.22)

9.96

(+8.73)

8.33

(-16.36)

- - 8.15

NB4D2 6.13

7.66

(+24.95)

8.55

(+11.61)

9.33

(9.12)

9.69

(+3.85)

8.94

(-7.73)

- - 8.38


(+8.71)

8.18

(+26.04)

7.57

(-7.45)

7.10

(-6.20)

7.41

(+4.36)

7.52

(+1.48)

- 7.17


5.76

(+3.78)

6.44

(+11.80)

6.93

(+7.60)

8.20

(+18.32)

7.88

(-3.90)

- - 6.79



65

Table 3.6.2: ALKP specific activity levels (µµµµ moles of /mg protein/min at 37ºC) in fat body during fifth instar


PURE MYSORE 4.61

5.20

(+12.79)

5.61

(+7.88)

7.36

(+31.19)

7.22

(-1.90)

6.80

(-5.81)

6.56

(-3.52)

6.63

(+1.06)

6.24

NISTARI 4.00

4.19

(+4.75)

6.59

(+57.27)

8.00

(+21.39)

7.40

(-7.50)

7.06

(-4.59)

- - 6.20

CSR2 4.61

4.79

(+3.90)

6.03

(+25.88)

7.14

(+18.40)

7.17

(+0.42)

6.27

(-12.55)

- - 6.00

NB4D2 4.19

5.64

(+34.60)

6.90

(+22.34)

7.35

(+6.52)

7.41

(+0.81)

7.35

(-0.80)

- - 6.47


(+24.30)

5.61

(+4.46)

6.02

(+7.30)

6.89

(+14.45)

6.08

(-11.75)

6.48

(+6.57)

- 5.82


7.16

(+63.47)

6.86

(-4.18)

7.41

(+8.01)

7.00

(-5.53)

7.51

(+7.28)

- - 6.72



66

Table 3.7: Concentration of DNA in midgut tissue


PURE MYSORE 5.00

8.30

(+66.00)

14.60

(+75.90)

17.80

(+21.91)

19.00

(+6.74)

22.30

(+17.36)

22.50

(+0.89)

23.30

(+3.55)

16.60

NISTARI 4.00

7.30

(+82.50)

12.60

(+72.60)

15.80

(+25.39)

19.30

(+22.15)

22.10

(+14.50)

- - 13.51

CSR2 4.20

7.70

(+83.33)

12.70

(+64.93)

18.50

(+45.66)

22.70

(+22.70)

25.60

(+12.77)

- - 15.20

NB4D2 5.40

9.00

(+66.66)

13.30

(+47.77)

18.70

(+40.60)

23.50

(+25.66)

24.50

(+4.25)

- - 15.70


(+32.30)

14.50

(+68.60)

19.10

(+31.72)

22.30

(+16.75)

24.00

(+7.62)

25.00

(+4.16)

- 17.10


8.90

(+36.92)

17.20

(+93.25)

21.00

(+22.09)

23.20

(+10.47)

25.60

(+10.34)

- - 17.00



67

Table 3.8: Concentration of RNA in midgut tissue


PURE MYSORE 8.00

14.00

(+75.00)

22.60

(+61.42)

27.60

(+22.12)

33.30

(+20.65)

38.00

(+14.11)

41.00

(+7.89)

42.00

(+2.43)

28.30

NISTARI 6.60

11.60

(+75.75)

20.30

(+75.00)

28.60

(+40.88)

37.00

(+29.37)

41.30

(+11.62)

- - 24.20

CSR2 7.50

13.30

(+77.33)

23.60

(+77.44)

32.30

(+36.86)

39.60

(+22.60)

45.60

(+15.15)

- - 26.90

NB4D2 9.30

14.30

(+53.76)

21.60

(+51.04)

31.30

(+44.90)

38.60

(+23.32)

44.60

(+15.54)

- - 26.60


(+38.61)

24.80

(+77.14)

34.30

(+38.30)

38.30

(+11.66)

44.60

(+16.44)

48.30

(+8.29)

- 30.60


13.30

(+54.65)

25.60

(+92.48)

33.00

(+28.90)

39.60

(+20.00)

46.00

(+16.16)

- - 27.60



68

Table 3.9: RNA ratio to DNA in midgut tissue


PURE MYSORE 1.62

1.68

(+3.70)

1.54

(-8.33)

1.55

(+0.64)

1.74

(+12.25)

1.69

(-2.87)

1.80

(+6.50)

1.79

(-0.55)

1.68

NISTARI 1.66

1.59

(-4.21)

1.60

(+0.62)

1.80

(+12.50)

1.90

(+5.55)

1.86

(-2.22)

- - 1.73

CSR2 1.77

1.71

(-3.38)

1.85

(+8.18)

1.74

(-5.94)

1.73

(-0.57)

1.77

(+2.31)

- - 1.76

NB4D2 1.72

1.59

(-7.55)

1.61

(+1.25)

1.66

(+3.10)

1.64

(-1.20)

1.81

(+10.36)

- - 1.67


(+3.20)

1.70

(+5.59)

1.78

(+4.70)

1.71

(-3.93)

1.85

(+8.18)

1.92

(+3.78)

- 1.73


1.48

(+11.27)

1.48

(0)

1.56

(+5.40)

1.70

(+8.97)

1.78

(+4.70)

- - 1.55



69

Table 3.10: Distance Matrix Table: (Nei and Li/Dice method), Tree-construction method: Neighbor-joining

SILKWORM BREEDS CSR2 NISTARI x

NB4D2

NB4D2 NISTARI PURE MYSORE x CSR2

PURE MYSORE

CSR2 - 0.38776 0.45833 0.5 0.52941 0.26087

NISTARI x NB4D2 0.38776 - 0.38776 0.26316 0.38462 0.23404

NB4D2 0.45833 0.38776 - 0.464 0.529 0.391

NISTARI 0.5 0.26316 0.464 - 0.322 0.333

PURE MYSORE x CSR2 0.52941 0.38462 0.529 0.322 - 0.387

PURE MYSORE 0.26087 0.23404 0.391 0.333 0.387 -

70

Figure 3.2.1: Correlation between haemolymph protein and fecundity

Figure 3.2.2: Correlation between haemolymph proteins and larval weight

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 2.087x + 401.3R² = 0.092

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

35 40 45 50

Fe

cun

dit

y (

No

.)

Hahemolymph Proteins in µg

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.156x - 3.394R² = 0.345

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

35 37 39 41 43 45 47

Larv

al

We

igh

t (g

)

Haemolymph Proteins in µg

71

Figure 3.2.3: Correlation between haemolymph proteins and larval duration

Figure 3.2.4: Correlation between haemolymph proteins and cocoon weight

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -6.216x + 852.4R² = 0.262

540

560

580

600

620

640

660

680

35 37 39 41 43 45 47

LAa

rva

l D

ura

tio

n (

h)

Hamolymph Proteins in µg

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.092x - 2.397R² = 0.784

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

35 37 39 41 43 45 47

Co

coo

n W

eig

ht

(g)

Hamolymph Proteins in µg

72

Figure 3.2.5: Correlation between haemolymph proteins and shell weight

Figure 3.2.6: Correlation between amount of haemolymph protein and shell ratio

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.027x - 0.903R² = 0.549

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

35 37 39 41 43 45 47

Sh

ell

We

gh

t (g

)


PMNISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.931x - 21.92R² = 0.469

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35 37 39 41 43 45 47

Sh

ell

Ra

tio

(%

)


73

Figure 3.2.7: Correlation between haemolymph proteins and filament length

Figure 3.2.8: Correlation between amount of haemolymph protein and denier

PM

NISTARI

CSR2NB4D2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 75.87x - 2416.R² = 0.721

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

35 37 39 41 43 45 47

Fil

am

en

t Le

ng

th (

m)

HAaemolymph Proteins in µg

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.124x - 2.999R² = 0.563

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

35 37 39 41 43 45 47

De

nie

r


74

Figure 3.2.9: Correlation between haemolymph proteins and renditta

Figure 3.2.10: Correlation between midgut proteins and fecundity

PM

NISTARI

NBD2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -0.695x + 38.60R² = 0.642

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

35 37 39 41 43 45 47

Re

nd

itta

Hemolymph Proteins in µg

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -2.11x + 543R² = 0.259

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

18 23 28 33 38

Fe

cun

dit

y (

No

.)

Midgut Proteins in µg

75

Figure 3.2.11: Correlation between midgut protein & larval weight

Figure 3.2.12: Correlation between midgut proteins and larval duration

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -0.037x + 4.154R² = 0.053

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

18 23 28 33 38

Larv

al

We

igh

t (g

)


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.918x + 567.4R² = 0.015

540

560

580

600

620

640

660

680

18 23 28 33 38

Larv

al

Du

rati

on

(h

)


76

Figure 3.2.13: Correlation between midgut protein and cocoon weight

Figure 3.2.14: Correlation between midgut proteins and shell weight

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2 CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.015x + 1.079R² = 0.063

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

18 23 28 33 38

Co

coo

n W

eig

ht

(g)


PMNISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.000x + 0.252R² = 0.000

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

18 23 28 33 38

Sh

ell

We

igh

t (g

)


77

Figure 3.15.15: Correlation between midgut proteins and shell ratio

Figure 3.2.16: Correlation between midgut proteins and filament length

PMNISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -0.037x + 18.22R² = 0.002

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

18 23 28 33 38

Sh

ell

Ra

tio

(%

)


PMNISTARI

CSR2NB4D2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 13.92x + 421.7R² = 0.066

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

18 23 28 33 38

Fil

am

en

t Le

ng

th (

m)


78

Figure 3.2.17: Correlation between midgut proteins and denier

Figure 3.2.18: Correlation between midgut proteins and renditta

PMNISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.021x + 1.705R² = 0.046

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

18 23 28 33 38

De

nie

r


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -0.192x + 14.23R² = 0.134

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

18 23 28 33 38

Re

nd

itta


79

Figure 3.2.19: Correlation between fat body proteins and fecundity

Figure 3.2.20: Correlation between fat body proteins and larval weight

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -1.458x + 530.0R² = 0.067

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

20 25 30 35

Fe

cun

dit

y (

No

).

Fat bodt proteins in µg

PMNISTARI

NB4D2CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.005x + 3.050R² = 0.000

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

20 25 30 35

Larv

al

We

igh

t (g

)

Fat body Proteins in µg

80

Figure 3.2.21: Correlation between fat body proteins and larval duration

Figure 3.2.22: Correlation between fat body protein and cocoon weight

PM

NISTARI NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 1.554x + 547.2R² = 0.024

540

560

580

600

620

640

660

680

20 25 30 35

Larv

al

Du

rati

on

(N

o.)

Fat body protein in µg

PMNISTARI

NB4D2 CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.048x + 0.135R² = 0.316

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

20 25 30 35

Co

coo

n W

eig

ht

(g)

Fat body Protein in µg

81

Figure 3.2.23: Correlation between fat body proteins and shell weight

Figure 3.2.24: Correlation between fat body proteins and shell ratio

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.012x - 0.089R² = 0.169

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

20 25 30 35

Sh

ell

We

igh

t (g

)


PMNISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.391x + 6.300R² = 0.123

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

20 25 30 35

Sh

ell

Ra

tio

(%

)


82

Figure 3.2.25: Correlation between fat body proteins and filament length

Figure 3.2.26: Correlation between fat body proteins and denier

PMNISTARI

NB4D2 CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 41.29x - 388.9R² = 0.342

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

20 25 30 35

Fil

am

en

t Le

ng

th (

m)


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.081x - 0.034R² = 0.358

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

20 25 30 35

De

nie

r


83

Figure 3.2.27: Correlation between fat body proteins and renditta

Figure 3.3.1: Correlation between haemolymph amylase and fecundity

PMNISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -0.506x + 23.52R² = 0.505

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

20 25 30 35

Re

nd

itta


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 869.8x + 378.8R² = 0.700

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16

Fecu

nd

ity

(N

o.)

Haemolymph Amylase Activity (µM/mg/min at 37ºC)

84

Figure 3.3.2: Correlation between haemolymph amylase and larval weight

Figure 3.3.3: Correlation between haemolymph amylase and larval duration

PM

NISTARI

CSR2

NB4D2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 31.7x - 0.818R² = 0.615

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16

Larv

ar

We

igh

t (g

)


PM

NISTARI CSR2

NB4D2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -315.6x + 630.8R² = 0.029

540

560

580

600

620

640

660

680

0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16

Larv

al D

ura

tio

n (

h)


85

Figure 3.3.4: Correlation between haemolymph amylase and cocoon weight

Figure 3.3.5: Correlation between haemolymph amylase and shell weight

PM

NISTARI X

NB4D2

CSR

NB4D2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI

y = 11.76x - 0.013R² = 0.549

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16

Co

coo

n W

eig

ht

(g)


PM

NISTARI

CSR2

NB4D2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 4.966x - 0.369R² = 0.770

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16

Sh

ell

We

igh

t (g

)


86

Figure 3.3.6: Correlation between haemolymph amylase and shell ratio

Figure 3.3.7: Correlation between haemolymph amylase and filament length

PM

NISTARI

CSR2

NB4D2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 186.0x - 6.328R² = 0.813

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16

Sh

ell

Ra

tio

(%

)


PM

NISTARI

CSR2

NB4D2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 9546.x - 442.9R² = 0.535

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16

Fila

me

nt

Len

gth

(m

)


87

Figure 3.3.8: Correlation between haemolymph amylase and denier

Figure 3.3.9: Correlation between haemolymph amylase and renditta

PM

NISTARI

CSR2

NB4D2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 18.42x - 0.079R² = 0.532

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16

De

nie

r


PMNISTARI

CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -94.07x + 21.26R² = 0.511

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16

Re

nd

itta


88

Figure 3.3.10: Correlation between midgut amylase and fecundity

Figure 3.3.11: Correlation between midgut amylase and larval weight

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTAR X

NB4D2

y = 1.4x + 484.2R² = 0.014

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Fecu

nd

ity

(N

o.)

Midgut Amylase Activity (µM/mg/min at 37ºC)

PM

NISTARI

CSR2NB4D2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -134.1x + 11.42R² = 0.268

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

0.056 0.058 0.06 0.062 0.064 0.066 0.068

Larv

al W

eig

ht

(g)


89

Figure 3.3.12: Correlation between midgut amylase and larval duration

Figure 3.3.13: Correlation between midgut amylase and cocoon weight

PM

NISTARI

CSR2

NB4D2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 9362.x + 16.6R² = 0.631

540

560

580

600

620

640

660

680

0.056 0.058 0.06 0.062 0.064 0.066 0.068

Larv

al D

ura

tio

n (

h)

Midgut Amylase Activity (µM/mg/min at 37 ºC)

PM

NISTARI

CSR2NB4D2PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -29.75x + 3.303R² = 0.085

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

0.056 0.058 0.06 0.062 0.064 0.066 0.068

Co

coo

n W

eig

ht

(g)


90

Figure 3.3.14: Correlation between midgut amylase and shell weight

Figure 3.3.15: Correlation between midgut amylase and shell ratio

PM

NISTARI

CSR2

NB4D2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -4.5x + 0.536R² = 0.015

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.056 0.058 0.06 0.062 0.064 0.066 0.068

Sh

ell

We

igh

t (g

)


PM

NISTARI

CSR2

NB4D2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -88.87x + 22.72R² = 0.004

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0.056 0.058 0.06 0.062 0.064 0.066 0.068

Sh

ell

Ra

tio

(N

o.)


91

Figure 3.3.16: Correlation between midgut amylase and filament length

Figure 3.3.17: Correlation between midgut amylase and denier

PM

NISTARI

CSR2NB4D2 PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -25737x + 2346R² = 0.095

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0.056 0.058 0.06 0.062 0.064 0.066 0.068

Fila

me

nt

Len

gth

(m

)


PMNISTARI

CSR2

NB4D2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 21.87x + 0.915R² = 0.018

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0.056 0.058 0.06 0.062 0.064 0.066 0.068

De

nie

r


92

Figure 3.3.18: Correlation between midgut amylase and renditta

Figure 3.3.19: Correlation between fat body amylase and fecundity

PMNISTARI

CSR2NB4D2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -14.62x + 10.23R² = 0.000

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0.056 0.058 0.06 0.062 0.064 0.066 0.068

Re

nd

itta


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -1395.x + 566.3R² = 0.123

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

0.045 0.05 0.055 0.06 0.065 0.07

Fe

cun

dit

y (

No

.)

Fat body Amylase Activity (µM/mg/min at 37ºC)

93

Figure 3.3.20: Correlation between fat body amylase and larval weight

Figure 3.3.21: Correlation between fat body amylase and larval duration

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -25.73x + 4.625R² = 0.027

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

0.045 0.05 0.055 0.06 0.065 0.07

Larv

al

We

igh

t (g

)


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -520.0x + 619.6R² = 0.005

540

560

580

600

620

640

660

680

0.045 0.05 0.055 0.06 0.065 0.07

Larv

al

Du

rati

on

(h

)


94

Figure 3.3.22: Correlation between fat body amylase and cocoon weight

Figure 3.3.23: Correlation between fat body amylase and shell weight

1.0251.148

NB4D2

CSR2 PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -2.252x + 1.606R² = 0.001

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

0.045 0.05 0.055 0.06 0.065 0.07

Co

coo

n W

eig

ht

(g)


PMNISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -5.354x + 0.562R² = 0.060

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.045 0.05 0.055 0.06 0.065 0.07

Sh

ell

W

eig

ht

(g)


95

Figure 3.3.24: Correlation between fat body amylase and shell ratio

Figure 3.3.25: Correlation between fat body amylase and filament length

PMNISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -217.4x + 29.29R² = 0.076

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0.045 0.05 0.055 0.06 0.065 0.07

Sh

ell

R

ati

o (

%)


PM

NISTAR

NB4D2CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 2680.x + 619.5R² = 0.002

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0.045 0.05 0.055 0.06 0.065 0.07

Fil

am

en

t

Len

gth

(m

)


96

Figure 3.3.26: Correlation between fat body amylase and denier

Figure 3.3.27: Correlation between fat body amylase and renditta

PMNISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -28.41x + 3.829R² = 0.086

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0.045 0.05 0.055 0.06 0.065 0.07

De

nie

r


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -31.67x + 11.08R² = 0.004

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0.045 0.05 0.055 0.06 0.065 0.07

Re

nd

itta


97

Figure 3.4.1: Correlation between haemolymph SDH activity level and fecundity

Figure 3.4.2: Correlation between haemolymph SDH and larval weight

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 3.891x + 479.5R² = 0.003

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9

Fecu

nd

ity

(N

o.)

Haemolymph SDH Activity (µM/mg/min at 37 ̊ C)

PM

NISTARI

CSR2 NB4D2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.196x + 2.512R² = 0.19

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Larv

al W

eig

ht

(g)


98

Figure 3.4.3: Correlation between haemolymph SDH and larval duration

Figure 3.4.4: Correlation between haemolymph SDH and cocoon weight

PM

NISTARI

CSR2

NB4D2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 50.06x + 466.6R² = 0.165

540

560

580

600

620

640

660

680

1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9

Larv

al D

ura

tio

n (

h)


PM

NISTARI

CSR2 NB4D2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.6x - 0.009R² = 0.319

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9

Co

coo

n W

eig

ht

(g)

Haemolymph SDH activity (µM/mg/min at 37 ̊ C)

99

Figure 3.4.5: Correlation between haemolymph SDH and shell weight

Figure 3.4.6: Correlation between haemolymph SDH and shell ratio

PM

NISTARI

CSR2

NB4D2

PM X CSR2

NISTAR X

NB4D2

y = 0.188x - 0.206R² = 0.246

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9

Sh

ell

We

igh

t (g

)


PMNISTARI

CSR2

NB4D2

PM X CSR2NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 6.393x + 1.415R² = 0.214

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9

Sh

ell

Ra

tio

(%

)


100

Figure 3.4.7: Correlation between haemolymph SDH and filament length

Figure 3.4.8: Correlation between haemolymph SDH and denier

PMNISTARI

CSR2 NB4D2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 562.3x - 626.8R² = 0.415

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9

Fila

me

nt

Len

gth

(m

)


PMNISTARI

CSR2

NB4D2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.971x - 0.152R² = 0.330

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9

De

nie

r

Haemolymph SDH Activity (µM/mg/min at 37 ̊ C )

101

Figure 3.4.9: Correlation between haemolymph SDH and renditta

Figure 3.4.10: Correlation between midgut SDH and fecundity

PMNISTARI

CSR2

NB4D2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -6.297x + 24.95R² = 0.511

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9

Re

nd

itta


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 49.53x + 350.2R² = 0.112

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3

Fecu

nd

ity

(N

o.)

Midgut SDH Activity (µM/mg/min at 37 ̊ C)

102

Figure 3.4.11: Correlation between midgut SDH and larval weight

Figure 3.4.12: Correlation between midgut SDH and larval duration

PM

NISTARI

CSR2 NB4D2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 1.483x - 0.956R² = 0.066

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3

Larv

al W

eig

ht

(g)


PM

NISTARI

CSR2

NB4D2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 18.18x + 539.8R² = 0.004

540

560

580

600

620

640

660

680

2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3

Larv

al D

ura

tio

n (

h)


103

Figure 3.4.13: Correlation between midgut SDH and cocoon weight

Figure 3.4.14: Correlation between midgut SDH and shell weight

PMNISTARI

CSR2

NB4D2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.724x - 0.552R² = 0.103

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3

Co

coo

n W

eig

ht

(g)

Midgut SDH Activity (µM / mg /min at 37 ̊ C)

PM

NISTARI

CSR2

NB4D2PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.343x - 0.703R² = 0.183

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3

Sh

ell

We

igh

t (g

)


104

Figure 3.4.15: Correlation between midgut SDH and shell ratio

Figure 3.4.16: Correlation between midgut SDH and filament length

PMNISTARI

CSR2

NB4D2PM X CSR2NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 12.70x - 18.34R² = 0.188

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3

Sh

ell

Ra

tio

(%

)


PM NISTARI

CSR2

NB4D2PM X CSR2NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 438.1x - 460.4R² = 0.056

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3

Fila

me

nt

Len

gth

(m

t)

Midgut SDH Activity (µM /mg /min at 37 ̊ C)

105

Figure 3.4.17: Correlation between midgut SDH and denier

Figure 3.4.18: Correlation between midgut SDH and renditta

PM NISTARI

CSR2

NB4D2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 2.022x - 3.412R² = 0.318

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3

De

nie

r

Midgut SDH Activity (µM / mg / min at 37 ̊ C)

PM

NISTARI

CSR2

NB4D2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -3.469x + 19.06R² = 0.034

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3

Re

nd

itta

Midgut SDH Activity (µM / mg / min at 37 ̊ C)

106

Figure 3.4.19: Correlation between fat body SDH and fecundity

Figure 3.4.20: Correlation between fat body SDH and larval weight

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -56.79x + 654.7R² = 0.379

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2

Fe

cun

dit

y (

No

.)

Fat body SDH Activity (µM/mg/min at 37 ̊ C)

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -1.736x + 8.262R² = 0.234

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2

Larv

al

We

igh

t (g

)


107

Figure 3.4.21: Correlation between fat body SDH and larval duration

Figure 3.4.22: Correlation between fat body SDH and cocoon weight

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -24.32x + 661.7R² = 0.022

540

560

580

600

620

640

660

680

2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2

Larv

al

Du

rati

on

(h

)


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2CSR2PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -0.495x + 2.927R² = 0.125

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2

Co

coo

n

We

igh

t (g

)


108

Figure 3.4.23: Correlation between fat body SDH and shell weight

Figure 3.4.24: Correlation between fat body SDH and shell ratio

PMNISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -0.302x + 1.147R² = 0.358

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2

Sh

ell

W

eig

ht

(g)


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -11.94x + 52.07R² = 0.426

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2

Sh

ell

R

ati

o (

%)


109

Figure 3.4.25: Correlation between fat body SDH and filament length

Figure 3.4.26: Correlation between fat body SDH and denier

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -414.2x + 1975.

R² = 0.1280

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2

Fil

am

en

t

Len

gth

(m

)


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -1.058x + 5.343R² = 0.223

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2

De

nie

r


110

Figure 3.4.27: Correlation between fat body SDH and renditta

Figure 3.5.1: Correlation between haemolymph esterase and fecundity

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 5.131x - 5.624R² = 0.193

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2

Re

nd

itta


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -6.496x + 540.6R² = 0.074

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

6 7 8 9 10

Fecu

nd

ity

(N

o.)

Haemolymph Esterase Activity (µM/mg/min at 37 ̊ C)

111

Figure 3.5.2: Correlation between haemolymph esterase and larval weight

Figure 3.5.3: Correlation between haemolymph esterase and larval duration

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2 CSR2

PM X CSR2NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -0.210x + 4.871R² = 0.051

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

6 7 8 9 10

Larv

al

We

igh

t (g

)


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 32.08x + 336.7R² = 0.579

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

6 7 8 9 10

Larv

al

Du

rati

on

(h

)


112

Figure 3.5.4: Correlation between haemolymph esterase and cocoon weight

Figure 3.5.5: Correlation between haemolymph esterase and shell weight

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.062x + 0.988R² = 0.029

00.20.40.60.8

11.21.41.61.8

2

6 7 8 9 10

Co

coo

n

We

igh

t (g

)

Hemolymph Esterase Activity (µM/mg/min at 37 ̊ C)

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.032x + 0.005R² = 0.063

00.050.1

0.150.2

0.250.3

0.350.4

0.450.5

6 7 8 9 10

Sh

ell

We

igh

t (g

)

Hemolymph Esterase Activity (µM/mg/min at 37 ̊ C)

113

Figure 3.5.6: Correlation between haemolymph esterase and shell ratio

Figure 3.5.7: Correlation between haemolymph esterase and filament length

PMNISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 1.179x + 7.927R² = 0.062

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

6 7 8 9 10

Sh

ell

Ra

tio

(%

)


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2 CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 62.63x + 271.7R² = 0.044

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5

Fil

am

en

t Le

ng

th (

m)


114

Figure 3.5.8: Correlation between haemolymph esterase and denier

Figure 3.5.9: Correlation between haemolymph esterase and renditta

PMNISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.264x + 0.160R² = 0.209

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5

De

nie

r


PMNISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -1.438x + 20.73R² = 0.228

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

6 7 8 9 10

Re

nd

itta

Haemolymph Esetrase Activity (µM/mg/min at 37 ̊ C)

115

Figure 3.5.10: Correlation between midgut esterase and fecundity

Figure 3.5.11: Correlation between midgut esterase and larval weight

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 13.55x + 355.2R² = 0.710

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

8 9 10 11 12

Fe

cun

dit

y (

No

.)

Midgut Esterase Activity (µM/mg/min at 37 ̊ C)

PM NISTARI

NB4D2CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.424x - 0.990R² = 0.460

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

8 9 10 11 12

Larv

al

We

igh

t (g

)


116

Figure 3.5.12: Correlation between midgut esterase and larval duration

Figure 3.5.13: Correlation between midgut esterase and cocoon weight

PM

NISTARI NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -9.055x + 680.3R² = 0.101

540

560

580

600

620

640

660

680

8 9 10 11 12

Larv

al

Du

rati

on

(h

)


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.081x + 0.680R² = 0.110

00.20.40.60.8

11.21.41.61.8

2

8 9 10 11 12

Co

coo

n W

eig

ht

(g)


117

Figure 3.5.14: Correlation between midgut esterase and shell weight

Figure 3.5.15: Correlation between midgut esterase and shell ratio

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2 y = 0.047x - 0.204R² = 0.293

00.050.1

0.150.2

0.250.3

0.350.4

0.450.5

8 9 10 11 12

Sh

ell

We

igh

t (g

)


PMNISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 1.890x - 1.410R² = 0.351

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

8 9 10 11 12

Sh

ell

R

ati

o (

%)


118

Figure 3.5.16: Correlation between midgut esterase and filament length

Figure 3.5.17: Correlation between midgut esterase and denier

PM NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 59.86x + 176.3R² = 0.088

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

8 9 10 11 12

Fil

am

en

t

Len

gth

(m

)


PM NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.123x + 1.039R² = 0.099

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

8 9 10 11 12

De

nie

r


119

Figure 3.5.18: Correlation between midgut esterase and renditta

Figure 3.5.19: Correlation between fat body esterase and fecundity

PM NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -0.421x + 13.49R² = 0.042

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

8 9 10 11 12

Re

nd

itta


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 7.613x + 434.7R² = 0.019

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

6.6 6.8 7 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8

Fe

cun

dit

y (

No

.)

Fat body Esterase Activity (µM/mg/min at 37 ̊ C)

120

Figure 3.5.20: Correlation between fat body esterase and larval weight

Figure 3.5.21: Correlation between fat body esterase and larval duration

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.797x - 2.502R² = 0.143

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

6.6 6.8 7 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8

Larv

al

We

igh

t (g

)


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -37.18x + 856.8R² = 0.150

540

560

580

600

620

640

660

680

6.6 6.8 7 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8

Larv

al

Du

rati

on

(h

)


121

Figure 3.5.22: Correlation between fat body esterase and cocoon weight

Figure 3.5.23: Correlation between fat body esterase and shell weight

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X CSR2

y = 0.447x - 1.722R² = 0.296

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

6.6 6.8 7 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8

Co

coo

n

We

igh

t (g

)


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.097x - 0.428R² = 0.107

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

6.6 6.8 7 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8

Sh

ell

W

eig

ht

(g)


122

Figure 3.5.24: Correlation between fat body esterase and shell ratio

Figure 3.5.25: Correlation between fat body esterase and filament length

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 2.972x - 4.005R² = 0.076

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

6.6 6.8 7 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8

Sh

ell

R

ati

o (

%)


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 419.7x - 2235.

R² = 0.381

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

6.6 6.8 7 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8

Fil

am

en

t

Len

gth

(m

)


123

Figure 3.5.26: Correlation between fat body esterase and denier

Figure 3.5.27: Correlation between fat body esterase and renditta

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.273x + 0.298R² = 0.043

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

6.6 6.8 7 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8

De

nie

r


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -3.649x + 35.44R² = 0.283

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

6.6 6.8 7 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8

Re

nd

itta


124

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 3.777x + 458.7R² = 0.026

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10

Fe

cun

dit

y (

No

.)

Midgut ALKP Activity (µM/mg/min at 37 ̊ C)

Figure 3.6.1: Correlation between midgut ALKP and fecundity

Figure 3.6.2: Correlation between midgut ALKP and larval weight

PM NISTARI X

NB4D2

NB4D2CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -0.088x + 3.912R² = 0.009

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10

Larv

al

We

igh

t (g

)


125

Figure 3.6.3: Correlation between midgut ALKP and larval duration

Figure 3.6.4: Correlation between midgut ALKP and cocoon weight

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 2.008x + 574.6R² = 0.002

540

560

580

600

620

640

660

680

6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10

Larv

al

Du

rati

on

(h

)


y = -0.146x + 2.664R² = 0.173

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10

Co

coo

n W

eig

ht

(g)

Midgut ALKP activity (µM/mg/min at 37 ̊ C)

126

Figure 3.6.5: Correlation between midgut ALKP and shell weight

Figure 3.6.7: Correlation between midgut ALKP and shell ratio

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -0.028x + 0.498R² = 0.051

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10

Sh

ell

W

eig

ht

(g)

Midgut ALKP activity (µM/mg/min at 37 ̊ C)

PM NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -0.837x + 24.00R² = 0.033

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10

Sh

ell

R

ati

o (

%)


127

Figure 3.6.7: Correlation between midgut ALKP and filament length

Figure 3.6.8: Correlation between midgut ALKP and denier

PMNISTARI

NB4D2CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -143.8x + 1925.R² = 0.243

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10

Fil

am

en

tLe

ng

th (

m)


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -0.128x + 3.294R² = 0.052

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10

De

nie

r


128

Figure 3.6.9: Correlation between midgut ALKP and renditta

Figure 3.6.10: Correlation between fat body ALKP and fecundity

PMNISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 1.609x - 3.617R² = 0.299

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10

Re

nd

itta


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 24.87x + 333.8R² = 0.136

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8

Fe

cun

dit

y (

No

.)

Fat body ALKP Activity (µM/mg/min at 37 ̊ C)

129

Figure 3.6.11: Correlation between fat body ALKP and larval weight

Figure 3.6.12: Correlation between fat body ALKP and larval duration

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.713x - 1.248R² = 0.073

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8

Larv

al

We

igh

t (g

)


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -45.38x + 874.1R² = 0.144

540

560

580

600

620

640

660

680

5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8

Larv

al

Du

rati

on

(h

)


130

Figure 3.6.13: Correlation between fat body ALKP and cocoon weight

Figure 3.6.14: Correlation between fat body ALKP and shell weight

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2CSR2

PM X CSR2NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -0.174x + 2.568R² = 0.028

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8

Co

coo

n W

eig

ht

(h)


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -0.081x + 0.775R² = 0.048

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8

Sh

ell

W

eig

ht

(g)


131

Figure 3.6.15: Correlation between fat body ALKP and shell ratio

Figure 3.6.16: Correlation between fat body ALKP and filament length

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -2.620x + 33.61R² = 0.038

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8

Sh

ell

R

ati

o (

%)


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -55.73x + 1115.

R² = 0.0040

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8

Fil

am

en

t L

en

gth

(m

)


132

Figure 3.6.17: Correlation between fat body ALKP activity level and denier

Figure 3.6.18: Correlation between fat body ALKP and renditta

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -0.969x + 8.309R² = 0.350

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8

De

nie

r


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 2.166x - 4.186R² = 0.064

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8

Re

nd

itta


133

Figure 3.7.1: Correlation between DNA and fecundity

Figure 3.7.2: Correlation between DNA and larval weight

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -5.241x + 572.2R² = 0.109

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Fe

cun

dit

y (

No

.)

concentration of DNA (µg / mg)

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -0.115x + 5.025R² = 0.034

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Larv

al

We

igh

t (g

)


134

Figure 3.7.3: Correlation between DNA and larval duration

Figure 3.7.4: Correlation between DNA and cocoon weight

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 11.74x + 404.7R² = 0.175

540

560

580

600

620

640

660

680

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Larv

al

Du

rati

on

(h

)


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.044x + 0.773R² = 0.034

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Co

coo

n W

eig

ht

(g)


135

Figure 3.7.5: Correlation between DNA and single shell weight

Figure 3.7.6: Correlation between DNA and shell ratio

PMNISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.002x + 0.224R² = 0.000

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Sh

ell

W

eig

ht

(g)


PM

13.4

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -0.066x + 18.31R² = 0.000

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Sh

ell

R

ati

o (

%)


136

Figure 3.7.7: Correlation between DNA and filament length

Figure 3.7.8: Correlation between DNA and denier

PM

435

NB4D2CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 58.45x - 158.6

R² = 0.086

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Fil

am

en

t L

en

gth

(m

)


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.043x + 1.566R² = 0.012

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

De

nie

r


137

Figure 3.7.9: Correlation between DNA and renditta

Figure 3.8.1: Correlation between RNA and fecundity

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -0.763x + 21.43R² = 0.145

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Re

nd

itta


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -5.018x + 626.4R² = 0.236

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

22 24 26 28 30 32

Fe

cun

dit

y (

No

.)

concentration of RNA (µg / mg)

138

Figure 3.8.2: Correlation between RNA and larval weight

Figure 3.8.3: Correlation between RNA and larval duration

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -0.121x + 6.530R² = 0.092

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

22 24 26 28 30 32

Larv

al

We

igh

t (g

)


PM

NISTARI NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 9.947x + 318.6R² = 0.297

540

560

580

600

620

640

660

680

22 24 26 28 30 32

Lav

al

Du

rati

on

(h

)


139

Figure 3.8.4: Correlation between RNA and cocoon weight

Figure 3.8.5: Correlation between RNA and shell weight

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2 CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.040x + 0.370R² = 0.067

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

22 24 26 28 30 32

Co

coo

n W

eig

ht

(h)


PMNISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.006x + 0.087R² = 0.013

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

22 24 26 28 30 32

Sh

ell

W

eig

ht

(g)


140

Figure 3.8.6: Correlation between RNA and shell ratio

Figure 3.8.7: Correlation between RNA and filament length

PMNISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.099x + 14.54R² = 0.002

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

22 24 26 28 30 32

Sh

ell

R

ati

o (

%)


PMNISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 40.35x - 336.6

R² = 0.097

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

22 24 26 28 30 32

Fil

am

en

tLe

ng

th (

m)


141

Figure 3.8.8: Correlation between RNA and denier

Figure 3.8.9: Correlation between RNA and renditta

PMNISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.093x - 0.287R² = 0.137

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

22 24 26 28 30 32

De

nie

r


PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -0.596x + 25.64R² = 0.208

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

22 24 26 28 30 32

Re

nd

itta


142

Figure 3.9.1: Correlation between RNA/ DNA and fecundity

Figure 3.9.2: Correlation between RNA/ DNA and larval weight

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -11.61x + 508.7R² = 0.001

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8

Fe

cun

dit

y (

No

.)

RNA /DNA

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -0.652x + 4.302R² = 0.003

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8

Larv

al

We

igh

t (g

)

RNA/DNA

143

Figure 3.9.3: Correlation between RNA/ DNA and larval duration

Figure 3.9.4: Correlation between RNA/ DNA and cocoon weight

PM

NISTARINB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 111.4x + 402.7R² = 0.047

540

560

580

600

620

640

660

680

1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8

Larv

al

Du

rati

on

(h

)

RNA/DNA

PMNISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2PM X CSR2NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.647x + 0.390R² = 0.021

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8

Co

coo

n W

eig

ht

(g)

RNA /DNA

144

Figure 3.9.5: Correlation between RNA/ DNA and shell weight

Figure 3.9.6: Correlation between RNA/ DNA and shell ratio

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 0.459x - 0.509R² = 0.084

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8

Sh

ell

W

eig

ht

(g)

RNA /DNA

PMNISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 16.82x - 11.11R² = 0.085

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8

Sh

ell

R

ati

o (

%)

RNA/DNA

145

Figure 3.9.7: Correlation between RNA/ DNA and filament length

Figure 3.9.8: Correlation between RNA/ DNA and denier

PMNISTARI

NB4D2 CSR2

PM X CSR2

NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = 91.23x + 613.9R² = 0.000

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8

Fil

am

en

t L

en

gth

(m

)

RNA/ DNA

PM NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2PM X CSR2

NISATRI X

NB4D2

y = 3.836x - 4.214R² = 0.297

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8

De

nie

r

RNA /DNA

146

Figure 3.9.9: Correlation between RNA/ DNA and renditta

PM

NISTARI

NB4D2

CSR2

PM X CSR2NISTARI X

NB4D2

y = -5.260x + 18.20R² = 0.020

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8

Re

nd

itta

RNA/DNA

147

Plate 3.2.1: SDS-PAGE analysis of haemolymph proteins of Pure Mysore and Nistari silkworms.

Lanes: 1-7 days in fifth instar. M- Molecular Weight Marker

148

Plate 3.2.2: SDS-PAGE analysis of haemolymph proteins of NB4D2 and CSR2 silkworms


149

Plate 3.2.3: SDS-PAGE analysis of haemolymph proteins of Pure Mysore × CSR2 and Nistari × NB4D2 silkworms.


150

Plate 3.2.4: SDS-PAGE analysis of midgut proteins of Pure Mysore and Nistari silkworms


151

Plate 3.2.5: SDS-PAGE analysis of midgut proteins of NB4D2 and CSR2 silkworms.


152

Plate 3.2.6: SDS-PAGE analysis of midgut proteins of Pure Mysore x CSR2 and Nistari x NB4D2 silkworms.

Lanes: 1-7 days in fifth instar. M- Molecular Weight Marker.

153

Plate 3.2.7: SDS-PAGE analysis of fat body proteins of Pure Mysore and Nistari silkworms


154

Plate 3.2.8: SDS-PAGE analysis of fat body proteins of NB4D2 and CSR2 silkworms.


155

Plate 3.2.9: SDS-PAGE analysis of fat body proteins of Pure Mysore x CSR2 and Nistari x NB4D2 silkworms.

Lanes: 1-7 days in fifth instar. M- Molecular Weight Marker.

156

Plate 3.3.1: Native PAGE analysis of haemolymph amylase of Pure Mysore silkworms.

Lanes: 1-8 days in fifth instar.

157

Plate 3.3.2: Native PAGE analysis of haemolymph amylase of Nistari silkworms.


158

Plate 3.3.3: Native PAGE analysis of haemolymph amylase of NB4D2 and CSR2 silkworms.


159

Plate 3.3.4: Native PAGE analysis of haemolymph amylase of Pure Mysore x CSR2 silkworms.


160

Plate 3.3.5: Native PAGE analysis of haemolymph amylase of Nistari x NB4D2 silkworms.


Plate 3.3.6: Native PAGE analysis of midgut amylase of Pure Mysore and Nistari silkworms.

161

Native PAGE analysis of midgut amylase of Pure Mysore and Nistari silkworms.


Native PAGE analysis of midgut amylase of Pure Mysore and Nistari silkworms.

Plate 3.3.7: Native PAGE analysis of midgut amylase of NB

162

Native PAGE analysis of midgut amylase of NB4D2 and CSR2 silkworms.


silkworms.

Plate 3.3.8: Native PAGE analysis of midgut amylase of Nistari

163

Native PAGE analysis of midgut amylase of Nistari x NB4D2 and Pure Mysore x

Lanes: 1-7 days in fifth instar

CSR2 silkworms.

164

Plate 3.3.9: Native PAGE analysis of fat body amylase of Pure Mysore and Nistari silkworms.


165

Plate 3.3.10: Native PAGE analysis of fat body amylase of NB4D2 and CSR2 silkworms.


166

Plate 3.3.11: Native PAGE analysis of fat body amylase of Nistari x NB4D2 and Pure Mysore x CSR2 silkworms.


167

Plate 3.4.1: Native PAGE analysis of haemolymph SDH of Pure Mysore and Nistari silkworms.


168

Plate 3.4.2: Native PAGE analysis of haemolymph SDH of NB4D2 and CSR2 silkworms.


169

Plate 3.4.3: Native PAGE analysis of haemolymph SDH of Pure Mysore x CSR2 and Nistari x NB4D2 silkworms.


170

Plate 3.4.4: Native PAGE analysis of midgut SDH of Pure Mysore and Nistari silkworms.


Plate 3.4.5: Native PAGE analysis

171

Native PAGE analysis of midgut SDH of NB4D2 and CSR2 silkworms.


silkworms.

172

Plate 3.4.6: Native PAGE analysis of midgut SDH of Pure Mysore x CSR2 and Nistari x NB4D2 silkworms.


173

Plate 3.4.7: Native PAGE analysis of fat body SDH of Pure Mysore and Nistari silkworms.


174

Plate 3.4.8: Native PAGE analysis of fat body SDH of NB4D2 and CSR2 silkworms.


175

Plate 3.4.9: Native PAGE analysis of fat body SDH of Pure Mysore x CSR2 and Nistari x NB4D2 silkworms.


176

Plate 3.5.1: Native PAGE analysis of haemolymph esterase of Pure Mysore and Nistari silkworms.


177

Plate 3.5.2: Native PAGE analysis of haemolymph esterase of NB4D2 and CSR2 silkworms.


178

Plate 3.5.3: Native PAGE analysis of haemolymph esterase of Nistari x NB4D2 and Pure Mysore x CSR2 silkworms.


179

Plate 3.5.4: Native PAGE analysis of midgut esterase of Pure Mysore and Nistari silkworms.


180

Plate 3.5.5: Native PAGE analysis of midgut esterase of NB4D2 and CSR2 silkworms.


181

Plate 3.5.6: Native PAGE analysis of midgut esterase of Nistari x NB4D2 and Pure Mysore x CSR2 silkworms.


182

Plate 3.5.7: Native PAGE analysis of fat body esterase of Pure Mysore and Nistari silkworms.


183

Plate 3.5.8: Native PAGE analysis of fat body esterase of NB4D2 and CSR2 silkworms.


184

Plate 3.5.9: Native PAGE analysis of fat body esterase of Nistari x NB4D2 and Pure Mysore x CSR2 silkworms.


185

Plate 3.6.1: Native PAGE analysis of midgut ALKP of Pure Mysore and Nistari silkworms.


186

Plate 3.6.2: Native PAGE analysis of midgut ALKP of NB4D2 and CSR2 silkworms.


187

Plate 3.6.3: Native PAGE analysis of midgut ALKP of Nistari x NB4D2 and Pure Mysore x CSR2 silkworms.


188

Plate 3.6.4: Native PAGE analysis of fat body ALKP of Pure Mysore and Nistari silkworms.


189

Plate 3.6.5: Native PAGE analysis of fat body ALKP of NB4D2 and CSR2 silkworms.


190

Plate 3.6.6: Native PAGE analysis of fat body ALKP of Nistari x NB4D2 and Pure Mysore x CSR2 silkworms.


Plate

Lane description: Lane 1: CSR2, Lane 2: NB4D

191

Plate 3.10.1: Genomic DNA run on 1% agarose gel

D2, Lane 3: Nistari x NB4D2, Lane 4: Nistari, Lane 5: Pure Mysore, Lane 6: Pure Mysore

Lane 4: Nistari, Lane 5: Pure Mysore, Lane 6: Pure Mysore x CSR2

192

Plate 3.10.2 : RAPD AGAROSE GEL PHOTO

Lane description: Lane 1: RAPD profile of CSR2, Lane 2: RAPD profile of NB4D2, Lane 3: RAPD profile of Nistari x NB4D2, Lane 4: RAPD

profile of Nistari, Lane 5: RAPD profile of Pure Mysore, Lane 6: RAPD profile of Pure Mysore x CSR22, LaneL1: 100 bp Ladder.

193

Figure 3.10.1: PHYLOGENETIC TREE

194

Figure 3.10.2: RAPD analysis data of Pure Mysore silkworms

195

Figure 3.10.3: RAPD analysis data of Nistari silkworms

Figure

196

Figure 3.10.4: RAPD analysis data of CSR2 silkworms

Figure

197

Figure 3.10.5: RAPD analysis data of NB4D2 silkworms

198

Figure 3.10.6: RAPD analysis data of Pure Mysore x CSR2 silkworms

Figure

199

3.10.7: RAPD analysis data of Nistari x NB4D2 silkworms

200

Table 3.11: Summary of the Regression Analysis between biomolecules and commercial characters RENDIT DENIER FILAME SHEL.RA SING.SH SING.CO LAR.DU LAR.WE FEC COMM.

CHARAC

R2 C R2 C R2 C R2 C R2 C R2 C R2 C R2 C R2 C BIOMO.

0.642 - 0.563 + 0.721 + 0.469 + 0.549 + 0.784 + 0.262 - 0.345 + 0.092 + H PRO

0.134 - 0.046 + 0.066 + 0.002 - 0 0 0.063 + 0.015 + 0.053 - 0.259 - M

0.505 - 0.358 + 0.342 + 0.123 + 0.169 + 0.316 + 0.024 + 0 0 0.067 - F

0.511 - 0.532 + 0.535 + 0.813 + 0.770 + 0.549 + 0.029 - 0.615 + 0.700 + H AMY

0 0 0.018 + 0.095 - 0.004 - 0.015 - 0.085 - 0.631 + 0.268 - 0.014 + M

0.004 - 0.086 - 0.002 + 0.076 - 0.060 - 0.001 - 0.005 - 0.027 - 0.123 - F

0.511 - 0.330 + 0.415 + 0.214 + 0.246 + 0.319 + 0.165 + 0.19 + 0.003 + H SDH

0.034 - 0.318 + 0.056 + 0.188 + 0.183 + 0.103 + 0.004 + 0.066 + 0.112 + M

0.193 + 0.223 - 0.128 - 0.427 - 0.358 - 0.125 - 0.022 - 0.234 - 0.379 - F

0.228 - 0.209 + 0.044 + 0.062 + 0.063 + 0.029 + 0.579 + 0.051 - 0.074 - H EST

0.042 - 0.099 + 0.088 + 0.351 + 0.293 + 0.110 + 0.101 - 0.460 + 0.710 + M

0.283 - 0.043 + 0.381 + 0.076 + 0.107 + 0.296 + 0.150 - 0.143 + 0.019 + F

nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil H ALK

0.299 + 0.052 - 0.243 - 0.033 - 0.051 - 0.173 - 0.002 + 0.009 - 0.026 + M

0.064 + 0.350 - 0.004 - 0.038 - 0.048 - 0.028 - 0.144 - 0.073 + 0.136 + F

0.145 - 0.012 + 0.086 + 0 0 0 0 0.034 + 0.175 + 0.034 - 0.109 - DNA

0.208 - 0.137 + 0.097 + 0.002 + 0.013 + 0.067 + 0.297 + 0.092 - 0.236 - RNA

0.020 - 0.297 + 0 0 0.085 + 0.084 + 0.021 + 0.047 + 0.003 - 0.001 -

RNA

/

DNA

201

Table 3.12: Summary of results of qualitative analysis of proteins, enzymes and nucleic acid

Silkworm Strains Tissue Used Average Number of Protein Fractions

Average Number of Amylase Isozymes Fractions

Average Number of SDH Isozymes Fractions

Average Number of Esterase Isozyme Fractions

Average Number of ALKP Isozyme Fractions

Average Number of DNA fractions

PURE MYSORE Haemolymph 23 4 3 5 - -

Midgut 24 4 4 8 4 4

Fat Body 17 3 3 6 3 -

NISTARI Haemolymph 21 4 4 6 - -

Midgut 20 4 4 9 5 4

Fat Body 20 3 4 7 3 -

CSR2 Haemolymph 19 5 4 6 - -

Midgut 26 4 4 7 3 3

Fat Body 19 3 3 8 4 -

NB4D2 Haemolymph 20 5 4 5 - -

Midgut 28 4 4 8 4 4

Fat Body 18 3 3 7 4 -

PM x CSR2 Haemolymph 18 4 4 5 - -

Midgut 23 4 4 10 3 4

Fat Body 17 3 3 6 3 -

NISTARI x NB4D2 Haemolymph 17 4 4 6 - -

Midgut 22 4 4 9 3 5

Fat Body 20 3 3 6 3 -

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