3G Networks3G Networks

IS 373IS 373

James GrateJames Grate

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Cellular StandardsCellular Standards

““Generations”Generations”• EarlyEarly

1G – analog, for voice only1G – analog, for voice only 2G – digital, for voice2G – digital, for voice

• Converts analog into digital before modulating Converts analog into digital before modulating and transmittingand transmitting

• Most cellular providers currently use this Most cellular providers currently use this technologytechnology

• NowNow Change in the needs of communicationChange in the needs of communication

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Evolution from 2G to 3GEvolution from 2G to 3G

GPRSGPRS• Best-effort packet switched service used Best-effort packet switched service used

for data transfer.for data transfer.• Provides data rates from 56 kbps up to Provides data rates from 56 kbps up to

114 kbps.114 kbps. EDGEEDGE

• Evolved from GPRS.Evolved from GPRS.• Can be used for packet switched Can be used for packet switched

applications.applications.

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Introduction of 3GIntroduction of 3G

Created by NTT docomo. Created by NTT docomo. Commercially launch on Oct 1, 2001 Commercially launch on Oct 1, 2001

in Japan. in Japan. Commercially released by major US Commercially released by major US

service provider Verizon Wireless in service provider Verizon Wireless in Oct 2003.Oct 2003.

Based on ITU standards, primarily Based on ITU standards, primarily IMT-2000.IMT-2000.

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3G Improvements3G Improvements

Basic telephone with data Basic telephone with data communicationcommunication

Higher speedsHigher speeds• 144kbps to 348 kbps at driving speeds144kbps to 348 kbps at driving speeds• 384 kbps outside when still or slow384 kbps outside when still or slow• 2Mbps to 14.4Mbps while or inside2Mbps to 14.4Mbps while or inside

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3G Standards3G Standards

6 Air/Radio Interfaces6 Air/Radio Interfaces• W-CDMAW-CDMA• CDMA 2000CDMA 2000• TD-CDMA/TD-SCDMATD-CDMA/TD-SCDMA• EDGEEDGE• DECTDECT• WiMaxWiMax

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Composition of 3G NetworksComposition of 3G Networks

Layered NetworkLayered Network• Top: Service LayerTop: Service Layer• Middle: Control LayerMiddle: Control Layer• Bottom: Connectivity LayerBottom: Connectivity Layer

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Privacy and SecurityPrivacy and Security

User AuthenticationUser Authentication Network AuthenticationNetwork Authentication Device AuthenticationDevice Authentication Data MonitoringData Monitoring End to EndEnd to End

Reliability and RobustnessReliability and Robustness

Cost of Service & Phones.Cost of Service & Phones. Different Service Standards and Different Service Standards and

Costs.Costs. Cost vs. Revenue.Cost vs. Revenue. Lack of Mobile Users.Lack of Mobile Users. International Obstacles.International Obstacles.

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Interoperability and SupportInteroperability and Support

3G Enabled Devices3G Enabled Devices 3G Networks3G Networks The Standard (IMT-2000)The Standard (IMT-2000) ITU and Member SupportITU and Member Support

• National MembersNational Members• ITUITU• CarriersCarriers

Maintainability and Ease of UseMaintainability and Ease of Use

3G Enabled Devices3G Enabled Devices 3G Networks3G Networks The Standard (IMT-2000)The Standard (IMT-2000)

4G4G

Technology that allows you to Technology that allows you to connect anywhereconnect anywhere

Automatic access technology Automatic access technology switches while maintaining TCP switches while maintaining TCP connectionsconnections

System support for voice and video System support for voice and video over IPover IP

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4G Possibilities4G Possibilities

Competitors for 4GCompetitors for 4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE)Long-Term Evolution (LTE)

• 4G path for Wideband Code Division Multiple 4G path for Wideband Code Division Multiple Access/Universal Mobile Telecommunications Access/Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (W-CDMA/UMTS)System (W-CDMA/UMTS)

Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB)Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB)• 4G path for CDMA2000 operators4G path for CDMA2000 operators

IEEE 802.16mIEEE 802.16m• WiMaxWiMax

All based on… OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division All based on… OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) designed for 100+Mbps in wide-area Multiple Access) designed for 100+Mbps in wide-area mobile appsmobile apps

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Progressing to 4GProgressing to 4G

HSDPA/HSUPAHSDPA/HSUPA• High-Speed Downlink and Uplink Packet High-Speed Downlink and Uplink Packet

AccessAccess• ““3.5G” – considered so because of high 3.5G” – considered so because of high

speedsspeeds WiMaxWiMax

• Some say this can also be 4G (Sprint)Some say this can also be 4G (Sprint)• With OFDMA, this is faster than other With OFDMA, this is faster than other

ways of connecting in 3Gways of connecting in 3G

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4G Requirements4G Requirements

High Quality of Service (QoS)High Quality of Service (QoS)• Video and other services require thisVideo and other services require this• IP/MPLS can be used to guarantee thisIP/MPLS can be used to guarantee this

SpectrumSpectrum• 4G requires 20MHz or more in a swath 4G requires 20MHz or more in a swath

of spectrumof spectrum• Limited, mobile communications already Limited, mobile communications already

have allocated spectrum! have allocated spectrum!

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4G Spectrum4G Spectrum

700 Mhz band700 Mhz band• BenefitBenefit

60% fewer cell sites60% fewer cell sites

• DownsideDownside More customers = More $More customers = More $ New frequency? New handsets/devices!New frequency? New handsets/devices!

• US Federal Communications CommissionUS Federal Communications Commission Part of the band has been set aside for public Part of the band has been set aside for public

safety priority accesssafety priority access

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4G Implementation4G Implementation

New, all-IP networkNew, all-IP network LTELTE

• MIMO- Multiple Input Multiple OutputMIMO- Multiple Input Multiple Output Higher data rates with multiple antennasHigher data rates with multiple antennas More reliabilityMore reliability CDMA supporters (Verizon) may switchCDMA supporters (Verizon) may switch

Pseudo wiresPseudo wires• 60% less expensive then TDM or ATM 60% less expensive then TDM or ATM

per bitper bit

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4G Conclusion4G Conclusion

Until 4G is officially defined, the idea Until 4G is officially defined, the idea behind it is to predict what end users behind it is to predict what end users wantwant• Knowing that, networks need to be able Knowing that, networks need to be able

to deliver the desired services in high to deliver the desired services in high quality.quality.

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ReferencesReferences Kurose, James F. and Keith W. Ross. Kurose, James F. and Keith W. Ross. Computer Networking: A Top-Computer Networking: A Top-

Down Approach Featuring the InternetDown Approach Featuring the Internet. 3. 3rdrd ed. New York: Pearson ed. New York: Pearson Education, 2005.Education, 2005.

Luna, Lynnette. "The Long Road to 4G." Luna, Lynnette. "The Long Road to 4G." TelephonyTelephony (11 Dec. 2007): (11 Dec. 2007): 12-18. 12-18. Academic Search PremierAcademic Search Premier. EBSCO. Van Houten Library, . EBSCO. Van Houten Library, Newark, NJ. 3 May 2009 <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?Newark, NJ. 3 May 2009 <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=28053259&site=ehost-live>.direct=true&db=aph&AN=28053259&site=ehost-live>.

THRYFT, ANN. "3G WIRELESS DATA: about to break?." THRYFT, ANN. "3G WIRELESS DATA: about to break?." EDNEDN 53.23 53.23 (13 Nov. 2008): 40-48. (13 Nov. 2008): 40-48. Academic Search PremierAcademic Search Premier. EBSCO. Van . EBSCO. Van Houten Library, Newark, NJ. 3 May 2009 Houten Library, Newark, NJ. 3 May 2009 <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?<http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=35457796&site=ehost-live>.direct=true&db=aph&AN=35457796&site=ehost-live>.

Kaplan, Peter. “Verizon and AT&T dominate airwaves auction.” Kaplan, Peter. “Verizon and AT&T dominate airwaves auction.” Reuters. 20 March 2008. 3 May 2009 Reuters. 20 March 2008. 3 May 2009 <http://www.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idUSN20420234<http://www.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idUSN2042023420080320?feedType=RSS&feedName=technologyNews>20080320?feedType=RSS&feedName=technologyNews>

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Questions?Questions?

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