3g basic-nsn.pptx
DESCRIPTION
3G Basic-NSNTRANSCRIPT
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3G (WCDMA) Basic Principle
Presented by: Viswajit Kumar Dutta, NSN ID: 61432989
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Objectives
Know the similarities and differences between the GSM and the WCDMA technologies.
Master the basic principles of the CDMA technology.
Master the structure and radio interfaces of the WCDMA system.
Master the principle of WCDMA radio resource management.
Know technical features of the WCDMA FDD.
After studying this course, you will be able to:
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Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction: GSM and WCDMA
Chapter 2 Overview of CDMA Principles
Chapter 3 WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Channel
Chapter 4 Overview of Radio Resource Management
Chapter 5 Technical Features of WCDMA FDD
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Evolution from GSM to WCDMA
GSMMainly designed for the speech service Theoretical rate/actual rate: 64 kbit/s/9.6 kbit/s
GPRS
Supports higher data rates through the introduction of packet channels Theoretical rate/actual rate: 171.2 kbit/s/20 kbit/s-40 kbit/s
EDGE
With the introduction of new modulation mode, the theoretical rate is three times higher than that of the GPRS Theoretical rate/actual rate: about 473.6 kbit/s/100 kbit/s
WCDMA
Has the capability of high-speed data access and provide various services (like VAS)Theoretical rate/actual rate: R99 and R4: 2 Mbit/s/384 kbit/sR5 (HSDPA): 14.4 Mbit/s/1 Mbit/s higher
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Frequency
Time
Power
FDMA
FrequencyTime
Power
TDMA
Multiple Access Technology - Distinguish Different Users
Power
Time
CDMA
Frequency
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Comparison of Multiple Access Technology Between the GSM and the WCDMA
Bandwidth of a single carrier: 5 MHz
Strong anti-interference capability. C/I: > -
8 dB
The capacity is not fixed (soft
capacity), closely related to user
distribution, service type, and
interference.
Users interfere with each other. They
must be well controlled.
WCDMA: FDMA + CDMA
Bandwidth of a single carrier: 200 kHz
Weak anti-interference capability. C/I: >
9 dB
With eight timeslots for a single carrier,
the system capacity is relatively
fixed. It can be estimated according to
the timeslot quantity.
Since different users occupy different
timeslots, they rarely interfere with each
other.
GSM: FDMA + TDMA
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Comparison of Radio Access Technology Between the GSM and the WCDMA
GSM WCDMA
Source coding
FR: RPE - LTP coding, 13 kbit/s EFR: enhancing the voice quality, 13 kbit/s HR: increasing the system capacity, 6.5 kbit/s AMR coding
AMR: eight types of speech ratesCompatible with the coding of current main-stream mobile communication systems, helpful for designing multimode terminals Provided with the traffic-adaptive capability: able to automatically adjust the speech rate so that the system can balance between the coverage, capacity, and speech quality
Channel coding Convolutional code (1/2) Speech service: convolutional code (1/2 and 1/3) High-speed data service: Turbo code
ChannelizationPacked in the pulse mode, data is sent out in different timeslots.
Through spread spectrum and scrambling, data is combined and outputted.
Modulation technology
GMSK, 8PSK (EDGE) QPSK, 16QAM (HSDPA)
Power control technology
Slow power control (2 Hz)Fast power control (1500 Hz): used to restrain fading
Transmit diversity Transmit diversity (BTS3012) Transmit diversity
Receiving technology (anti-
fading)
Space diversity and polarization diversityThe effect similar to that of the frequency diversity can be realized through frequency hopping.
Space diversity and polarization diversityFrequency diversity: rake receiver
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Comparison Between GSM and WCDMA Network Interfaces
RNS
RNC
RNS
RNC
WCDMA Core Network
Node B Node B Node B Node B
Iu - CS Iu
Iur
Iub IubIub Iub
Iu - PS
BSS
BSC
GSM NSS
BTS BTS
A
AbisAbis
Gb
Sector = Cell. One cell can include multiple carriers.
One sector can include multiple cells. Cell = Carrier
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3GPP R99 architecture:A detailed description can be found in the technical specification document 3GPP TS-TS 23.002, 2002 V3.5.0 (www.3GPP.org).
A simplified version of the CS and PS Network scenarios for 3GPP R99 networks
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Comparison Between GSM and WCDMA Protocols
GSM WCDMA
A/Iu-CS
L3: BSSAP L3: RANAP
L2: MTP L2: ATM
L1: E1 L1: E1 or STM - 1
Abis/Iub
L3: BTSM L3: NBAP
L2: LAPD L2: ATM
L1: E1 L1: E1 or STM - 1
Radio interface
L3: RR RRC
L2 (data link layer): LAPDm L2 (data link layer): RLC/MAC
L1 (radio frequency band) (MHz):
890-915/935-960
1710-1785/1805-1880
L1 (radio frequency band) (MHz):
Major frequency band: 1920-1980 / 2110-2170
Supplementary frequency band: 1710-1785/1805-1880
(In China, only 30 MHz in the high frequency band serves as a supplementary frequency band.)
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Major Differences Between WCDMA and GSM Air InterfacesMajor Differences Between WCDMA and GSM Air Interfaces
GSM WCDMA
Carrier spacing 200 kHz 5 MHz
Frequency reuse coefficient
1-18 1
Method for differentiating cells
Frequency + BSIC Frequency + Scrambling code
Power control frequency 2 Hz or lower 1500 Hz
QoS controlNetwork planning (frequency planning)
Algorithm of radio resource management
Frequency diversity Frequency hoppingThe 3.84-MHz bandwidth enables the network to use the rake receiver for multipath diversity
Packet dataTimeslot-based scheduling in the GPRS
Packet scheduling based on loads
Downlink transmit diversityNot supported by the standards but applicable
Supported for increasing the capacity of downlinks
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1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250
ITU
Europe
USA MSSPCS
A D B BC D CE F A FE MSSReserveBroadcast auxiliary
2165 MHz1990 MHz
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250
1880 MHz 1980 MHz
UMTSGSM 1800 DECT MSS
1885 MHz 2025 MHz
2010 MHz
IMT 2000
MSSUMTS
Japan MSSIMT 2000MSSIMT 2000PHS
1895
1918
BC
1885
A A.
2170 MHz
IMT 20002110 MHz 2170 MHz
MSS MSS
CDMATDDWLL
FDDWLL
1980
2025 MHz
GSM1800
CDMAFDDWLL
1960
1920
1945
China
cellular(1) cellular(2) cellular(2)
1805 MHz
1865
1865
1870
1885
1890
1895
1910
1930
1945
1965
1970
1975
Allocation of 3G Spectrum
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Comparison of Frequency Computation Between the WCDMA and the GSM
Main working bands: 1920 - 1980 MHz/2110 - 2170 MHzFormula for computing WCDMA frequencies:Frequency number = Frequency x 5Central frequency number of uplink: 9612- 9888Central frequency number of downlink: 10562 - 10838
Supplementary working bands: 1755 - 1785 MHz/1850 - 1880 MHz
The currently existing GSM frequency bands of China Mobile and China Union can be used for the WCDMA later.
Computing WCDMA frequencies
GSM900: BS reception: f1 (n) = 890 + n x 0.2 MHzBS transmission: f2 (n) = f1 (n) + 45 MHz
GSM1800: BS reception: f1 (n) = 1710 + (n - 511) x 0.2 MHzBS transmission: f2 (n) = f1 (n) + 95 MHz
Computing GSM frequencies
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Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction: GSM and WCDMA
Chapter 2 Overview of CDMA Principles
Chapter 3 WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Channel
Chapter 4 Overview of Radio Resource Management
Chapter 5 Technical Features of WCDMA FDD
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Overview of CDMA Principles
Radio Propagation Environment
Multiple Access Technology and Duplex Technology
CDMA Principles and Rake Receiver
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Multipath Environment
Time
Rx signals
Tx signals
Intensity
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Frequency-Selective Fading
Narrowband system (GSM)
Large fadingLarge fading
Tx signalsTx signals Rx fading signalsRx fading signalsFrequencyFrequencyFrequencyFrequency
IntensityIntensity IntensityIntensity
Large fadingLarge fading
Tx signalsTx signals Rx fading signalsRx fading signalsFrequencyFrequencyFrequencyFrequency
IntensityIntensity IntensityIntensity
Broadband system (CDMA)
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Classification of Typical Radio Mobile Channels
Static channels (static)Pedestrian channels in typical urban areas (TU3)Vehicle-mounted channels in typical urban areas (TU30)Vehicle-mounted channels in rural areas (RA50)Vehicle-mounted channels on expressways (HT120)
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Overview of CDMA Principles
Radio Propagation Environment
Multiple Access Technology and Duplex Technology
CDMA Principles and Rake Receiver
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Duplex Technology – Distinguish User’s UL and DL Signal
Frequency division duplex (FDD): Distinguish uplink and downlink according to frequencies.
• Adopted by the WCDMA and CDMA2000• Advantage: It can be easily implemented.• Disadvantage: The spectrum utilization is low when the uplink and downlink services (mainly the data
services) are asymmetrical.
Time division duplex (TDD): Distinguish uplink and downlink according to timeslots. Adopted by the TD-SCDMA
Advantage: The uplink and downlink can be allocated with different numbers of timeslots when the
uplink and downlink services are asymmetrical. Therefore, the spectrum utilization is high.
Disadvantage:
− It cannot be easily implemented and needs precise synchronization. In the CDMA system,
GPS synchronization is needed.
− When it is used with the CDMA technology, it is difficult to control interference between the
uplink and the downlink.
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Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Multiple users share a same frequency at the same time. This greatly improves spectrum utilization. Users are identified through pseudo numbers.
The CDMA system supports soft capacity.• For all the users, the system performance deteriorates when the number of users increases.
Contrarily, the system performance improves when the number of users decreases.
• That is, the CDMA system can obtain larger capacity by deteriorating parts of the system performance.
Disadvantages of the CDMA system:• It occupies a wide bandwidth.
• It is a self-interference system. This causes mutual interference between users.
• It is difficult to implement such technologies as power control and load control.
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Overview of CDMA Principles
Radio Propagation Environment
Multiple Access Technology and Duplex Technology
CDMA Principles and Rake Receiver
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Common Terms
Bit, symbol and chip• Bit (bit/s): the data that is obtained upon source coding and contains
information.• Symbol (sps): the data obtained upon channel coding and interleaving.• Chip (cps): the data obtained upon final spreading.
– The spreading rate of WCDMA is: 3.84 Mcps
Processing gain• It refers to the ratio of the final spreading rate to the bit rate (cps/bit/s). • In the WCDMA system, the processing gain depends on the specific
service.
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Spreading Factor and Service Rate
Symbol rate = (service rate + check code) × channel code ×repetition or punching rate
• For WCDMA, if the service rate is 384 Kbit/s and the channel code is 1/3 Turbo, the symbol rate is 960 Kbit/s.
• For CDMA2000-1x, if the service rate is 9.6 Kbit/s and the channel code is 1/3 convolutional code, the symbol rate is 19.2 Kbit/s.
Chip rate = symbol rate spreading factor
• For WCDMA, if the chip rate is 3.84 MHz and the spreading factor is 4, the symbol rate is 960 Kbit/s.
• For CDMA2000-1x, if the chip rate is 1.2288 MHz and the spreading factor is 64, the symbol rate is 19.2 Kbit/s.
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Basic Block Diagram of CDMA System
Source coding
InterleavingChannel coding and interleaving
ScramblingSpreading ModulationRF emission
Source decoding
deinterleavingDe-interleavingChannel decoding
DescramblingDe-spreading Demodulation RF reception
Radio channel
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Source Coding in WCDMA
Source coding Interleaving
Channel coding and interleaving
ScramblingSpreading ModulationRF emission
The WCDMA system adopts the adaptive multi-rate (AMR) speech coding. A total of eight coding modes are available. The coding rate ranges from 12.2 Kbit/s to
4.75 Kbit/s.
Multiple voice rates are compatible with the coding modes used by current mainstream mobile communication systems. This facilitates the design of multi-mode terminals.
The system automatically adjusts the voice rate according to the distance between the user and the NodeB, thus reducing the number of handovers and call drop.
The system automatically decreases the voice rate of some users according to the cell
load, thus saving power and containing more users.
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Source coding
InterleavingChannel coding and interleaving ScramblingSpreading Modulation
RF emission
Channel Coding in WCDMA
Channel coding can enhance symbol correlation to recover signals in the case of interference.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Code type• Voice service: convolutional code (1/2 and 1/3).• Data service: Turbo code (1/3).
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Interleaving
Interleaving is used to disarrange symbol correlation and reduce the impact caused by fast fading and interference of the channel.
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A4 A5 A6 A7 B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C0 C1 C2 C3
{A4,B0} {A5,B1} {A6,B2} {A7,B3} {B4,C0} {B5,C1} {B6,C2} {B7,C3}{A4,B0} {A5,B1} {A6,B2} {A7,B3} {B4,C0} {B5,C1} {B6,C2} {B7,C3}
Ist interleaving
2nd interleaving
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Spreading Principle
Source coding
InterleavingChannel coding and interleaving
ScramblingSpreading ModulationRF emission
Users who need to send information: UE1, UE2 and UE3• UE1 uses c1 for spreading: UE1 x c1• UE2 uses c2 for spreading: UE2 x c2• UE3 uses c3 for spreading: UE3 x c3• c1, c2 and c3 are orthogonal to each otherInformation sent: UE1 x c1 + UE2 x c2 + UE3 x c3
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De-spreading Principle
UE1 uses c1 for de-spreading.
(UE1 x c1 + UE2 x c2 + UE3 x c3) x c1
= UE1 x (c1 x c1) + UE2 x (c2 x c1) + UE3 x (c3 x c1)
= UE1 x 1 + UE2 x 0 + UE3 x 0
= UE1
In the same way, UE2 uses c2 for de-spreading and UE3 uses
c3 for de-spreading to get their own signals.
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Spreading and De-spreading (DS-CDMA)Spreading and De-spreading (DS-CDMA)
Spreading
De-spreading
Chip
Symbol
Data
Spreading code
Spreading signal = Data x Code word
Spreading code
Data = Spreading signal x Code word
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
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____________UE1: + 1 - 1 1
_____________UE2: - 1 + 1c1: + 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 + 1
- 1 c2: + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 +
1 UE1×c1: + 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 +
1 UE2×c2: - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 +
1
UE1×c1 + UE2×c2: 0 - 2 0 - 2 0 + 2 0 + 2
Spreading Principle
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UE1×c1 + UE2×c2 : 0 -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2
De-spreading Principle
Question: How to generate those orthogonal codes like c1 and c2?
UE1 de-spreading with c1: +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1
De-spreading result: 0 +2 0 +2 0 -2 0 -2
Integral: +4 -4
Decision: +4/4 = +1 -4/4 = -1
UE2 de-spreading with c2: +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
De-spreading result: 0 -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2
Integral: -4 +4
Decision : -4/4 = -1 +4/4 = +1
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UE1 × c1 + UE2 × c2: 0 - 2 0 - 2 0 + 2 0 + 2
UE1 × c1 + UE2 × c2 error code: 2 - 2 0 - 2 0 + 2 0 + 2
If error codes occur in the propagation process
UE1 uses c2 for de-spreading: c2 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
De-spreading result: 2 - 2 0 - 2 0 + 2 0 + 2
Integral detection: - 2 + 4
Normalization: - 2/4= - 0.5 + 4/4=1
UE1 uses c1 for de-spreading: c1 + 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 + 1 - 1
De-spreading result: 2 + 2 0 + 2 0 - 2 0 - 2
Integral detection: + 6 - 4
Normalization: +6/4=1.5 - 4/4= -1
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OVSF and Walsh
OVSF codes (Walsh) are completely orthogonal and their mutual correlation is zero.
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
Over downlink channels, OVSF codes are used to differentiate users.
Over uplink channels, OVSF codes are used to differentiate the services of a user.
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Scrambling in the WCDMA System
Source coding
InterleavingChannel coding and interleaving
ScramblingSpreading ModulationRF emission
Downlink: Different cells (sector carrier frequencies) have different downlink
scrambling codes.
Each cell is configured with a unique downlink scrambling code. The UE identifies a
cell based on the scrambling code.
OVSF codes are used to differentiate different users in a cell.
Uplink: Scrambles are used to differentiate different users.
In a cell, each user is configured with a unique uplink scrambling code.
OVSF codes are used to differentiate the services of a user.
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WCDMA Scrambling Code: Gold Sequence
Over downlink channels, OVSF codes are used to differentiate users.
There are 224 uplink long scrambling codes and 224 uplink short
scrambling codes.
Over downlink channels, scrambling codes are used to differentiate cells
(sectors/carriers).
There are (218 - 1 = ) 262143 scrambling codes on the downlink.
Currently, however, only the primary scrambling codes in the
scrambling codes from No.0 to No.8191 are used.
A scrambling code is repeated every 10 ms. It is 38400 chips long.
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Do
wn
link
scramb
ling
cod
e
Set 0
Set 1
…
Set 511
Primary scrambling code 0
Secondary scrambling code 1
…
Secondary scrambling code 15
Primary scrambling code 511×16
…
Secondary scrambling code 511×16 + 1
Secondary scrambling code 511×16 + 15
8192 scrambling codes
512 sets
Each set contains 1 primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling codes.
Currently, the system mainly uses primary scrambling codes.
Primary and Secondary Scrambling Codes
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Do
wn
link
scramb
ling
cod
e
Group 0
Group 1
…
Group 63
Primary scrambling code 0
Primary scrambling code 1
…
Primary scrambling code 7
Primary scrambling code 504
…
Primary scrambling code 505
Primary scrambling code 511
512 scrambling codes
64 groups
Each group contains eight scrambling codes, one of which is the primary scrambling code.
Scrambling code planning in the network planning is to plan and allocate the 512 primary scrambling codes.
Primary Scrambling Codes and Scrambling Code Groups
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Allowed maximum interference level
Eb/No required
Spreading/De-spreading Principle — Explanations for Frequency Domain
Power spectrum
Power sharable for all users
a2Tbit = Ebit
Gain
Other user interference signals
Echip
Eb/No = Ec/Io × Gain
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Rake Receiver
Consolidate signalsFront-end receiver
Receiving path 1
Receiving path 2
Receiving path 3
Delay estimatorCompute delay and phase deflection
Signal synthesizer
tt
s(t) s(t)
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Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction: GSM and WCDMA
Chapter 2 Overview of CDMA Principles
Chapter 3 WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Channel
Chapter 4 Overview of Radio Resource Management
Chapter 5 Technical Features of WCDMA FDD
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Mapping of Channel Function Between the GSM and WCDMA
GSM WCDMA
Cell search
FCCH: frequency correction channel (P - )CPICH: (Primary) common pilot channel
SCH: synchronization channelSCH: synchronization channel, but has different functions from that in the GSM system
BCCH: broadcast control channel P-CCPCH: primary common control physical channel
Paging PCH: paging channel
PICH: page indicator channel, helpful for power saving on a terminal
S-CCPCH: secondary common control physical channel
Access
Uplink: RACH: random access channelSDCCH: stand-alone dedicated control channel
Uplink: PRACH: physical random access channel
Downlink: AGCH: access grant channel SDCCH: stand-alone dedicated
control channel
Downlink: AICH: acquisition indication channel S-CCPCH: secondary common control
physical channel
Speech service
TCH: traffic channelDPDCH: dedicated physical data control channelDPDCH: dedicated physical data control channel
Data service
PDCH: packet data channel
HS-PDSCH: high-speed physical downlink shared channelHS-SCCH: high-speed shared control channelHS-DPCCH: high-speed dedicated control channel
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Classification of WCDMA Channels
In terms of protocol layer, the WCDMA radio interface has three channels:
• Logical channel: Carrying user services directly
– According to the types of the carried services, it is divided into two types: control channel and service channel.
• Transport channel : Provided service for MAC layer by the physical layer
– According to whether the information transported is dedicated information for a user or common information for all users, it is divided into dedicated channel and common channel.
• Physical channel: It is the final form of all kinds of information when they are transmitted on radio interfaces.
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TCH
CCH
Logical Channels
Broadcast Control Channel ( BCCH )Paging control channel (PCCH)
Dedicate control channel (DCCH)
Common control channel (CCCH)
Dedicated traffic channel (DTCH)
Common traffic channel (CTCH)
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Dedicated Channel (DCH)
-DCH can be uplink or downlink channel
Broadcast channel (BCH)
Forward access channel (FACH)
Paging channel (PCH)
Random access channel (RACH)
Common transport channel
Dedicated transport channel
Transport Channels
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The timeslot concept in the WCDMA system differs greatly from that in the GSM system.
Physical Channels
Physical channels are divided into uplink and down physical channels.
A physical channel can be determined by a carrier, codes (channel code and scrambling code), and a phase. Most channels consist of radio frames and timeslots. Each radio frame has 10 ms and consists of 15 timeslots.
Data
Timeslot 0 Timeslot 1 Timeslot 14
T timeslot = 2560 chips
T = 10 ms, 38400 chips
Data
Timeslot i
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Uplink Common Physical Channel
Physical Random Access Channel
(PRACH)
Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel
Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel
(Uplink DPDCH)
Uplink Dedicated Physical Control Channel
(uplink DPCCH)Uplink Physical Channel
Uplink Physical Channel
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Downlink Common Physical Channel
Common Control Physical Channel
(CCPCH)
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (downlink
DPCH)
Downlink Physical Channel
Downlink Physical Channel
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Functions of Physical Channels
NodeB (BS)User equipment (UE)
P-CCPCH: primary common control physical channel SCH: synchronization channel
P-CPICH: primary common pilot channel S-CPICH: secondary common pilot channel
Cell broadcast channel (CBCH)
DPDCH: dedicated physical data channel
DPCCH: dedicated physical control channel
Dedicated access channel
Paging channel (PCH)
PICH: paging indicator channel
S-CCPCH: secondary common control physical channel
PRACH: physical random access channel
AICH: acquisition indication channel
Random access channel (RACH)
HS-DPCCH: high-speed dedicated control channel
HS-SCCH: high-speed shared control channel
HS-PDSCH: high-speed physical downlink shared channel
High-speed downlink shared channel
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Functions of Common Physical Channels
SCH: used for cell search• Divided into P-SCH and S-SCHCPICH: used to identify scrambling codes• Divided into P-CPICH and S-CPICH
– P-CPICH: Their channel codes are fixed to be Cch,256,0. They use primary scrambling codes.
– P-CPICH is the power benchmark of other physical downlink channels. S-CPICH: used for smart antennas
P-CCPCH: used to carry system messages• channel codes are fixed to be Cch,256,1.
Each cell must be configured with all these channels, but only one for each type.
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Functions of Common Physical Channels
S-CCPCH: used to carry downlink signaling messages
PICH: used to carry paging indicators. A PICH must be configured with an S-CCPCH as a pair.
PRACH: used to carry uplink signaling messages
• The interval for timeslot access is 5120 chips, indicating that the maximum coverage radius of a WCDMA BS is 200 km.
AICH: used to carry acquisition indications of PRACH prefix. An AICH must be configured with a PRACH as a pair.
Each cell must be configured with all these channels, at least one for each type.
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Functions of Dedicated Physical Channels
DPDCH: used to carry users' service data. The maximum data rate of a single code channel is 384 kbit/s.
DPCCH: used to carry control information, and provide control data such as demodulation and power control for DPDCHs
On the uplink, DPDCHs and DPCCHs transmit signals over different code channels. On the downlink, DPDCHs and DPCCHs transmit signals in the mode of time multiplexing.
When the required data rate is higher than the maximum data rate of a single code channel, the system can use multiple code channels for transmission.
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Mapping Between Logical Channels and Transport Channels
Logical Channels Transport Channels CCCH (uplink) RACH
DCCH/DTCH (uplink) RACH
DCH
BCCH (downlink) BCH
PCCH (downlink) PCH
CCCH/CTCH (downlink) FACH
DCCH/DTCH (downlink) DCH
FACH
DTCH (downlink) HS-DSCH
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Mapping Between Transport Channels and Physical ChannelsMapping Between Transport Channels and Physical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels
DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
RACH Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
BCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
FACH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
PCH
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
HS-DSCH High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH)
HS-DSCH-related Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (uplink) for Hs-DSCH
HS-DPCCH
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Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction: GSM and WCDMA
Chapter 2 Overview of CDMA Principles
Chapter 3 WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Channel
Chapter 4 Overview of Radio Resource Management
Chapter 5 Technical Features of WCDMA FDD
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Overview of Radio Resource Management
RRM - Radio Resource ManagementSince the WCDMA system is a self-interference system, the use of
power is incompatible in WCDMA system.• On one hand, increasing the Tx power for a user can improve the quality of service
(QoS) of this user.
• On the other hand, as WCDMA is self interference system, power enhancement will interfere other user and make the reception quality worse. .
Power is a final radio resource. The only way to make radio resources utility is to strictly control the use of power.
The RRM is to manage the power by combining QoS objectives.
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Purposes of RRM
The RRM is intended to:• Ensure the QoS requested by the CN• Enhance the system coverage• Improve the system capacity
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Tasks of RRM
Channel configuration: To ensure the QoS requested by the CN, the RRM maps the QoS into some features of the access stratum and thus uses the resources at the access stratum to serve the local connection.
Power control: When the QoS requested by the CN is ensured, the RRM minimizes the Tx power of a UE to reduce the interference of this UE to the entire system, and to improve the system capacity and coverage.
Mobility management: The RRM maintains the QoS when a UE moves.Load control: After a certain number of UEs access to the system, the RRM
must ensure that the load of the entire system retains at a stable level to ensure the QoS of each connection in the system.
QoS assurance and power saving run through the entire RRM.
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Classification of WCDMA Handover
Soft handover:• Soft handover• Softer handoverHard handover:• Intra-frequency hard handover• Inter-frequency hard handover• Inter-system handover
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Soft Handover
Time
Data received/sent by the UE
The UE moves
Target BSSource BS
Time
Data received/sent by the UE
The UE moves
Target BSSource BS
No “GAP” of communication
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Hard Handover
The UE moves
Target BSSource BS
Time
Data received/sent by the UE
The UE moves
Target BSSource BS
Time
Data received/sent by the UE
“GAP” of communication
Detail discussion in another presentation
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Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction: GSM and WCDMA
Chapter 2 Overview of CDMA Principles
Chapter 3 WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Channel
Chapter 4 Overview of Radio Resource Management
Chapter 5 Technical Features of WCDMA FDD
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Technical Specifications of WCDMA FDDTechnical Specifications of WCDMA FDD
BS synchronous mode: supports asynchronous and synchronous BS
operation
Signal bandwidth: 5 MHz; chip rate: 3.84 Mcps
Transmit diversity mode: TSTD, STTD, and FBTD
Channel coding: Convolutional code and Turbo code
Modulation mode: QPSK for both the uplink and the downlink
Power control: uplink and downlink closed and open loop power control
Demodulation mode: coherence demodulation assisted by pilots
Speech coding: AMR
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Adopts AMR speech coding and supports the voice quality of 4.75 kbit/s to 12.2 kbit/s
Adopts soft handover and transmit diversity to improve the capacity
Provides high-fidelity voice modesSupports fast power control
Speech Evolution of the WCDMA SystemSpeech Evolution of the WCDMA System
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Supports up to 14.4 Mbit/s data services (HSDPA)Supports packet switchingProvides QoS controlBetter supports Internet packet services (HSDPA) through the CPCH
and DSCH.Provides mobile IP services (dynamic assignment of IP addresses)Determines dynamic data rates provided by the TFCI domain.Provides high quality support for symmetric uplink and downlink data
services, including the voice, videophone, and video conference.
Data Evolution of the WCDMA SystemData Evolution of the WCDMA System
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Summary
This course introduces the WCDMA system briefly. The course contents include the basic key technologies of
mobile communication systems, basic principles of the CDMA system, and the FDD mode of the WCDMA system.
After studying this course, you can have a general understanding of the 3G system, thus make a good foundation for further study.