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BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load Monitoring -Page 1
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem
BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load
Monitoring
STUDENT GUIDE
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contents not permitted without written authorization from Alcatel-Lucent
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Terms of Use and Legal Notices
Switch to notes view!1. Safety Warning
Both lethal and dangerous voltages may be present within the products used herein. The user is strongly advised not to
wear conductive jewelry while working on the products. Always observe all safety precautions and do not work on the
equipment alone.
The equipment used during this course may be electrostatic sensitive. Please observe correct anti-static precautions.
2. Trade Marks
Alcatel-Lucent and MainStreet are trademarks of Alcatel-Lucent.
All other trademarks, service marks and logos (“Marks”) are the property of their respective holders, including Alcatel-
Lucent. Users are not permitted to use these Marks without the prior consent of Alcatel-Lucent or such third party owning
the Mark. The absence of a Mark identifier is not a representation that a particular product or service name is not a Mark.
Alcatel-Lucent assumes no responsibility for the accuracy of the information presented herein, which may be subject to
change without notice.
3. Copyright
This document contains information that is proprietary to Alcatel-Lucent and may be used for training purposes only. No
other use or transmission of all or any part of this document is permitted without Alcatel-Lucent’s written permission, and
must include all copyright and other proprietary notices. No other use or transmission of all or any part of its contents may
be used, copied, disclosed or conveyed to any party in any manner whatsoever without prior written permission from
Alcatel-Lucent.
Use or transmission of all or any part of this document in violation of any applicable legislation is hereby expressly
prohibited.
User obtains no rights in the information or in any product, process, technology or trademark which it includes or
describes, and is expressly prohibited from modifying the information or creating derivative works without the express
written consent of Alcatel-Lucent.
All rights reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010
4. Disclaimer
In no event will Alcatel-Lucent be liable for any direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequential damages, including
lost profits, lost business or lost data, resulting from the use of or reliance upon the information, whether or not Alcatel-
Lucent has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
Mention of non-Alcatel-Lucent products or services is for information purposes only and constitutes neither an
endorsement, nor a recommendation.
This course is intended to train the student about the overall look, feel, and use of Alcatel-Lucent products. The
information contained herein is representational only. In the interest of file size, simplicity, and compatibility and, in some
cases, due to contractual limitations, certain compromises have been made and therefore some features are not entirely
accurate.
Please refer to technical practices supplied by Alcatel-Lucent for current information concerning Alcatel-Lucent equipment
and its operation, or contact your nearest Alcatel-Lucent representative for more information.
The Alcatel-Lucent products described or used herein are presented for demonstration and training purposes only. Alcatel-
Lucent disclaims any warranties in connection with the products as used and described in the courses or the related
documentation, whether express, implied, or statutory. Alcatel-Lucent specifically disclaims all implied warranties,
including warranties of merchantability, non-infringement and fitness for a particular purpose, or arising from a course of
dealing, usage or trade practice.
Alcatel-Lucent is not responsible for any failures caused by: server errors, misdirected or redirected transmissions, failed
internet connections, interruptions, any computer virus or any other technical defect, whether human or technical in
nature
5. Governing Law
The products, documentation and information contained herein, as well as these Terms of Use and Legal Notices are
governed by the laws of France, excluding its conflict of law rules. If any provision of these Terms of Use and Legal
Notices, or the application thereof to any person or circumstances, is held invalid for any reason, unenforceable including,
but not limited to, the warranty disclaimers and liability limitations, then such provision shall be deemed superseded by a
valid, enforceable provision that matches, as closely as possible, the original provision, and the other provisions of these
Terms of Use and Legal Notices shall remain in full force and effect.
BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load Monitoring -Page 4
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Course Outline
About This CourseCourse outline
Technical support
Course objectives
1. Topic/Section is Positioned HereXxx
Xxx
Xxx
2. Topic/Section is Positioned Here
3. Topic/Section is Positioned Here
4. Topic/Section is Positioned Here
5. Topic/Section is Positioned Here
6. Topic/Section is Positioned Here
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1. GSM QoS Monitoring
1. Introduction 3JK11043AAAAWBZZA
2. Global Indicators 3JK11044AAAAWBZZA
3. Detailed Indicators 3JK11045AAAAWBZZA
4. Handover Indicators 3JK11046AAAAWBZZA
5. Directed Retry Indicators 3JK11047AAAAWBZZA
6. Radio Measurement Statistics Indicators 3JK11048AAAAWBZZA
7. Traffic Indicators 3JK11049AAAAWBZZA
8. Case Studies 3JK11050AAAAWBZZA
9. Annexes 3JK11051AAAAWBZ
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Course Outline [cont.]
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Course Objectives
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Welcome to BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load
Monitoring
Upon completion of this course, you should be able to:
� Global indicators, in order to assess the general quality of the network
� Detailed indicators, in order to detect / identify / locate the main malfunctions
� Handover indicators, in order to quantify efficiency and reason of HO
� Directed retry indicators, in order to quantify efficiency of directed retry
� RMS indicators to ease radio optimisation and fault detection
� Traffic indicators, in order to detect/predict overload and compute adequate cell
dimensioning as well as to understand how RTCH resources are used in the network
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Course Objectives [cont.]
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About this Student Guide
� Switch to notes view!Conventions used in this guide
Where you can get further information
If you want further information you can refer to the following:
� Technical Practices for the specific product
� Technical support page on the Alcatel website: http://www.alcatel-lucent.com
Note
Provides you with additional information about the topic being discussed.
Although this information is not required knowledge, you might find it useful
or interesting.
Technical Reference (1) 24.348.98 – Points you to the exact section of Alcatel-Lucent Technical
Practices where you can find more information on the topic being discussed.
WarningAlerts you to instances where non-compliance could result in equipment
damage or personal injury.
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About this Student Guide [cont.]
� Switch to notes view!
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Self-assessment of Objectives
� At the end of each section you will be asked to fill this questionnaire
� Please, return this sheet to the trainer at the end of the training
Switch to notes view!
Instructional objectives Yes (or globally yes)
No (or globally no)
Comments
1 To be able to XXX
2
Contract number :
Course title :
Client (Company, Center) :
Language : Dates from : to :
Number of trainees : Location :
Surname, First name :
Did you meet the following objectives ?
Tick the corresponding box
Please, return this sheet to the trainer at the end of the training
����
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Self-assessment of Objectives [cont.]
Switch to notes view!
Instructional objectives Yes (or Globally yes)
No (or globally no)
Comments
Thank you for your answers to this questionnaire
Other comments
����
Section 1 � Module 1 � Page 1
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1�1All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010
Module 1Introduction
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Section 1GSM QoS Monitoring
EVOLIUM Base Station SubsystemBSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load Monitoring
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First edition, B11 MR1Xavier Pourtauborde29-June-201001
RemarksAuthorDateEdition
Document History
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Module Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
� Explain what is QoS and Traffic Load monitoring of the BSS
� Explain what are the information sources available for that purpose
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Module Objectives [cont.]
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Table of Contents
Switch to notes view!Page
1 Monitoring the QoS of the BSS 7Definition 8Scope of Work 9
2 Monitoring the Traffic Load of the BSS 10Definition 11
3 Information Sources Available 12Observation Tools 13Interface Trace 16Example of Abis & A Traces 17Example of Traces Post-Processing 18Example of Drive-Test 20Performance Measurement Counters 21Exercise 22Alcatel-Lucent BSS Counters 23BSS Counter Example 24Exercise 26
4 Introduction to K1205 PC Emulation 27Usage 28Measurement Scenarios Screen 29Filter Configuration 30Monitor Screen 31Extract a Call 32Call Extraction 33Exercise 34
5 Indicators Definition 35BSS Indicators Definition (Alcatel-Lucent) 36Typical KPI for BSS 37Typical KPI for Drive-tests 38Typical Thresholds 39Typical KPI Report 40
6 Methodological Precautions 41Objective 42Network Element Aggregation 43Global Indicator Validity 44Time Period Aggregation 45Exercise 46Self-assessment on the Objectives 47End of Module 48
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Table of Contents [cont.]
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1 Monitoring the QoS of the BSS
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1 Monitoring the QoS of the BSS
Definition
� "Monitor" "network" "quality"
� monitor = measure or ensure?
� network = BSS? BSS+NSS? BSS+NSS+PSTN …
� quality = service (end-user) and/or system (technical)
� But also detect, localize, diagnose outages
� detect (decide according to thresholds)
� localize (which cell, BSC, etc.)
� diagnose: radio, BSS, TC problems
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1 Monitoring the QoS of the BSS
Scope of Work
� Use all available tools at disposal to ensure:
� Subscribers get good QoS
� BSS equipments & interfaces are all running efficiently (no alarms, no critical situation)
� BSS Optimizers receive good inputs to enhance the network
� Management can characterize the network and deploy operational teams accordingly
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2 Monitoring the Traffic Load of the BSS
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2 Monitoring the Traffic Load of the BSS
Definition
� Measure the "quantity" of traffic handled by:
� each equipment, each board
� each interface
� Analyze traffic characteristics
� call, handover, location update, etc.
� As input for dimensioning/architecture team
MSC/VLR GGSN
BTSBSC
BTS
BTSBSC
Circuit CoreNetwork
IPNetwork
GPRSbackbone
SGSNMFS
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3 Information Sources Available
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3 Information Sources Available
Observation Tools
� System Performances: OMC-R PM (Performance Measurements) Counters
MSC/VLRGGSN
BTS BSC
BTS
BTS
BSC
Circuit CoreNetwork
IPNetwork
GPRSbackbone
SGSNMFS
OMC-R NPO
GSM PM Files are located in the OMC-R: /alcatel/share/var/AFTR/APME/BSC
cf. PM file snapshot in the comments
9153-RA OMC-R: Operation and Maintenance Center Radio.
9159 NPO: Network Performance Optimizer, replace NPA + RNO since B10 onwards.
Extract from a PM File in OBSYNT format, from 17:00 to 17:30.
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3 Information Sources Available
Observation Tools [cont.]
� NSS Performance: Core Network Counters
MSC/VLRGGSN
BTS BSC
BTS
BTSBSC
Circuit Core
Network
IPNetwork
GPRSbackbone
SGSNMFS
OMC-CS
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3 Information Sources Available
Observation Tools [cont.]
� Interfaces Traces: Capture messages through each interface
MSC/VLRGGSN
BTS BSC
BTS
BTSBSC
Circuit Core
Network
IPNetwork
GPRSbackbone
SGSNMFS
Drive-testsAbis trace
A trace
Post-Processing tool
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3 Information Sources Available
Interface Trace
Use trace MS to capture
signaling and signal
characteristics
Capture/decode signaling
between BSC and BTS with
"protocol analyzer"
(Wandel, Tektronix,
Gnnettest, etc.)
Capture/decode signaling between MSC and BSC-TC (A or Ater MUX) with "protocol analyzer" (Wandel, Tektronix, Gnnettest, etc.)
Information source
�Give precise location (x,y) of problems
� Give downlink radio information
� Only way to localize a lack of coverage
� Only way to monitor competitor
�Complete information (message contents, time-stamp)
� Possible detection of User/MS/BSS/TC/NSS problems
� Complete radio information thanks to measurement messages
� Downlink and uplink
� GSM standard, can be used for arbitrage between manufacturers
� Complete information (message contents, time-stamp)
� Possible detection of User/MS/BSS/TC/NSS problems
Advantages
� High cost of equipment
� Very time-consuming
� Difficulty to perform a lot of calls
-> number of samples insufficient
-> only a few streets
� No uplink
� High cost of equipment
� Time consuming, "post mortem" (installation of tool, file analysis)
� Important expertise needed for analysis
� Very low coverage (A few RSLs, a few cell(s))
� Very large amount of data (>> 10 Mbytes/hour/BTS)
�High cost of equipment
� Time consuming, "post mortem" (installation of tool, file analysis)
� Expertise needed for analysis
� Low coverage (K1103/MA10: 8 COCs, K1205/MPA: 32 COCsmaximum!)
� Large amount of data (>> 10 Mbytes /hour/BSC)
Drawbacks
Air interface
Abis Interface
A Interface
Interface
A interface :
The main advantage of the A interface is to allow the detection of Call Setup failures either due to the User or to the NSS (or PSTN).
Some typical user failure causes are: Some typical NSS failure causes are:
IMSI Unknown in VLR Temporary Failure
IMSI Unknown in HLR Resource Unavailable
IMEI Not Accepted Switching Equipment Congestion
PLMN Not Allowed Normal Unspecified
Service Option Not Supported Recovery on Timer Expiry
Requested Service Not Supported Call Reject
Unassigned Number Interworking
Operator Determined Barring Protocol Error
User Alerting Network Failure
Facility Not Subscribed Congestion
No Route to Destination
Normal Call Clearing
User Busy
Invalid Number Format
Call Reject
Interworking
Normal Unspecified
CAUTION: In order to assess the QoS of a BSS or some cells of a BSS, all N7 links between this BSC and the MSC must be traced. Indeed,
as the N7 signaling load is spread over all N7 links, signaling messages relating to one call can be conveyed on any of the active N7
links.
K1103 protocol analyzer can trace up to 8 COCs at the same time but on maximum 4 PCM physical links.
K1205 protocol analyzer can trace up to 32 COCs at the same time but on maximum 16 PCM physical links.
Abis interface : The main advantage of the Abis trace is to allow a detailed and precise assessment of the radio quality of a cell at TRX
level. Both DL and UL paths can be observed and compared.
Air Interface : The main advantage of the Air trace is to assiciate a radio quality measurements to a given geographical area of the
network.
From B7 release, the RMS feature implemented in the BSS provides a good level of information allowing to reduce the number of Abis
traces and drive test to be done for radio network optimization.
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3 Information Sources Available
Example of Abis & A Traces
K12 / K15 Protocol Analyzer
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Example of Traces Post-Processing
�
Detailedvisibility on calls& data
sessions
� Enter subscriber’s ID - Select time frame
FailingCalls
highlighted
Visibility / Services
< 3 seconds to display individual activity
�
Link to multi-interface& protocol decoding for deep investigation
Customer complaint analysis
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Example of Traces Post-Processing [cont.]
View at BSC level
Detailed call analysis shows that a group of subscribers owning the same handset keep trying a LU every 2s
Abnormal level of Location updates:
2 of biggest cities particularly impacted
Ven
dor
3 H
ands
et 1
Ven
dor
1 H
ands
et 3
Ven
dor
5 H
ands
et 2
Ven
dor
2 H
ands
et 2
Ven
dor
4 H
ands
et 1
V
endo
r 5
Han
dset
1V
endo
r 2
Han
dset
1V
endo
r 4
Han
dset
2V
endo
r 1
Han
dset
4V
endo
r 1
Han
dset
2V
endo
r 2
Han
dset
4V
endo
r 3
Han
dset
2V
endo
r 4
Han
dset
4V
endo
r 4
Han
dset
3V
endo
r 2
Han
dset
3V
endo
r 2
Han
dset
5V
endo
r 3
Han
dset
3V
endo
r 3
Han
dset
4
+
-
Location Update Failures per IMSI
Best / Worst performing handsets
Quality of handsets depending on various indicators (drops, call setup failures, etc.)
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Example of Drive-Test
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Performance Measurement Counters
� Count "events" seen by sub-system, value reported periodically
+ Low cost: collected directly at OMC
+ Compact data: possibility to store counters for a complete network
- Raw information, having to be consolidated to be understandable
- Manufacturer's dependent: questionable/difficult to compare
- Weak to analyze other sub-systems
The main advantage of the BSS counters is to provide easily QoS data for permanent QoS monitoring.
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Exercise
� Draw the BSS PM counters flow on the chart
� In which sub-system are the BSS QoS indicators computed and stored?
BSC
BSC
BSC
OMC-R
OMC-R
OMC-R
NPO
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Alcatel-Lucent BSS Counters
� Performance Management implementation
� Easy and cost-effective way to monitor network and carried traffic
� Principle:
� For a given duration (granularity period) typically 1 hour or ½ hour
� To count pre-defined events occurring on the Abis or A interface, or internal events.
� Counters stored with breakdown per network component (i.e. cell)
� About 1100 counters are available (only for GSM).
Action: Open the GSM PM Counters database (MS-ACCESS format)
Alcatel-Lucent has chosen to implement PM counters in the BSC and to increment them mostly on Abis
interface signaling messages.
Other suppliers may have chosen to increment them on A interface signaling messages or to implement
them in the BTS.
Therefore caution should be taken when interpreting QoS indicators value since some discrepancies may be
observed due to these possible choices.
In order to provide the operators with an easy and cost-effective way to monitor their network and carried
traffic, BSS manufacturers have implemented specific software features, called performance management.
The principle is to count for a given duration called granularity period (typically 1 hour) pre-defined events
occurring on the Abis or A interface, or internally. These counters are stored for each duration, with
breakdown per network component (i.e. cell).
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3 Information Sources Available
BSS Counter Example
Counter Reference Counter Name
Smallest element for which the counter is provided
All counters are described in PM Counters document.
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3 Information Sources Available
BSS Counter Example [cont.]
O 20 40 60 80 … … t
5 ts
10 ts
15 ts At the end of the hour:180 samples every 20sHourly value = SUM of sample /180
ts available
All counters are described in PM Counters document.
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3 Information Sources Available
Exercise
� Observation Means: find the best source of information.
9 – In a building, one is thinking that an elevator is inducing EM trouble, how to confirm?
8 – discriminate problems between BSS/NSS. BSS and NSS from different providers.
7 – compare networks quality
6 – history of network quality for several weeks
5 – localize abnormal cell in a network
4 – localize precise location of a radio pb
3 – get average network quality
Counters
Best source
Type 31 : RMS
Why
10 – Identify potential interfering cells of 1 cell
2 – monitor user failures
1 – overall radio quality of 1 cell
Observation to be done
EM: Electro-Magnetic
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4 Introduction to K1205 PC Emulation
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Usage
� The trace done with K1205 can be read:
� Directly on K1205 itself
� On any PC Windows NT® with dedicated emulation software
� Practical exercises will be done during the course using this software
� The following slides and exercises are here to teach you the basic skill needed to operate the tool for A Interface decoding
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4 Introduction to K1205 PC Emulation
Measurement Scenarios Screen
To select binary
trace file
To select binary
trace file
To enter in
monitoring mode to
analyze the
A trace
To enter in
monitoring mode to
analyze the
A trace
To filter the main
GSM protocols and
messages
To filter the main
GSM protocols and
messages
1. Start the K1205 Protocol Tester application.
2. In the Recording File box: click on the Open button and select the "PAIB29.rec" file.
3. Select all displayed N7 logical links (corresponding to 4 PCMs in this case).
4. Click on the Browse button and select gsm2_A.stk in the gsm2 sub-directory (corresponding to the GSM
Phase 2 A interface protocol stack).
5. Click on OK.
6. Click on the Monitor box to display the content of the recorded trace.
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Filter Configuration
� Configure your filter to remove some messages and protocols => Bypass Protocol Filterand select:
� SCCP Except UDT
� Keep all DTAP
� BSSM Except PAGIN
� Select also all Logical Links
ANNEX 4
The ANNEX 4 introduces some basics on the GSM protocol layers that will be traced for the A interface
analysis.
UDT: Unit Data (for Signaling Control Point) Remove Paging information
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Monitor Screen
Short View
1 line / message
Short View
1 line / message
Frame View
Full decoding of
selected message
Frame View
Full decoding of
selected message
Packet view
Message content
in hexadecimal
Packet view
Message content
in hexadecimal
To extract 1 callTo extract 1 call
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4 Introduction to K1205 PC Emulation
Extract a Call
� How to find a specific message?
� Edit - Find (or ctrl + F3)
� Select All Logical Links.
� Choose the protocol.
� Select the message studied.
� Use F3 to find another same message.
� How to extract a call from these traces?
� Click on the Zoom button.
� Select CC message (Connection Confirm).
� And UnZoom + Zoom to get:
� SLR: Source Location Reference
� LR: Destination Location Reference
At call setup, the first signaling message on the A interface is sent by the BSC to the MSC in order to set up
a logical link (called SCCP connection) between the BSS and the NSS.
Both BSS and NSS entities choose a unique reference which has to be used by the other party to identify the
SCCP connection on which the messages are conveyed. Both BSS reference (xxx) and NSS reference (yyy) are exchanged during the SCCP Connection Request and Connection Confirm phases. After that only the
reference of the other party is used.
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4 Introduction to K1205 PC Emulation
Call Extraction
� Then
Click on the Filter button and filter out all protocol layers and messages except:
� all DTAP messages,
� all BSSMAP messages except "Paging”,
� SCCP CR (Connection Request) and CC (Connection Confirm) messages.
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4 Introduction to K1205 PC Emulation
Exercise
� Use the tool to extract a few calls from file PAIB29.REC
1) Zoom on a CC message:
Find the definition of all messages in the Frame View.
2) Zoom on a CR message with LUREQ.
How to extract the complete call?
3) Use “Find” to extract a call with an ALERTING message. Can you see the CC message? If not, Why?
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5 Indicators Definition
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5 Indicators Definition
BSS Indicators Definition (Alcatel-Lucent)
� Formula of counters
� Call_drop_BSS = Σ (Drops BSS Int. Fail. + Drops BSS Remote TC)
= Σ (MC14c + MC739)
� RTCH_Erlang_Total = Σ (Occupancy RTCH) / 3600
= Σ (MC380a + MC380b) / 3600
� Difference: Key Performance Indicator (KPI) or Detailed Indicator
� KPI: For high-level monitoring, to measure progress towards organizational goals. KPI's are a subset of indicators, selected by radio engineers & managers.
"If all KPIs are fine, then everything is fine"
� Detailed: Any other indicator, within the 4000 ALU Indicators! For troubleshooting and analysis of problems, known only by expert radio engineers.
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� Call drop %
Rate of calls dropped after successful assignment
� E2E Call Set-Up Success %
Rate of call setups successfully
� Outgoing Handover Success %
Rate of successful outgoing external and internal intercell SDCCH and TCH handovers
� TCH congestion %
Rate of RTCH not allocated during normal assignment due to congestion on Air interface.
� SDCCH unsuccess %
Rate of SDCCH not allocated during radio link establishment due to congestion, radio problems or other problems.
5 Indicators Definition
Typical KPI for BSS
B11
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5 Indicators Definition
Typical KPI for Drive-tests
� Call Establishment Success Rate
� Rate of DL RxQual samples < 3
� Rate of DL RxLev samples > -80dBm (beware of power control…)
� Voice Quality (MOS)
MOS : Mean Opinion Score
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5 Indicators Definition
Typical Thresholds
� Not taking into account coverage or frequency planning
96.0%% Out HO Efficiency
1.0%% SDCCH Assign Cong
0.5%% SDCCH Drop
1.5%% RTCH Assign Fail
2.0%% RTCH Assign Cong
97.0%% Call Setup Success (ALU formula)
1.20%% RTCH drop
1.50%% Call Drop
The Call Drop rate at network level has to compared to:
� Contractual threshold: can be requested by the operator management to the operational radio team, can be
requested by the operator to the provider on swap or network installation
� Quality threshold: fixed internally by radio team management.
Quality thresholds are usually tighter than contractual ones.
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5 Indicators Definition
Typical KPI Report
� Observe this report from NPO. Is this cell below typical CSSR threshold?
Call success - CELL2G: cell00301_03017 (301/3017) ( 999/F77/301/3017 ) - 01/07/2009 To 07/07/2009
(Working Zone: Training - Medium)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
01/07/2009 02/07/2009 03/07/2009 04/07/2009 05/07/2009 06/07/2009 07/07/2009
nb
97.5%
98.%
98.5%
99.%
99.5%
100.%
%
Assign Unsucc
Call drop
SDCCH drop
% End to End Call setup
% Call success
% Call setup
Call setup is above 97%
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6 Methodological Precautions
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6 Methodological Precautions
Objective
� Avoid typical errors regarding indicators interpretation
� Rule: Good indicator value all componants are good
� Ex: a BSC with CDR = 1% … not all cells in the BSC are good !
a Cell with CSSR = 99% for one day … not all hours are good !
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6 Methodological Precautions
Network Element Aggregation
� The average value of an indicator for a Network:
� Is not the average of cell results (or any sub-part of it)
� BUT is the average weighted by the traffic
number of calls number of call drop call drop rate
cell 1 390 8 2,10%
cell 2 546 29 5,25%
cell 3 637 20 3,10%
cell 4 1029 12 1,14%
cell 5 536 3 0,50%
cell 6 2 1 50,00%
cell 7 3 1 33,00%
cell 8 210 4 2,11%
cell 9 432 5 1,20%
cell 10 321 4 1,11%
average of cell results 9,95%
total nb of drop/total number of calls 2,10%
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6 Methodological Precautions
Global Indicator Validity
� To be reliable, an indicator must be based on a sufficient number of events. Estimation theory gives a fresh look on our KPI:
� If a sample (number of calls) is too small, then the indicator doesn't represent a statistical reality but just a random occurrence of events.
MinMaxNb Calls
1.7%2.3%10000
1.6%2.4%5000
1.5%2.5%3000
1.4%2.6%2000
1.1%2.9%1000
0.9%3.1%600
0.6%3.4%400
0.1%3.9%200
0.0%4.7%100
0.0%10.7%10
If displayed CDR = 2%, but nb of calls = …
� if « p » is the probability of success for a complete population
� if one is measuring the probability P based on a sample of size « N »
� There is a probability of 95 % that p is between: P +/- 1.96*[(p*(1-p))/n]½
� Example: for p = 90 % and N = 100 => [ 84,12% ; 95,88% ]
On Alcatel-Lucent QoS monitoring tool (MPM application on OMC-R, NPA or RNO), NEs (BSS, Cell or TRX) are
highlighted with bad QoS indicator value if enough corresponding events have been observed (called Validity
threshold).
Examples:
� Cells with bad Call Drop rate will be highlighted if CDR > CDR_threshold and if the Number of Calls is greater
than the CDR Validity threshold.
� Cells with bad Outgoing handover success rate will be highlighted if OHOSUR > OHOSUR_threshold and if the
Number of Outgoing Handovers is greater than the OHO Validity threshold.
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6 Methodological Precautions
Time Period Aggregation
� TCH congestion rate at busy hour:
� Weighted average of cell congestion at the busy hour of the network?
� Weighted average of cell congestion rate for its specific busy hour?
time
erlangcongestion %
Cell A
Cell B
Cell C
Max traffic = Busy HourCongestion @ Busy Hour
Max congestion
Busy Hour at BSC levelnot the same as cells BH
BHa
BHb
BHc
BSCΣmax bh
Usually:
� Cell Busy Hour = hour of the day where max TCH traffic (in erlang) is observed.
� BSC Busy Hour = hour of the day where max TCH traffic (as the sum of the TCH traffic of all cells of the BSS)
is observed.
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6 Methodological Precautions
Exercise
�Is the conclusion given for each indicator right?
15346
4000
2000
215
4500
3267872
2315
2456435
Samples (calls)
BSS1 belonging to MSC Stadium
has a call setup success of 95%
LA = BSS1+BSS2 has a call drop
of 2.3%
Cell 15, 13 has certainly a
trouble
The call drop for BSS_1 is good
In France, call setup success=
97%
There is a good call setup
success rate for cell 15, 145
All the cells have a good call
drop
Conclusion
For BSS 1, call drop of 2%
For BSS 2, call drop of 3%
MSC <<Stadium>> has a call setup success of 95%
Call drop for cell 156,13 = 5%
Call drop rate for BSS <<BSS_1>> = 1%
In Paris: 2500 cells with 95% of call setup success
In the rest of France: 5000 cells with 98%
Call setup success for cell 15, 145 = 99,5%
NOKCall drop = 0,9% in your country
OK / NOK ?Indicator
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Self-assessment on the Objectives
� Please be reminded to fill in the formSelf-Assessment on the Objectivesfor this module
� The form can be found in the first partof this course documentation
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End of ModuleIntroduction
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Do not delete this graphic elements in here:
1�2All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010
Module 2Global Indicators3JK11044AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
Section 1GSM QoS Monitoring
EVOLIUM Base Station SubsystemBSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load Monitoring
3FL10491ADAAWBZZA2 Issue 2
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Blank Page
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First edition B11 MR1Xavier Pourtauborde29-June-201001
RemarksAuthorDateEdition
Document History
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Module Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
� Explain what is a detailed indicator and what are the different classifications of the detailed indicators provided by the Alcatel-Lucent BSS
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Module Objectives [cont.]
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Table of Contents
Switch to notes view!Page
1 Indicators Reference Name 7Description 8
2 Indicators Classification 9BSS Counter Collection Mechanism 10BSS Performance Measurement Types 11Classification of GSM Indicators 12Formalism of Telecom Procedures 13SDCCH Traffic 14TCH Traffic 15QoS SDCCH 16QoS RTCH 17QoS Call Statistics 18Handover Causes 19Outgoing Handovers 20Incoming Handovers 21Intracell Handovers 22Handover Statistics per Couple of Cells 23Self-assessment on the Objectives 24End of Module 25
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Table of Contents [cont.]
Switch to notes view!
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1 Indicators Reference Name
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1 Indicators Reference Name
Description
� Each QOS indicator has a unique REFERENCE NAME of 10 characters.
UnitFamily
Procedure Type Joker
Prefix Sub-type
mandatory
optionalTechnology
� Tehnology: G (GSM), U (UMTS), W (WiMaX)
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2 Indicators Classification
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2 Indicators Classification
BSS Counter Collection Mechanism
� Cumulative
� The counter is incremented at the occurrence of a specific event.
� Abis or A message, or internal event.
� At the end of a collection period, the result is the sum of the events.
� Inspection
� Every 20 or 10 seconds, a task quantifies an internal resource status (usually a table).
� At the end of a collection period, the result is the mean value.
� Observation
� Set of recorded information about a telecom procedure (handover, channel release, UL & DL measurements reporting).
� Radio Measurement Statistics
� Aggregation of all "Measurement Results" for a day and a TRX/Cell.
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2 Indicators Classification
BSS Performance Measurement Types
2G Traffic flow meas.180Overview meas.110
B11IP transport35B9Voice Group Call Services34B9Electro-Magnetic Emission 33B8Change of frequency band meas.32
Radio Measurement Statistics31SMS CB meas.30Directed retry meas.29SDCCH HO28
1 cell2G TCH incoming HO per adj. meas.2740 cellsTCH outgoing HO per adj. meas.26
SCCP meas.25SMS PP meas.19A interface meas.18
15 cellsTCH observation1515 cellsOutgoing external HO obs.1415 cellsIncoming external HO obs.1315 cellsInternal HO obs.121 cellTCH meas. obs.11
15 cellsSDCCH obs.10N7 meas.9X25 meas.8LapD meas.7
40 cellsTCH HO meas.640 cellsResource usage on TCH meas.540 cellsResource usage on SDCCH meas.440 cellsResource usage on CCCH meas.340 cellsResource availability meas.240 cellsTraffic meas.1
Since …LimitationsNameType
B11
A standard PM type can be activated for the whole network. It means that the related counters are
reported for all the Network Elements they are implemented on (TRX, CELL, N7 link, X25 link, LAPD link,
Adjacency).
A detailed PM type can be activated only on a sub-set of the network. It means that the related counters
are reported only for a limited number of Network Elements:
� 40 cells per BSS for PM types 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 26, 29
� 15 cells per BSS for PM types 10, 12, 13, 14, 15
� 1 cell per BSS for PM types 11, 27
Counter numbering rules:
� Cyz: cumulative or inspection counters in PM types 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 18, 19, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 180
� Ly.z: cumulative counters in PM type 7 (L stands for LAPD link)
� Xy.z: cumulative counters in PM type 8 (X stands for X25 link)
� Ny.z: cumulative counters in PM type 9 (N stands for N7 link)
� Syz: observation counters in PM type 10 (S stands for SDCCH)
� Ryz:: observation counters in PM type 11 (R stands for Radio measurements)
� HOyz: observation counters in PM type 12, 13, 14 (HO stands for HandOver)
� Tyz: observation counters in PM type 15 (T stands for TCH)
� RMSyz: cumulative counters in PM type 31 (RMS stands for Radio Measurement Statistics)
� MCyz or MNy.z: cumulative counters in PM type 110 (M stands for Major)
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2 Indicators Classification
Classification of GSM Indicators
Control Channels
Traffic load
Call statistics
Global QoS Handover Resource availability
Multiband
Densification techniques
GSM indicators
3G to 2G HOA Channel availability
SCCP
TCH
RTCH
Couple of cell
SDCCH/TCH HO
Intracell HO
Multilayer / MultibandNetwork
Concentric cells
Inter-PLMN HO
SDCCH availability
RTCH availability
SDCCH
Outgoing HO Directed retryDynamic SDCCHSDCCH
Incoming HO
HO causes
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2 Indicators Classification
Formalism of Telecom Procedures
“Telecom procedure”-ATTEMPT
“Telecom procedure”-SUCCESS
“Telecom procedure”-whose channel is ALLOCATED in BSC
channel activationfailure
assignment/HOexecution failure
PREPARATION phase
EXECUTION phase
failure in channel established phase
the MS has seized the channel
- radio link failure- handover execution failure(with or without reversionto the old channel)- BSS problem- NSS problem
- radio link failure- BSS problem- NSS problem
“Telecom procedure”-REQUEST
- BSS problem- NSS problem
- congestion
no resource availablein BSC
resource availablein the BSC
channel activationsuccess
(start)
(end)
Success Rate = (Success) / (Request)Efficiency Rate = (Success) / (Allocated)Unsuccessful Rate = (Preparation & Execution Failures) / (Request)Failure Rate = (Execution Failures) / (Request)
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2 Indicators Classification
SDCCH Traffic
� Traffic Load and Traffic Model
� SDCCH traffic
Estab
SDCCH Traffic
TrafficMT
TrafficMO
Loc. Update
IMSI Detach
Sup. Service
Call
LU Follow on
SMS
CallRe-Estab
Other
MSPenetration Rate
TrafficDual Band
ResourceOccupancy
SDCCHErlang
SDCCH MeanHolding TimeGlobal
Traffic
GlobalRequests
TrafficModel
HandoverNormalAssignment
NormalAssignment
Handover
The Traffic model section includes indicators for:
� number of SDCCH connection requests and successes (Immediate Assignment, HO).
� distribution of SDCCH connection success (MO and MT connections versus all MO+MT connections, type of
MO connections versus all MO connection types).
The MS penetration rate section includes the indicator for percentage of multiband MS SDCCH access
(except LU) versus all MS SDCCH accesses.
The Resource occupancy section includes indicators for:
� SDCCH traffic in Erlang.
� average duration in seconds of SDCCH channel usage.
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2 Indicators Classification
TCH Traffic
� Traffic Load and Traffic Model
� TCH traffic RTCH Traffic
Resource
Occupancy
TCHErlang
Full Rate
Erlang
Full RateAllocated
Full RateMean TCH
Time
Half Rate
Erlang
Half RateAllocated
Half RateMean TCH
Time
Blocking Peak
Ratio ofHR Traffic
TCHMultiband
Occupancy
Traffic Model
REQUESTSAssign / HO / DR
SUCCESSAssign/ HO/ DR
HO PER CALL
REQUESTS
FR, DR, DR/EFR, AMR, DATA
Speech Version&
Channel Type
ALLOCATIONS
FR, HR, EFR, AMR, DATA
SUCCESSAMR / TFO
The Speech Version and Channel Type section includes indicators for:
� distribution of TCH allocation requests (FR/DR/DR+EFR/AMR/DATA).
� distribution of TCH allocation successes (FR/DR/DR+EFR/AMR/DATA).
� rate of TCH AMR allocation successes.
� rate of TFO calls versus all speech calls.
The Traffic model section includes indicators for:
� number of TCH connection requests and successes (Normal Assignment, HO, DR).
� rate of TCH allocation successes for HO+DR versus all TCH allocations (NA+HO+DR).
� number of HOs per call.
The Resource occupancy section includes indicators for:
� RTCH traffic in Erlang (FR+HR, FR, HR, multiband).
� average duration in seconds of RTCH channel usage (FR+HR, FR, HR).
� number of TCH FR allocations and number of TCH HR allocations.
� rate of TCH HR allocations versus all TCH allocations (FR+HR).
� TCH peak of blocking (TCH congestion time).
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2 Indicators Classification
QoS SDCCH
� GLOBAL Quality of Service
� SDCCHSDCCH
Established
Phase
Drop Rate
Drop Radio Drop HO
Unsuccess
Congestion
Assignment Phase
/
Handover
RadioFailure
BSS Failure
Access Reject
Dynamic Allocation
Drop BSS
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2 Indicators Classification
QoS RTCH
� GLOBAL Quality of service
� RTCH
DirectedRetry
RTCH
Unsuccess
Assignment Phase/
Handover
Global RadioCongestion Level
Congestion
RadioFailure
BSSFailure
EstablishedPhase
Drop rate
Drop Radio
Drop BSS
Drop HO
Preemption
PreemptionPhase
PCI =1 PVI =1
Requests
Allocationwith / withoutPreemption
Failure
Success
Success
QueuingPhase
Queue Length
AssignQueuing Fail
AssignQueued& Reject
Queued
Success
Queue Full
HigherPriority
Timeout
AssignQueued
NormalAssign.
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2 Indicators Classification
QoS Call Statistics
� GLOBAL Quality of service
� Call statisticsCall Statistics
Call Success
Call SetupSuccess Rate
CallSuccess Rate
Cell QualityFactor Absolute
Cell QualityFactor Relative
Call Drop
Call Drop Rate
Drop Radio Drop BSSDrop HO
Transcoder Failure
BSS Internal Failure
Call DropEnd User Rate
Preemption
End to End Call Setup
Success Rate
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2 Indicators Classification
Handover Causes
� Handover STATISTICS
� Handover causes
Handover causes
HO causes
All
HO
cause
distribution
Outgoing HO Incoming HO
HO standard
cause
distribution
HO cause
category
distribution
HO causes per Adjacency
HO cause
category
distribution
Fast traffic HO taken into account type of counter for dual band HO
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2 Indicators Classification
Outgoing Handovers
� Handover STATISTICS
� Outgoing handovers
Failure With Reversion
Call Drop Rate
Efficiency
Preparation Success Rate
Intra-BSC
Failure With Reversion
Call Drop Rate
Efficiency
Preparation Success Rate
External
Call Drop Rate
Efficiency
Success Rate
Intra-BSC & External
Outgoing HO
LAPD counter to analyze the cause of delay in HO procedures
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2 Indicators Classification
Incoming Handovers
� Handover STATISTICS
� Incoming handovers
Failure BSS
Failure Radio
Congestion
Efficiency
Intra-BSC
Failure BSS
Failure Radio
Failure No CIC
Congestion
Efficiency
External
Efficiency
Intra-BSC & External
Incoming HO
� Incoming external HO 3G - > 2G
� Incoming external HO 2G - > 2G only
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2 Indicators Classification
Intracell Handovers
� Handover STATISTICS
� Intracell handovers
� New B9 counters: HO Cause 30� NB_TCH_HO_REQ_30_ReturnCSZone=MC480 (Type 110)
� NB_TCH_HO_ATPT_30_ReturnCSZone=MC481 (Type 110)
CDR Radio CDR BSS
Failure With Reversion
Failure BSS
Call Drop Rate
Congestion
Efficiency
Intracell HO
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2 Indicators Classification
Handover Statistics per Couple of Cells
� Handover STATISTICS
� Handover statistics per couple of cell
HO Success Distribution
Success Rate
Efficiency
Preparation Success Rate
HO statistics
per Couple of Cell
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Self-assessment on the Objectives
� Please be reminded to fill in the formSelf-Assessment on the Objectivesfor this module
� The form can be found in the first partof this course documentation
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End of ModuleGlobal Indicators
Section 1 � Module 3 � Page 1
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Do not delete this graphic elements in here:
1�3All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010
Module 3Detailed Indicators
3JK11045AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
Section 1GSM QoS Monitoring
EVOLIUM Base Station SubsystemBSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load Monitoring
3FL10491ADAAWBZZA2 Issue 2
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Blank Page
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First edition B11 MR1Xavier Pourtauborde28-june-1001
RemarksAuthorDateEdition
Document History
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Module Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
� Explain what is a Global indicator and what are the main BSS indicators regarding GSM services provided by the Alcatel-Lucent BSS
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Module Objectives [cont.]
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Table of Contents
Switch to notes view! Page
1 Call Setup Principles 7Objective 8Call Setup Procedure 1/2 9Call Setup Procedure 2/2 10Call Setup phasing 11Paging 12Successful Paging Procedure 13Paging Discarded due to PCH Congestion 14Paging Coordination 15Paging Request, Air Interface 17
2 Typical Call Setup Failures 18RLE – Originated Call Success 19RLE – Terminated Call Success 20RLE - Channel Request Message 21RLE – Call Distribution 22RLE - SDCCH Congestion Failure 23RLE - SDCCH Congestion 24RLE - SDCCH Congestion 25RLE - SDCCH Cong. Impacts 26RLE - SDCCH Cong. Causes & Solutions 27RLE – Dynamic SDCCH 29RLE - SDCCH Radio Failure 30RLE - Real SDCCH Radio Failures 31RLE - Ghost RACH 32RLE - Ghost RACH Causes 33RLE – Same BCCH-BSIC couple (Channel Req.) 35RLE – Same freq-BSIC couple (HO Access) 36RLE - BSS Failure 38RLE - Summary 39RLE - Indicators 40Convention 41SDCCH Phase – Originated Call Success 42SDCCH Phase – Terminated Call Success 43SDCCH Phase – Location Update Success 44SDCCH Phase - Drops 45SDCCH Phase - Radio Drop 46SDCCH Phase - BSS Drop 47SDCCH Phase - HO drop 48SDCCH Phase - Counters 49SDCCH Phase - Indicators 50SDCCH Phase - Exercise 51TCH Assignment – Success Case 52TCH Assignment – Phase Split 53TCH Assignment – MS Capabilities 54TCH Assignment - Congestion 55TCH Assignment – Exercise 56TCH Assignment - Radio Failure in TCH Uplink 57TCH Assignment - Radio Failure in TCH Downlink 58TCH Assignment - Radio Failure at T3107 expiry 59TCH Assignment - BSS Problem 60TCH Assignment - Counters 61TCH Assignment - Indicators 62TCH Assignment - Exercise 63
3 Key Performance Indicators 64Reminder 65
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Table of Contents [cont.]
Switch to notes view! Page
SDCCH Congestion Rate 66SDCCH Failure Rate 68SDCCH Drop Rate 70TCH Assign Unsuccess Rate 72TCH Assign Unsuccess Rate – Preparation Phase 73TCH Assign Unsuccess Rate – Execution Phase 74Cell Congestion Rate 75Call Setup Success Rate 76Call Success Rate 78End to End Call Setup Success Rate 79Alc_Mono_Call 81Differences between CSSR and E2ECSSR 82Self-assessment on the Objectives 83End of Module 84
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1 Call Setup Principles
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1 Call Setup Principles
Objective
� Description of the main call setup success and failures cases, with:
� Main specific counters
� Main protocol timers
� Diagnose the main case of failures on A interface traces using the K1205 emulation software
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Subscription Checking(calling party rights, call barring)
Translation of the Called Number
1 Call Setup Principles
Call Setup Procedure 1/2
MSC/VLR
Establish Indication "CM Service Request"
HLR/AuC/SCP/
Channel Request (RACH)
Immediate Assignment (AGCH)
Security Checks
MM Authentication Procedure
CC Setup
CC Call Proceeding
Assignment Request (CIC)
Assignment Complete
Assignment Command
Assignment Complete
MM/RR Ciphering Procedure
MM/RR TMSI Reallocation Procedure
Call
Setup
Phase
MM Identity Request
Release of SDCCH Radio
Channel
SDCCH
TCH
CCCH
BSSMS
Connect Req. (CR)Connect Conf. (CC)
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1 Call Setup Principles
Call Setup Procedure 2/2
MSC/VLR HLR/AuC/SCP/
BSSMS
ISUP ACM
CC Alerting
ISUP IAM
Conversation phase
CC Connect
CC Connect Ack.
Called partyfree & ringing
ISUP ANC Called partyAnswered
MAP Send Routing Info.
MAP Send Routing Info. ResIf Called Nb= MSISDN
CC Disconnect
CC Release
CC Release Complete
ISUP CLF
ISUP RLGRelease of Radio Resources
Call
Setup
Phase
CallRel.Phase
Conv.Phase
V-MSC/VLRTCH
Steps of a Basic SS7 Call:
1) The caller takes the phone "off-hook", dial the destination number. The subscriber signaling pass this
information to the local calling office.
2) The local originating office which use SS7, encapsulates the dialed number and the CPC (calling Party
Category) information in to the first signal IAM (Initial Address Message) to setup the call to the destination office. In some cases IAM can be replaced with IAI (Initial Address Message with Additional
Information) to pass more information.
3) On the route to the destination each receiving office checks the DPC (Destination Point Code) with its
own Point Code to see if the message is destined to itself. If not it transfers the message to the next
office in the route. When the destination office finally receives the IAM or IAI, it checks the subscriber
number to see if it's free. If free then sends back the ACM (Address Complete Message).
4) At this point, the voice circuit is opened, ring back tone is put on the circuit back to the caller and
ringing current is sent to the dialled number's phone.
5) When the called subscriber answers, the destination switching office sends back ANC (Address Charge Message) to the first office to begin call charging.
6) When the conversation is over, to release the call circuit, the originating switching office sends CLF (Clear Forward) and the destination switching office sends back the RLG (Release Guard) signals.
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1 Call Setup Principles
Call Setup phasing
� 4 steps for a call establishment
� Each phase has a specific utility and some weaknesses
� In the table, indicate which phases are used for each type of connection:
Radio Link EstablishmentSDCCH PhaseTCH assignmentAlerting/CNX Phase
����Alerting/Connection4
����TCH Assignment3
������������SDCCH Phase2
����������������Radio Link Establisment1
GPRS TransferCallSMSSignallingCALL SETUP PHASES
Alerting/Connection4
TCH Assignment3
SDCCH Phase2
Radio Link Establisment1
GPRS TransferCall (OC/TC)SMSSignalling (LU,
IMSI Det)CALL SETUP PHASES
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1 Call Setup Principles
Paging
� MS is "IMSI-attached" to the network: the MSC/VLR knows the L.A. in which the MS is located.
MSC
BSC 1
BSC 2
ISUPIAM
CSPAG
LAC 002
LAC 001
LAC 002
PAGINGCOMMAND
to each cell in the LAC 002
L.A.: Location Area (LAC: Location Area Code)
In the CS PAG (CS-Paging) message, the LAC that should be paged is included.
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1 Call Setup Principles
Successful Paging Procedure
CS Paging (MS1)
Multiple Paging Command
(MS1 pgr1, MS2 pgr1, MS3 pgr2)
CS Paging (MS2)
CS Paging (MS3)
Paging Request for Group 1
(MS1 , MS2)
MS3
Paging Request for Group 3
(MS3)
Establishment Indication
incl. Paging Response
Connection Setup
T3113
timer stopped
MC01
MC8a
MC925b
MC925b
MC925g x 3
MC930 x 1
MC940
MC940
MC940
Since B10, BSC can send Multiple Paging Command
MSC sends a PAGING message and starts the timer T3113 to supervise the PAGING RESPONSE message
from the MS. T3113 is started for each Paging !
The MSC may repeat the PAGING message if no answer arrives before T3113 expiry.
The BSC starts T_SEND_MULTIPLE_PAGING_CMD timer (assumed to be not yet running) when the first
PAGING message (MS1) is received.
When the number of PAGING messages queued in the BSC equals
NB_MAX_MSG_MULTIPLE_PAGING_CMD, or at T_SEND_MULTIPLE_PAGING_CMD expiry:
� Multiple Paging Command is built and send to the cells.
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1 Call Setup Principles
Paging Discarded due to PCH Congestion
CS Paging (MS1)
Multiple Paging Command
(MS1 pgr1, MS2 pgr1, MS3 pgr2)
CS Paging (MS2)
CS Paging (MS3)
MS3
T3113
timer expires
MC8a
MC940
MC940
MC940
MC925h x 1
Paging Queue is fullPaging Command is
rejected
CS Paging (MS3)
MSC
MSC timer
In case of RSL DL Congestion (= LAPD Congestion), the Pagings are not sent on the Abis interface
anymore.
IF MSC timer T3113 expires, the MSC will retransmit the paging over the whole LAC or even more (whole
BSC, whole network, …)
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1 Call Setup Principles
Paging Request, Air Interface
� Depending on how the MS is identified by the MSC, the Paging Request is built by the BTS using a certain type:
4x TMSI3 x TMSIor 2 x TMSI + 1 IMSI
IMSIor TMSIor 2 x TMSIor 2 x IMSIor 1 TMSI + 1 IMSI
Possible combinations
432Max. paged MS
Type 3Type 2Type 1
Paging Request
most common
In this table, TMSI can be replaced by P-TMSI (in case of PS Paging). A PS Paging can be merged with a CS
Paging.
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
RLE – Originated Call Success
Radio Link EstablishmentSDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
MC8cMC925d
MC148
IP21 only in case of IP BSS
MC8b
MC925a
MC925e
MC02
C253
C256
CR and CC messages are contains the SCCP references to be used for the call
The SDCCH resource allocation is performed by the BSC. Once allocated, the SDCCH channel is activated by
the BTS on BSC request.
T3101 is the guard timer for the SDCCH access from the MS. The Default value is 3 seconds.
The SCCP Connection Request message is conveyed on an A interface PCM timeslot chosen by the BSC
(called COC).
The SCCP Connection Confirm message is conveyed on a COC chosen by the MSC which can be located on a
different PCM than the one of the COC used by the BSC to send signaling messages to the MSC.
Originating + Destination Point Codes : N7 physical address
Originating + Destination References : SCCP reference between MSC and BSC
Multiple SACCH Modify (New in B10) : request to send ASAP some system information messages that should
be updated when the MS moves from Idle Mode to Dedicated Mode (usually, the SI5, with the list of
neighbours).
C253 and C256 are type 25 counters (related to SCCP measurements).
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
RLE – Terminated Call Success
Radio Link EstablishmentSDCCH Phase
TCH assignment
Alerting/CNX Phase
MC8cMC925d
MC148
IP21 only in case of IP BSS
MC8b
MC925a
MC925e
MC01
C253
C256
MC8a
A paging message is broadcast by the MSC to all BSCs controlling cells belonging to the same Location Area
as the one of the paged MS.
In case no MS is accessing the SDCCH channel (T3101 expiry) then the BSC does not repeat the Immediate
Assignment since the MS may have accessed an SDCCH in another BSS. It is up to the MSC to repeat Paging if
T3113 expires (usually around 7 seconds).
MC8A counts the number of Paging Command messages sent on a cell.
MC01 counts the number of MSs which have successfully accessed an SDCCH in a cell as part of a Mobile
Terminating (MT) call.
CR: Complete L3 Info
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
RLE - Channel Request Message
� Format of the message: 1 byte (8 bits)
Random ReferenceEstablishment Cause
Random ReferenceEstablishment Cause
Random ReferenceEstablishment Cause
Random ReferenceEstablishment Cause
12345678
� Valid causes :� 000 : Location update (Normal, periodic, IMSI attach)
� 100 : Terminating Call
� 101 : Emergency Call
� 110 : Call Re-establishment
� 111 : Originating call (Not Emergency)
� 011 : If GPRS is implemented in the cell
� Invalid causes : 001, 010, 011
NECI: New Establishment Cause Indication (0: not supported, 1: supported), is always set to 1 in Alcatel-
Lucent BSS
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� Mobile Originating Cause Split: MC02
� = MC02a+MC02b+MC02c+MC02d+MC02e+MC02f+MC02g+MC02h+MC02i
2 Typical Call Setup Failures
RLE – Call Distribution
MC02A: Location Update & IMSI Attach
MC02B: SMS
MC02C: Supplementay Services
MC02D: Location Update with follow-on TCH assignment for call establishment
MC02E: Call Reestablishment
MC02F: L3 Info unknown by BSC but forwarded to MSC
MC02G: IMSI Detach
MC02H: Normal or Emergency call
MC02i: Location Services (LCS)
C190 (Type 19) SMS Originated SDCCH
C191 (Type 19) SMS Terminated SDCCH
Could you find any other counters that would give more details about SMS?
In NPO, in indicator family "SMS"
Call Re-establishment (3GPP 24.008, 4.5.1.6)
The re-establishment takes place when a lower layer failure occurs and at least one MM connection is active
(i.e.. the mobile station's MM sublayer is either in state 6 "MM CONNECTION ACTIVE" or state 20 "WAIT FOR
ADDITIONAL OUTGOING MM CONNECTION").
Supplementary services (SS) in GSM are a means of enriching the user experience. An SS may, for example,
forward a call in the case of no reply from the called party, bar certain outgoing or incoming calls, show the
number of the calling party to the called party, etc. The subscription to supplementary services is contained
in the HLR and is sent to the MSC/VLR during registration.
Name identification Calling name presentation (CNAP)
Call forwarding Call forwarding – unconditional (CFU)
Call forwarding – busy (CFB)
Call forwarding – no reply (CFNRY)
Call forwarding – not reachable (CFNRC)
etc.
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
RLE - SDCCH Congestion Failure
� Main failure cases for Radio Link Establishment
SDCCH Assignment Unsuccess Rate
SDCCH Assignment Failure Radio Rate
SDCCH Assignment Failure BSS Rate
SDCCH Assignment Failure Congestion Rate
LapD Problem
LAPD_unavailable_time (L1.16, type 7)
LAPD_Time_LAPD_Cong (L1.18, type 7)
This problem could impact any other phase as well
LAPD Congestion will lead to
1/ Defense mechanism :
if UL RSL Congestion: Channel Requests, SMS and Detection of Call drop due to Remote Transcoder are
discarded
if DL RSL Congestion: Paging, "SDCCH" Channel activation and SMS are discarded
2/ If congestion continues and the Lapd buffers overflow, then the LapD link is RESET.
Congestion and Reset are counted in the LapD counters.
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
RLE - SDCCH Congestion
� BSC reaction depends on EN_IMM_ASS_REJ value
� IF EN_IMM_ASS_REJ = DISABLE, no message is sent to MS
� MS wait T3120 expiry and sends automatically another Channel Request
� Up to MAX_RETRANS times (def = 2)
T3120(≈130ms)
T3120
1
2
0
MC8c
MC8c
MC8c
T3126
MS goes back to IDLE MODE & displays "Network Error"
MC04
MC04
MC04
Time during which the SDCCH are all busy in the cell:SDCCH_time_system_congestion = MC803MC803
T3120 is computed by the MS as a random number of slots between:
* 250 and 250+T-1 for a phase 1 MS where:
T=Tx_integer parameter (1 value per cell chosen between 3 to 50 slots)
* S and S+T-1 for a phase 2 MS where:
T=Tx_integer parameter (1 value per cell chosen between 3 to 50 slots, with 1 slot = 0.577ms)
S is a parameter depending on the CCCH configuration and on the value of Tx_integer as defined in the
following table 3GPP 331121 from 44.018:
TX_integer S(CCCH Not Comb) S(CCCH Combined)
3, 8, 14, 50 55 41
4, 9, 16 76 52
5, 10, 20 109 58
6, 11, 25 163 86
7, 12, 32 217 115
By default Tx_integer=32, then S=217. Therefore T3120 is between 125ms and 144ms.
T3126 is MS dependent, greater than T3120 but less than 5s.
After T3126 expiry, MS display "Network Error", except in case of LU, in which case the MS attempts to
reselect another cell and repeat the procedure.
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
RLE - SDCCH Congestion
� BSC reaction depends on EN_IMM_ASS_REJ value
� IF EN_IMM_ASS_REJ = ENABLE, "Imm. Assg. Reject" is sent to MS
� MS is forced to wait WI_xx before sending another Channel Request
� Up to MAX_RETRANS times (def = 2)
WI_OC(=5s)
WI_OC
1
2
0
MC8c
MC8c
MC8c
T3126
MS goes back to IDLE MODE & displays "Network Error"
MC04
MC04
MC04
Time during which the SDCCH are all busy in the cell:SDCCH_time_system_congestion = MC803MC803
IMMEDIATE ASSIGMENT REJECT(WI_OC)(AGCH)
IMMEDIATE ASSIGMENT REJECT(WI_OC)(AGCH)
IMMEDIATE ASSIGMENT REJECT(WI_OC)(AGCH)
MC8d
MC8d
MC8d
WI_CR: Value of Wait Indication for Establishment cause = “Call Re-establishment”.
WI_DTM: Value of Wait Indication for DTM requests
WI_EC: Value of Wait Indication for Establishment cause = “Emergency call”.
WI_OC: Value of Wait Indication for Establishment cause = “Originating call”.
WI_OP: Value of Wait Indication for Establishment cause = “Location updating” or “Other procedures which
can be completed with an SDCCH”.
Wait indication used in IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT REJECT or PACKET ACCESS REJECT, when not in PMU CPU
overload situation.
Wait indication used in IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT REJECT or PACKET ACCESS REJECT, when in PMU CPU
overload situation.
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
RLE - SDCCH Cong. Impacts
� In case of congestion, with default parameters:
� For each "subscriber" call attempt, how many times the counter MC04 is incremented ?
� After MS finished its "n" automatic attempts, what is the next step ?
1 2 30
Displays "Network Error"
Automatic reselection + New call attempt
Subscriber should dial again
Subscriber attempt = when the subscriber presses the "Call" button
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
RLE - SDCCH Cong. Causes & Solutions
� Location area border results in excessive location update and SDCCH attempt
� Inadequate LA design (too many LA's, or cell defined with wrong LAC value)
� Modify CRH (Cell Reselect Hysteresis)
� Increase T3212 (period location update)
� Road is crossing LAC border � Increase SDCCH capacity
� Insufficient system capacity, lack of SDCCH channels� Could be caused by TRX failure
� Add SDCCH channel
� Enable dynamic SDCCH Dynamic Allocation function
� Improper configuration of system parameters� TCH Queue (T11) is taking too long (while MS in queue, the SDCCH remains allocated)
� Increase RACH_TA_FILTER with care!
SDCCH congestion can be too high because of the subscribers' traffic demand in terms of calls / LUs.
Solution = add a TRX or site / redesign the LA plan
High SDCCH congestion can be observed at a particular period of the day due to a peak of LU requests
generated by a big group of subscribers entering a new LA at the same time (bus, train, plane).
Solution = redesign the LA plan or play on radio parameters (CELL_RESELECT_HYSTERESIS, WI_OP)
High SDCCH congestion can be abnormally observed without real MS traffic in case a high level of noise or
the proximity of a non-GSM radio transmitter.
Solution = change the BCCH frequency or put an RX filter
High SDCCH congestion can also be abnormally observed in a cell in case one of its neighboring cell is
barred.
Solution = Remove the barring
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� Abnormal SDCCH traffic� Neighboring cell barred
� "Phantom" channel requests (explained in next slides)
2 Typical Call Setup Failures
RLE - SDCCH Cong. Causes & Solutions [cont.]
Real Subscribers
The Ghosts !
Channe
l Reque
stEM
Noise
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
RLE – Dynamic SDCCH
� Some timeslots are configured as "SDD"
� BSC configures the SDD as TCH, unless all static SDCCH are busy.
� Particularly adapted to cells with peaks of LU or SMS.
CHANNEL ACTIVATION
If no SDCCH currently free,� verify if SDD can be reconfigured as SDCCH/8If Successful, then…
MC8c
MC148
MC802a Avg SDCCH subchannels busy on a SDD
MC802b Max SDCCH subchannels busy on a SDD
MC801a Avg TCH busy on a SDD
MC801b Max TCH busy on a SDD
…
SDD possible in all TRX except first TRX if m-CCCH is enabled !
SPECIFIC COUNTERS (Type 110 / Cell Level):
� MC800 Average number of available dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslots.
�MC801 & MC802 counters are ”Inspection Counters”; that means that the resource is checked regulary by the BSC and at the end
of the period, an average is done. Example: 3 physical channels are defined as Dyn SDCCH and the counter gives the following
indication:
�MC801a = 1.7 that means sometimes the 3 Dyn SD are allocated as TCH, sometimes only 2 of them, sometimes 1 or 0 and the
average is 1.7.
The FOLLOWING COUNTERS ARE IMPACTED BY the Dynamic SDCCH Allocation feature:
� MC28, MC29 The Number of busy radio timeslots in TCH usage takes into account the busy TCH timeslots and the dynamic
SDCCH/8 timeslots allocated as TCH.
� C30, MC31 The Number of busy SDCCH sub-channels takes into account the SDCCH sub-channels allocated on the static and
dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslots.
� C370a, MC370a, C370b, MC370b The Number of times the radio timeslots are allocated for TCH usage (FR / HR) takes into
account the busy TCH timeslots and the dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslots allocated as TCH.
� C/MC380a/b C/MC381a/b The Cumulated time (in second) the radio timeslots are allocated for TCH usage (FR or HR) does not
take care whether the TCHs are allocated on the TCH radio timeslot or on the dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslots.
� C39, MC390, C40, MC400 The Number of times or the Cumulated time (in second) the SDCCH sub-channels are busy does not
take care whether the SDCCH sub-channels are allocated on the static or dynamic SDCCH/x timeslot.
� C/MC34 C/MC380 The Cumulated time (in second) all TCHs / SDCCHs in the cell are busy does not take care whether the TCHs /
SDCCHs are allocated on the TCH radio timeslot /SDCCH/x timeslot or on the dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslots.
� C/MC320a/b/c/d/e Free TCH radio timeslots count the free TCH timeslots and the free dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslots.
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
RLE - SDCCH Radio Failure
SDCCH Assignment Unsuccess Rate
SDCCH Assignment Failure Radio Rate
SDCCH Assignment Failure BSS Rate
SDCCH Assignment Failure Congestion Rate
MC8cMC925d
MC148
IP21
MC8b
MC149
T3101 expiry !! (def. 3s)
No Establishment Indication
Real problems
Ghost RACH
BSIC duplicates
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
RLE - Real SDCCH Radio Failures
� Unbalanced cell power budget� Uplink is OK (Channel Request received)
� Downlink is poor (BTS Tx is low, or MS Rx is poor)
� Bad coverage (ex.: moving car) or Interference (DL or UL)� Radio link is unstable
� Channel request could go through thanks to repetitions
� In case of radio failure, the MS will retry as for SDCCH congestion
Unbalanced Power Budget:
Bad coverage:
Interference:
DL interference area
AGCH lost
RACH
building
BTS
Channel Request
Access Grant
Max Path Loss UL
Max Path Loss DL
AGCH
RACH
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
RLE - Ghost RACH
� Synonyms: "Phantom/Ghost/Spurious/Dummy ... RACH"
� Channel request received, but not sent by a MS. Why?
� Electro-Magnetic Noise decoding within BTS
� Reception of channel request sent to a neighboring cell
� Reception of HO_ACCESS sent to a neighboring cell
� MS has already performed a HO to another cell
� MS has already reselected another cell
� MS is already busy replying to its first channel request
� Electro-Magnetic Noise from external interferer
Some tips to diagnose Ghost RACH:
1. Dummy Rach load depends on minimum level for decoding configured in BTS
2. During period with low real traffic (night), high rate of dummy RACH
3. For dummy RACH, the channel required has a random value of TA
Some of those reasons are "Real" ghost (= noise)
Others have a known and predictable cause…
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
RLE - Ghost RACH Causes
� Example of a channel required message from a real ghost RACH
For this Channel Required, the establishment cause is valid (Call re-establishment) but the Access Delay
(corresponding to the distance between the MS and the BTS) is high.
Indeed the Access Delay being equal to the Timing Advance is coded in slot unit representing a distance
of 550m. It can take values from 0 (0m) to 63 (35km).
Thus the Channel Required above is received from an MS located at 19km from the site. It may therefore
be rather a ghost RACH than a real MS which wants to re-establish a call.
In Alcatel-Lucent BSS, it is possible to filter the Channel Required received from a distance greater than
a distance defined as a parameter value: RACH_TA_FILTER tunable on a per-cell basis. Caution should be
taken since a too low value may reduce the network coverage.
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
RLE - Ghost RACH Causes [cont.]
� If Abis over Satellite, round-trip time (RTT) is about 540ms
� The MS autonomously repeats the Channel Request a second time
CHANNEL REQUEST (1)
CHANNEL REQUIRED (1)
CHANNEL REQUEST (2)Ch. Act.
Ch. Act. Ack.
IMM. ASSG. (1)
IMM. ASSIGNMENT (1)
IMM. ASSG. (2)
In this scenario:MC8c = 2MC8b = 2MC148 = 2MC02 = 1MC149 = 1
RTT
Compute the value of SDCCH_assign_fail_radio_rate= 1 / 2 = 50%
STRUCTURE of the MULTIFRAME in "TIME SLOT" 0
-
R = RACH
DOWNLINKf s b b b b C C C C
31 51 1211 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 41f s f s f s f sC C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C -
(Multiframes of 51 frames)
f = FCCH s = SCH b = BCCH
f s
C C C C = CCCH (PCH or AGCH)
UPLINKR R R RR R R R R R R RR R R R R R R RR R R R R R R RR R R R R R R RR R R RR R R RR R R R R R
(Non-combined BCCH)
(Combined BCCH)
R = RACH
DOWNLINK
F = FCCH S = SCH B = BCCH C = CCCH (PCH or AGCH)
UPLINK
F S B C F S F S F S -F SC C D0 D1 D2 D3 A0 A1
F S B C F S F S F S -F SC C D0 D1 D2 D3 A2 A3
R R R RR R R R R R R RR R R R R R RR R R R R RR RD3 A2 A3 D0 D1 D2
R R R RR R R R R R R RR R R R RR RR R R R R RR RD3 A0 A1 D0 D1 D2
Dn/An = SDCCH/SACCH/4
51 multiframe duration = 51 x 8 x 0,577 = 235ms
The CHANNEL REQUEST (2) is followed by Channel Required, Ch. Act, Ch Act Ack but they are not
represented here. Only the Immediate Assignment(2) is shown.
Round-Trip Delay
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
RLE – Co-BCCH/BSIC
� Subscriber not impacted (the real setup is performed elsewhere)
But MC149 incremented in far cell (SDCCH_assign_fail_radio_rate)
� A simple radio planning rule is sufficient to avoid the trouble
"2 cells must not have the same BCCH nearby"
TB Encrypted bits TB GP68,25336418
Access burst (AB)Synchronization sequence
Encrypted using the BSIC of the serving cell (3GPP TS45.003)
CHANNEL REQUEST (sent on BCCH frequency)
cell 001BCCH = 20BSIC = 4-1
cell 019BCCH = 20BSIC = 4-1
success !
failure !
Different BSIC will prevent this problem to happen.
BSIC = BCC (3 bit) + NCC (3 bit)
● BCC: BTS Color Code
● NCC: Network Color Code
TB : Tail Burst (0,0,0)
GP : Guard Period
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
RLE – Co-TCH/BSIC
� Same idea… with worse impact
� MS doesn't send one HO Access … but four!
TB Encrypted bits TB GP68,25336418
Access burst (AB)Synchronization sequence
Encrypted using the BSIC
4 x HO ACCESS (sent on target frequency 24)
cell 001TRX1 = 14TRX2 = 24TRX3 = 26BSIC = 4-1
cell 019TRX1 = 24TRX2 = 28TRX3 = 30BSIC = 4-1
success !
failure !
BSIC = BCC (3 bit) + NCC (3 bit)
● BCC: BTS Color Code
● NCC: Network Color Code
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� The BSC receives a CHANNEL REQUEST and a SDCCH sub-channel is available. BSC allocates the SDCCH for that request.
� For how long is this SDCCH subchannel reserved?
� What is the impact on indicators of cell 019 ?
2 Typical Call Setup Failures
RLE – HO ACCCESS vs BCCH [cont.]
It is not reserved!
WI_xx
T3101 = 3 seconds (def.)
T3212
T9103
No impact
SDCCH_assign_req increases
SDCCH_assign_success decreases
SDCCH_assign_fail_radio_rate increases
SDCCH_assign_cong_rate increases
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
RLE - BSS Failure
� This kind of failures cannot be counted: there is no trigger!
� Knowing that:
� SDCCH_assign_request = MC04 + MC148
� SDCCH_assign_success = MC01 + MC02
� What is the formula for SDCCH_assign_fail_BSS_rate?
SDCCH Assignment Unsuccess Rate
SDCCH Assignment Failure Radio Rate
SDCCH Assignment Failure BSS Rate
SDCCH Assignment Failure Congestion Rate
MC148 – (MC149) – (MC01 + MC02)
(MC04 + MC148)
attempt radio fail success
request
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
RLE - Summary
REQUEST
Congestion
ATTEMPT
Radio access failure
SUCCESS
BSS problem
Preparation Failure
Execution Failure
invalid causesGSM valid causes
BSS problem
Request MC8C
GSM invalid causes unknownPreparation GSM valid causes unknown
Congestion MC04BSS Pb unknown
Execution Attempt MC148
Radio Access Failure MC149BSS Pb MC148 - (MC01+MC02) - MC149
Success MC01+MC02
Radio Link Establishment
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
RLE - Indicators
� In this graph, important informations are missing, which ones?
Congestion ! And the Unsuccess %
SDCCH_assign_cong
SDCCH_assign_fail_BSS
SDCCH_assign_fail_radio
SDCCH_assign_unsuccess_rate
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
Convention
REQUEST
ATTEMPT
SUCCESS
� Alcatel-Lucent always divides one procedure in 3 main steps:
Preparation Phase
Execution Phase
Radio Fail
BSS Fail
SDCCH_assign
_fail_rate
Cong (BH, Max)
SDCCH_Load
Unavailability
Traffic Model
SDCCH_assign
_cong_rate
SDCCH_assign
_unsuccess_rate
DetailedKPI DetailedKPI
Fill up the table with indicators to monitor each phase
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
SDCCH Phase – Originated Call Success
� Once the SDCCH is allocated, it is used to pass "DTAP" messages
� Exchange of signalling between MS and MSC
DTAP messages
AUTHENTICATION REQUEST
AUTHENTICATION RESPONSE IMSI check
CIPHER MODE Command
CIPHER MODE Complete A5/x = ON
IDENTITY REQUEST
IDENTITY RESPONSE IMEI check
TMSI REALLOC Command
TMSI REALLOC Complete TMSI changed
CALL SETUP
CALL PROCEEDING other side = OKPaging of called party
DTAP : Direct Transfer Application Part, used for 3 purposes:
DTAP - RR: Radio Resources
DTAP - MM: Mobility Management
DTAP - CC: Call Control
http://www.acacia-net.com/wwwcla/protocol/gsma.htm
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
SDCCH Phase – Terminated Call Success
� Only the 2 last messages are changed
AUTHENTICATION REQUEST
AUTHENTICATION RESPONSE
CIPHER MODE Command
CIPHER MODE Complete
CALL SETUP
CALL CONFIRM
IDENTITY REQUEST
IDENTITY RESPONSE
TMSI REALLOC Command
TMSI REALLOC Complete
DTAP messages
IMSI check
A5/x = ON
IMEI check
TMSI changed
other side = OK CALL PROCEEDING
to calling party
DTAP : Direct Transfer Application Part, used for 3 purposes:
DTAP - RR: Radio Resources
DTAP - MM: Mobility Management
DTAP - CC: Call Control
http://www.acacia-net.com/wwwcla/protocol/gsma.htm
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
SDCCH Phase – Location Update Success
� Goal: Update VLR with new LAC, and reallocate TMSI in MS
CLASSMARK ENQUIRYCLASSMARK ENQUIRY
CLASSMARK CHANGECLASSMARK CHANGE CLASSMARK Update
AUTHENTICATION REQUEST
AUTHENTICATION RESPONSE
CIPHER MODE Command
CIPHER MODE Complete
IDENTITY REQUEST
IDENTITY RESPONSE
LOCATION UPDATE Accept
TMSI REALLOC Complete
Optional
(BSS_SEND_CM_ENQUIRY)
Retrieve MS capabilities
DTAP messages
IMSI check
A5/x = ON
IMEI check
TMSI changed
BSS_SEND_CM_ENQUIRY
This flag is set by O&M to inform the BSC the conditions in which to send the CLASSMARK ENQUIRY
message to the MS.
The parameter has three defined values :
0 The CLASSMARK ENQUIRY is never initiated by the BSC
1 On reception of a LU REQUEST with ES IND flag is set to 0, the BSC will always initiate a CLASSMARK
ENQUIRY.
2 On reception of a LU REQUEST with ES IND flag is set to 0, the BSC will initiate the CLASSMARK
ENQUIRY only if algorithm A5/1 is not available (information available in MS classmark 1 IE sent in the
LOCATION UPDATING REQUEST).
The MS classmark data is collected and stored by the Alcatel BSS and is used in almost all the procedures
performed by the Alcatel BS.
The MS classmark data collected by the BSS classmark handling entity is:
- the MS revision level,
- the MS ciphering capabilities which are supported by the BSS,
- the MS frequency capabilities which are supported by the BSS,
- the MS RF power capabilities in every frequency band supported by the MS and the BSS,
- the MS classmark handling capabilities
- the MS Utran classmark
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
SDCCH Phase - Drops
� No dedicated counters for success case
� In case of failure, the word to use is "drop"
� It is a loss of connection during active transfer
� 3 causes of SDCCH drop:
� Radio problems when connected on SDCCH
� BSS problems
� Call lost during an SDCCH HO (handover failure without reversion to old channel)
SDCCH Drop Rate
SDCCH Drop BSS Rate
SDCCH Drop HO Rate
SDCCH Drop Radio Rate
Generally SDCCH handovers are disabled in the network since the average SDCCH duration is only around 2
to 3 seconds (parameter SDCCH_HO, with 0: SDCCH HO enabled, 1: SDCCH HO disabled)
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
SDCCH Phase - Radio Drop
MS BTS BSC MSCSDCCH Phase established
Radio connection lost---------------------------------------------------- > MC138CONNECTION FAILURE INDICATION
(cause : radio link failure)--------------------------------------- >CLEAR REQUEST
Cause : radio interface failure
SDCCH Drop Rate
SDCCH Drop BSS Rate
SDCCH Drop HO Rate
SDCCH Drop Radio Rate
MC138
C180d
MC138 counts the number of SDCCH channel drops due to radio problems.
Radio problems can be due to coverage, interference and sometimes BSS dysfunction which is not detected
as a system alarm by the O&M Fault Management application.
MC138 is triggered when either:
1/ RADIOLINK TIMEOUT reaches "0" in the BTS (generating a Connection Failure Indication "Radio link
failure") Default setting = 18 SACCH = 8.64s.
2/ or, LApD link failure, after (N200+1) * T200 seconds (24 * 220ms = 5.28s)
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
SDCCH Phase - BSS Drop
MS BTS BSC MSCSDCCH Phase established
MC137
--------------------------------------- >CLEAR REQUEST
Cause : O&M interventionCause : radio interface failure
SDCCH Drop Rate
SDCCH Drop BSS Rate
SDCCH Drop HO Rate
SDCCH Drop Radio Rate
MC137
C180b or d
MC137 counts the number of SDCCH channel drops due to BSS problems.
A BSS problem can be a BTS/BSC hardware or software failure, or an O&M action on the DTC board. It can
also be due to a problem on the Abis interface (due to Micro Wave transmission for instance).
Triggers:
1) LapD failure detected during the stable phase of an SDCCH transaction.
2) SDCCH was released due to 48.058 ERROR REPORT with any cause value being received during the stable
phase of an SDCCH transaction (ciphering problems, or any other problem detected by the TRX).
3) Telecom Supervisory module caused the call to be cleared.
4) SDCCH was released due to 0180 CLEAR_CMD message being received from BSSAP during the stable phase
of an SDCCH transaction : O&M has disabled the DTC
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
SDCCH Phase - HO drop
MS BTS BSC MSCSDCCH Phase established
HO FAILURE WITHOUT REVERSION MC07--------------------------------------- >
CLEAR REQUESTRadio Interface Message Failure (Alcatel)
SDCCH Drop Rate
SDCCH Drop BSS Rate
SDCCH Drop HO Rate
SDCCH Drop Radio Rate
C180a
HO Failure & No Reversion to old channel � Drop !
T3103 expiry !! MC07
MC07 counts the number of SDCCH channel drops due to handover failure.
Internal inter-cell SDCCH handover: whenever the timer supervising the handover procedure (T3103)
expires.
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
SDCCH Phase - Counters
SDCCH connection MC01+MC02+MC10
SDCCH Drop Drop radio MC138Drop BSS MC137Drop HO MC07
SDCCH Phase
TCH assignment phase SDCCH drop
SDCCH phase
Normal release
Drop radio
Drop BSS
Drop HO
What are the cases of "normal release"?
End of the Location Update, IMSI Detach, SMS, SS procedures.
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
SDCCH Phase - Indicators
Refer to BSS - DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE INDICATORS:
GLOBAL Quality of service INDICATORS > SDCCH > Established phase
� GSDCDR: SDCCH drop rate (Global)
� GSDCDRR: SDCCH drop rate due to radio problem
� GSDCDBR: SDCCH drop rate due to BSS Problem
� GSDCDHR: SDCCH drop rate due to HO failure
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
SDCCH Phase - Exercise
� With K1205 (file PAIB29.REC)
1) Extract a location update (successful case)
2) Extract a transaction with an SDCCH drop.
� What is the cause of the failure?
� Is it possible to "guess" the type of transaction (OC, TC, LU, etc.)?
3) Extract an SDCCH drop for a different cause.
Time allowed:
15 minutes
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
TCH Assignment – Success Case
ASSIGNMENT REQUEST
PHYSICAL CONTEXT REQ.
PHYSICAL CONTEXT CNF.
CHANNEL ACTIVATION
CHANNEL ACTIVATION ACK.
ASSIGNMENT COMMAND
SABM (FACCH)
UA (FACCH)
ESTABLISH INDICATION
ASSIGNMENT COMPLETE
(FACCH)
ATER CONNECT REQUEST
ATER CONNECT ACK.
B11
Trr1
stop
T9108
stop
T9103
stop
T3107
stop
SDCCH
TCH
MC140a
MC703
MC140b
MC718
RMS31 (*)
RMS31: counted by the TRX, Whenever an ESTABLISH INDICATION message is received from the MS to
indicate the activation of a TCH channel for normal assignment or handover. Beware it is a RMS
counter, it is measured during the daily RMS campaign only.
B11 MR2: ATER CONNECT REQUEST / ACK in case of "IP BSS" and the call setup in a TDM BTS. The call will
still be carried by an AterMux nibble, rather than the IP backhaul.
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RTCH_assign_request = REQUEST
RTCH_assign_command = ATTEMPT
RTCH_assign_success = SUCCESS
2 Typical Call Setup Failures
TCH Assignment – Phase Split
� This is a reduced view of the message flow, showing only messages triggering counters.
� Locate the preparation and the execution phase.
� Link them to their indicators.
ASSIGNMENT REQUEST
CHANNEL ACTIVATION
ASSIGNMENT COMMAND
ASSIGNMENT COMPLETE
(FACCH)
MC140a
MC703
MC140b
MC718
Preparation Phase
Execution Phase
� Which indicator is linked to MC703?
RTCH_Assign_Allocated
Preparation phase: preparation of the resources, ends with a message SENT over the Air interface
Execution phase: validation that the new radio channel allows communication in both directions
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
TCH Assignment – MS Capabilities
ASSIGNMENT REQUEST
B11
MC701a
MC701b
MC701c
MC701d
MC701e
MC701f
MC701g
MC932
MC951
� Thanks to those counters, it is possible to count how many MS can support certain features
MS supports only FR
MS supports only FR & DR
MS supports EFR, FR & DR
MS supports AMR FR & AMR HR
Data calls
MS supports only EFR & FR
MS supports only EFR and/or HR
MS supports AMR WB GMSK
MS supports A5/3 ciphering
Most MS
Next-gen MS
Available in report
Alc_Mono_SpeechVersion_and_ChannelType
NPO
B11
Next-Gen: Next Generation
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
TCH Assignment - Congestion
� 4 causes of congestion ⇒ 4 counters. If no TCH available and …
a. Queue is disabled (by parameters) or not required by MSC
b. Queue is full (BTS_Q_LENGTH reached), or 9130 BSC's CCP is full
(MAX_TCH_PER_CCP is reached), or IP Abis is congested
c. Request stayed in the Queue too long (T11 or T11_FORCED expired)
d. Request is preempted by a high-priority request
� RTCH_assign_cong = MC812 = Σ MC612x
ASSIGNMENT REQUEST
ASSIGNMENT FAILURE
"No Radio Resource Available"
no TCH available
in the cell
MC612a/b/c/d
MC140b
B11
B11 MR2
MC612
MC612
MC612
MC612
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
TCH Assignment – Exercise
� Using NPO or the Indicator Dictionary, propose indicators & methods to start the investigation in a cell.
� RTCH_assign_cong_rate = 15%
hardware problem? too much traffic?
TCH availability
OMC-R Alarms
TCH traffic BH per TRX
TCH duration avg per TRX
TCH traffic BH per TRX
TCH traffic BH per cell
RTCH traffic load
Ratio of HR
Ratio of AMR HR
TCH Queuing indicators
Solutions: Solutions:
Exchange TRX
Activate HR
Share load with other cells
Add TRX
Activate HR
Share load with other cells
Check importance of problem thanks to:
RTCH_assign_cong_rate_BH & Hourly RTCH_assign_cong_rate
If real problem (not temporary peak), then 2 main possible problems
1
2 3
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
TCH Assignment - Radio Failure in TCH Uplink
ASSIGNMENT REQUEST
PHYSICAL CONTEXT REQ.
PHYSICAL CONTEXT CNF.
CHANNEL ACTIVATION
CHANNEL ACTIVATION ACK.
ASSIGNMENT COMMAND
SDCCH
MC140a
MC703
MC140b T3107
stop
MC746b ASSIGNMENT FAILURE
Radio interface failure w/ rev
Trr1
expiryASSIGNMENT REQUEST
SDCCH in DL still
probably OK
SABM (FACCH)
TCH
retransmitted up to N200_LE times
ASSIGNMENT FAILURE
SDCCH SABM
UA
ESTABLISH INDICATION
xx
MC746B counts the number of TCH access failures due to radio problems.
The MC746B counter is implemented at TRX level.
In case of TCH access failure, the MS will try to revert back to the SDCCH channel. Whether it succeeds in
reverting to the SDCCH or not the call establishment fails. On the other hand, some MSCs may resend the
ASSIGNMENT REQUEST again.
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
TCH Assignment - Radio Failure in TCH Downlink
ASSIGNMENT REQUEST
PHYSICAL CONTEXT REQ.
PHYSICAL CONTEXT CNF.
CHANNEL ACTIVATION
CHANNEL ACTIVATION ACK.
ASSIGNMENT COMMAND
SDCCH
MC140a
MC703
MC140b T3107
stop
MC746b ASSIGNMENT FAILURE
Radio interface failure w/ rev
Trr1
expiryASSIGNMENT REQUEST
SDCCH in DL still
probably OK
SABM (FACCH)
TCH
ASSIGNMENT FAILURE
SDCCH SABM
UA
ESTABLISH INDICATION
SABM (FACCH)
x N200_LE
UAx
UAx
ESTABLISH INDICATION
RMS31 (*)
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
TCH Assignment - Radio Failure at T3107 expiry
ASSIGNMENT REQUEST
PHYSICAL CONTEXT REQ.
PHYSICAL CONTEXT CNF.
CHANNEL ACTIVATION
CHANNEL ACTIVATION ACK.
ASSIGNMENT COMMAND
SDCCH
MC140a
MC703
MC140b T3107
(14s)
expiry
MC746b ASSIGNMENT FAILURE
Radio interface failure
Trr1
expiryASSIGNMENT REQUEST
SDCCH in DL still
probably OK
SABM (FACCH)
TCH
SDCCH SABM
SABM (FACCH)
x N200_LE
x
xSABM
x
x
x N200_LE
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
TCH Assignment - BSS Problem
� No specific counter
� Computed from the missing data
� BSS Problems during preparation phase
= Requests – Attempts – Congestion Failures
= MC140a – MC140b – MC812
� Probable cause: NSS or BSS software problems
� BSS Problems during execution phase
= Attempts – Success – Radio Failures
= MC140b – MC718 – MC746b
� Probable cause: Hardware problem, O&M intervention
"Probable cause" is just a possibility: It is not the only possible cause !
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
TCH Assignment - Counters
� TCH assignment counters
Congestion
ATTEMPT
Radio access failure
SUCCESS
BSS problem
Preparation Failure
Execution Failure
REQUEST
BSS problem
TCH Assignment
Preparation Request MC140a
Congestion MC812
BSS Pb MC140a-MC140b-MC812
Execution Attempt MC140b
Radio Access Failure MC746b
BSS Pb MC140b-MC718-MC746b
Success MC718
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
TCH Assignment - Indicators
Report: Alc_Mono_Call
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2 Typical Call Setup Failures
TCH Assignment - Exercise
� TCH assignment failure and BSC
� With K1205 (file PAIB29.REC)
1) Find and extract a case of TCH congestion (if any).
2) Find and extract a case of Assignment Failure due to Radio Problem (if any).
Time allowed:
15 minutes
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3 Key Performance Indicators
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3 Key Performance Indicators
Reminder
� Global Indicators are
� A set of indicators selected by Alcatel-Lucent
� Useful to monitor the overall network
� What are the user and or system impacts if a KPI is bad?
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3 Key Performance Indicators
SDCCH Congestion Rate
� SDCCH CONGESTION rate: may have low impact for subscriber
� Failure impacting the user only after 3 subsequent congestion failures
� Otherwise, only some extra delay for call establishment
� Less than 1 second without immediate_assign_reject
� Can be longer with immediate_assign_reject (but usually short values are used for call request)
GSDNACGR
Reference name
Check SDCCH Erlang… if not critical:
- SDCCH availability/allocation
problem,
- Or HO access on a nearby cell side
effect or interference on the carrier
handling SDCCH (the last 2 can lead
to high rate of «phantom RACH »)
Comments
%5%(MC04) / SDCCH ASSIGN
REQUESTSSDCCH ASSIGN CONG RATE
UnitThresholdFormulaeIndicator
(G) means that the indicator is GSM
INDICATOR SDCCH ASSIGN REQUESTS
DEFINITION Number of SDCCH seizure requests during radio link establishment procedureFORMULA Σcell (MC148 + MC04)
THRESHOLDCOMMENT This includes requests rejected due to congestion on SDCCHREF NAME SDNARQN UNIT Number
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3 Key Performance Indicators
SDCCH Congestion Rate [cont.]
�SDCCH CONGESTION rate
SDCCH Assign Congestion - CELL2G: BA1046_1 (128/10461) ( 220/F05/128/10461 ) - 02/03/2009 00 00:00 To 02/03/2009 23 23:00 (Working Zone: Global - Medium)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
00 0
0:00
01 0
1:00
02 0
2:00
03 0
3:00
04 0
4:00
05 0
5:00
06 0
6:00
07 0
7:00
08 0
8:00
09 0
9:00
10 1
0:00
11 1
1:00
12 1
2:00
13 1
3:00
14 1
4:00
15 1
5:00
16 1
6:00
17 1
7:00
18 1
8:00
19 1
9:00
20 2
0:00
21 2
1:00
22 2
2:00
23 2
3:00
nb
0.00%
0.01%
0.01%
0.02%
0.02%
0.03%
%
Congestion
Request
% Congestion
Refer to BSS - DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE INDICATORS:
GLOBAL Quality of service INDICATORS > SDCCH > Assignment phase
GSDNACGR: SDCCH assignment failure rate due to congestion (Global)
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3 Key Performance Indicators
SDCCH Failure Rate
� SDCCH FAILURE rate: may have low impact for subscriber
� Failure impacts the user only after 3 subsequent failures
� In this indicator, only failure due to loss of radio link or failure due to "unknown" causes are counted
� Unknown causes are called "BSS", and generally happen because of hard- or soft-ware failures
GSDNAFLR
Reference name
Check SDCCH Erlang… if not critical:
- SDCCH availability/allocation
problem,
- Or HO access on a nearby cell side
effect or interference on the carrier
handling SDCCH (the last 2 can lead
to high rate of «phantom RACH »)
Comments
%5%MC149 +
SDCCH_assign_fail_BSS /
SDCCH ASSIGN REQUESTS
SDCCH ASSIGN FAIL RATE
UnitThresholdFormulaeIndicator
(G) means that the indicator is GSM
INDICATOR SDCCH ASSIGN REQUESTS
DEFINITION Number of SDCCH seizure requests during radio link establishment procedureFORMULA Σcell (MC148 + MC04)
THRESHOLDCOMMENT This includes requests rejected due to congestion on SDCCHREF NAME SDNARQN UNIT Number
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Detailed Indicators
1 � 3 � 67
3 Key Performance Indicators
SDCCH Failure Rate [cont.]
� SDCCH FAILURE rate
SDCCH assignment failure - CELL2G: BA1046_1 (128/10461) ( 220/F05/128/10461 ) - 02/03/2009 00 00:00 To 02/03/2009 23 23:00 (Working Zone: Global - Medium)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
00 0
0:00
01 0
1:00
02 0
2:00
03 0
3:00
04 0
4:00
05 0
5:00
06 0
6:00
07 0
7:00
08 0
8:00
09 0
9:00
10 1
0:00
11 1
1:00
12 1
2:00
13 1
3:00
14 1
4:00
15 1
5:00
16 1
6:00
17 1
7:00
18 1
8:00
19 1
9:00
20 2
0:00
21 2
1:00
22 2
2:00
23 2
3:00
nb
.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
%
Fail - BSS
Fail - Radio
Success
% Fail
Refer to BSS - DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE INDICATORS:
GLOBAL Quality of service INDICATORS > SDCCH > Assignment phase
Section 1 � Module 3 � Page 68
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3JK11045AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Detailed Indicators
1 � 3 � 68
3 Key Performance Indicators
SDCCH Drop Rate
GQSSDCDR
Reference name
Drop radio + Drop HO + Drop BSS
Comments
%4%(MC138 + MC07 + MC137) /
SDCCH ASSIGN SUCCESS
SDCCH_drop_rate
UnitThresholdFormulaeIndicator
� SDCCH DROP RATE
� Rate of dropped SDCCH (SDCCH is established for any transaction OC, TC, LU,etc.)
In a dense network, SDCCH drop rate should be lower than 1%. Indeed the probablity to drop a radio link
when the MS is on SDCCH is less than on TCH since the SDCCH phase is shorter (less than 5 seconds) than
TCH phase (duration of a call = several tens of seconds).
INDICATOR SDCCH ASSIGN SUCCESS
DEFINITION Total number of SDCCHs successfully seized by mobile during radio link establishmentprocedure
FORMULA Σcell (MC01 + MC02)
THRESHOLDCOMMENTREF NAME SDNASUN UNIT Number
Section 1 � Module 3 � Page 69
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3JK11045AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Detailed Indicators
1 � 3 � 69
3 Key Performance Indicators
SDCCH Drop Rate [cont.]
� SDCCH Drop Rate
SDCCH Drop - CELL2G: 02/03/2009 00 00:00 To 02/03/2009 23 23:00 (Working Zone: Global - Medium)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
00 0
0:00
01 0
1:00
02 0
2:00
03 0
3:00
04 0
4:00
05 0
5:00
06 0
6:00
07 0
7:00
08 0
8:00
09 0
9:00
10 1
0:00
11 1
1:00
12 1
2:00
13 1
3:00
14 1
4:00
15 1
5:00
16 1
6:00
17 1
7:00
18 1
8:00
19 1
9:00
20 2
0:00
21 2
1:00
22 2
2:00
23 2
3:00
nb
0.%
0.5%
1.%
1.5%
2.%
2.5%
%
Drop - BSS
Drop - HO
Drop - Radio
% Drop
Section 1 � Module 3 � Page 70
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3JK11045AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Detailed Indicators
1 � 3 � 70
3 Key Performance Indicators
RTCH Assign Unsuccess Rate
� RTCH ASSIGN UNSUCCESS rate:
� Rate of unsuccessful RTCH seizures for normal assignment purpose:
� Congestion during Call Setup (not during Handover !!)
� Radio problem
� BSS problems
GTCNAUR
Reference nameComments
%3%(RTCH ASSIGN REQUESTS –
RTCH ASSIGN SUCCESS) /
RTCH ASSIGN REQUESTS
RTCH_assign
unsuccess_rate
UnitThresholdFormulaeIndicator
In a dense network, the TCH assignment unsuccess rate should be lower than 1%.
INDICATOR
TCH ASSIGN SUCCESS
DEFINITION Number of TCH successfully seized by MS for normal assignment procedure. FORMULA B8 Σ TRX (MC718)
THRESHOLD COMMENT REF NAME TCNASUN UNIT Number
I N D I C A T O R T C H A S S I G N R E Q U E S T S
D E F I N I T I O N N u m b e r o f T C H s e iz u r e r e q u e s ts f o r n o r m a l a s s ig n m e n t p r o c e d u r e .
F O R M U L A B 8 Σ c e ll M C 1 4 0 a
T H R E S H O L D
C O M M E N T M C 1 4 0 a : n e w c o u n te r in tr o d u c e d in B 8 r e le a s e .M C 1 4 0 a ( ty p e 1 1 0 ) : N B _ T C H _ N O R _ A S S _ R E Q th a t in d ic a te s th e n u m b e r o f n o r m a l a s s ig n m e n t r e q u e s ts f o r T C H e s ta b lis h m e n t ( in H R o r F R u s a g e )
R E F N A M E T C N A R Q N U N I T N u m b e r
I N D I C A T O R T C H A S S I G N R E Q U E S T S
D E F I N I T I O N N u m b e r o f T C H s e iz u r e r e q u e s ts f o r n o r m a l a s s ig n m e n t p r o c e d u r e .
F O R M U L A B 8 Σ c e ll M C 1 4 0 a
T H R E S H O L D
C O M M E N T M C 1 4 0 a : n e w c o u n te r in tr o d u c e d in B 8 r e le a s e .M C 1 4 0 a ( ty p e 1 1 0 ) : N B _ T C H _ N O R _ A S S _ R E Q th a t in d ic a te s th e n u m b e r o f n o r m a l a s s ig n m e n t r e q u e s ts f o r T C H e s ta b lis h m e n t ( in H R o r F R u s a g e )
R E F N A M E T C N A R Q N U N I T N u m b e r
I N D I C A T O RI N D I C A T O R T C H A S S I G N R E Q U E S T ST C H A S S I G N R E Q U E S T ST C H A S S I G N R E Q U E S T S
D E F I N I T I O ND E F I N I T I O N N u m b e r o f T C H s e iz u r e r e q u e s ts f o r n o r m a l a s s ig n m e n t p r o c e d u r e . N u m b e r o f T C H s e iz u r e r e q u e s ts f o r n o r m a l a s s ig n m e n t p r o c e d u r e .
F O R M U L A B 8F O R M U L A B 8 Σ c e ll M C 1 4 0 aΣ c e ll M C 1 4 0 a
T H R E S H O L DT H R E S H O L D
C O M M E N TC O M M E N T M C 1 4 0 a : n e w c o u n te r in tr o d u c e d in B 8 r e le a s e .M C 1 4 0 a ( ty p e 1 1 0 ) : N B _ T C H _ N O R _ A S S _ R E Q th a t in d ic a te s th e n u m b e r o f n o r m a l a s s ig n m e n t r e q u e s ts f o r T C H e s ta b lis h m e n t ( in H R o r F R u s a g e )
M C 1 4 0 a : n e w c o u n te r in tr o d u c e d in B 8 r e le a s e .M C 1 4 0 a ( ty p e 1 1 0 ) : N B _ T C H _ N O R _ A S S _ R E Q th a t in d ic a te s th e n u m b e r o f n o r m a l a s s ig n m e n t r e q u e s ts f o r T C H e s ta b lis h m e n t ( in H R o r F R u s a g e )
R E F N A M ER E F N A M E T C N A R Q NT C N A R Q N U N I TU N I T N u m b e rN u m b e r
Section 1 � Module 3 � Page 71
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Detailed Indicators
1 � 3 � 71
3 Key Performance Indicators
RTCH Assign Unsuccess Rate – Preparation Phase
� RTCH Assign Preparation
RTCH assign preparation - CELL2G: 02/03/2009 00 00:00 To 02/03/2009 23 23:00 (Working Zone: Global - Medium)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
00 00
:00
02 02
:00
04 04
:00
06 06
:00
08 08
:00
10 10
:00
12 12
:00
14 14
:00
16 16
:00
18 18
:00
20 20
:00
22 22
:00
nb
0.00%
1.00%
2.00%
3.00%
4.00%
5.00%
6.00%
7.00%
%
Prep Fail BSS
Congestion
Request
% Prep Fail BSS
% Congestion
Section 1 � Module 3 � Page 72
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Detailed Indicators
1 � 3 � 72
3 Key Performance Indicators
RTCH Assign Unsuccess Rate – Execution Phase
� RTCH Assign Execution
RTCH assign execution - CELL2G: 02/03/2009 00 00:00 To 02/03/2009 23 23:00 (Working Zone: Global - Medium)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
00 00
:00
02 02
:00
04 04
:00
06 06
:00
08 08
:00
10 10
:00
12 12
:00
14 14
:00
16 16
:00
18 18
:00
20 20
:00
22 22
:00
nb
0.%
0.5%
1.%
1.5%
2.%
2.5%
%
Exe Fail BSS
Fail Radio
Success
% Exe Fail BSS
% Fail Radio
Section 1 � Module 3 � Page 73
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3JK11045AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Detailed Indicators
1 � 3 � 73
3 Key Performance Indicators
Cell Congestion Rate
4 Different Indicators: Which one is the KPI?
� Subscriber is directly impacted by TCH NA Congestion, but not by HO Congestion
� Indeed, a HO congestion leads to another HO attempt, not to a call failure
� Therefore, RTCH_Assign_Cong_Rate is the best image of "end user"-congestion
GTCAHCGRNA + Inc HO
(TCH intra & intercell)
3%(RTCH_assign_cong + RTCH_HO_cong) /
(RTCH_assign_request + RTCH_HO_request)
RTCH_cong_rate
GTCNACGRNormal Assignment3%RTCH_assign_cong / RTCH_assign_requestRTCH_Assign_Cong_Rate
GTCHOCGRIncoming HO
(TCH intra & intercell)
3%RTCH_HO_cong / RTCH_HO_requestRTCH_HO_Cong_Rate
GQSCGR
Reference name
Inc HO takes into
account SDCCH & TCH
intercell HO
Comments
3%(RTCH_assign_cong + HO_Inc_cong) /
(RTCH_assign_request + RTCH_HO_allocated
+ HO_Inc_cong)
Call_cong_rate
Threshold
FormulaeIndicator
Used in "TCH Assign Unsuccess Rate" calculation
This counter intends to give a measurement of the TCH congestion of the whole network.
It is implemented on the Alcatel-Lucent tools but other indicators can be defined.
� RTCH_assign_cong new:MC812, old:MC812
� HO_Inc_cong = HO_Inc_MSC_cong + HO_Inc_BSC_cong
� RTCH_assign_request = new:MC140a-(MC142e+MC142f), old:MC140a-(MC142e+MC142f)
� RTCH_HO_allocated = new:MC15b + MC15a, old:MC15b + MC15a
� HO_Inc_cong = HO_Inc_MSC_cong + HO_Inc_BSC_cong
Note: The congestion counted in those indicators is linked to the following issues:
1) all TCH are busy and no TCH could be allocated for the request
2) or the CCP board in the MX-BSC reaches the limit MAX_TCH_PER_CCP (default = 1000)
MC926 : Number of TCH channel allocation rejected for cause : Maximum TCH processing capacity of CCP
reached
Whenever a TCH cannot be allocated due to the TCH processing capacity of CCP reaches the limit defined by
the MAX_TCH_PER_CCP parameter.
Section 1 � Module 3 � Page 74
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Detailed Indicators
1 � 3 � 74
3 Key Performance Indicators
Call Setup Success Rate
MS BTS BSC MSC
CALL PROCEEDING
ESTAB IND (CM_Serv_Req)
Radio Link Establishment
Authentification Procedure
Ciphering Procedure
SETUP
Assignment Procedure
ALERTING
CONNECT ACK.
CONNECT
SCCP CON REQ (CM_Serv_Req)
SCCP CON CONFIRM
Identification Procedure
ASSIGNMENT REQUEST
ASSIGNMENT COMPLETE
SDCCH assignment success
Normal assignment success
SDCCH Dropincl. Call, SMS, LUIMSI Detach, etc
TCH AssignUnsuccess(for normalassignment only)
GQSEECSSR will always be smaller than the GQSCSSR, because all failures due to NSS are now taking into
account. They were not counted in the CSSR.
Section 1 � Module 3 � Page 75
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Detailed Indicators
1 � 3 � 75
3 Key Performance Indicators
Call Setup Success Rate [cont.]
� CALL SETUP SUCCESS rate: Rate of calls going until TCH successful assignment, that is not interrupted by SDCCH DROP neither by Assignment failures
� The second most important indicator
� Used to compare PLMN
� Subscriber: call not established at the first attempt
� Beware: call setup failures due to a lack of coverage are not taken into account in this indicator!!
� No way to quantify them (as there is no initial access)
GQSCSSR
Reference name
SDCCH assignment
unsuccesses are not
considered in CSSR as :
• ghost (spurious) RACH
cannot be discriminated
from a real access failure
• effect of re-attempts
performed autonomously by
the MS cannot be quantified
Comments
%95%(1 – SDCCH DROP RATE) * (1 - TCH
ASSIGN UNSUCCESS RATE)
Call_setup_success_rate
UnitThreshol
dFormulaeIndicator
Ghost Racks which correspond to a valid establishment cause are not identified by the BSS. Therefore they
can lead to a high SDCCH assignment failure rate if they are too numerous.
As the end user is not impacted by this phenomenon if no SDCCH congestion is induced, the SDCCH
assignment phase is not considered in the computation of the Call Setup Success rate provided by Alcatel-
Lucent tools.
In a dense network, the Call Setup Success Rate should be greater than 98%.
The SDCCH congestion rate should also be considered to have a complete picture of Call Setup efficiency.
Section 1 � Module 3 � Page 76
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Detailed Indicators
1 � 3 � 76
3 Key Performance Indicators
Call Success Rate
� CALL SUCCESS rate: Rate of calls going until normal release , that is not interruptedby SDCCH DROP, neither by Assignment Failures nor by CALL DROP
� 1 call success =
� 1 call successfully established
� Without any call drop
GQSCCR
Reference name
Comments
%92%(CALL SETUP SUCCESS RATE)
* (1 – CALL DROP RATE)
Call_success_rate
UnitThresho
ldFormulaeIndicator
In a dense network, the Call Setup Success Rate should be greater than 97%.
Section 1 � Module 3 � Page 77
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Detailed Indicators
1 � 3 � 77
3 Key Performance Indicators
End to End Call Setup Success Rate
MS BTS BSC MSC
CALL PROCEEDING
ESTAB IND (CM_Serv_Req)
Radio Link Establishment
Authentification Procedure
Ciphering Procedure
SETUP
Assignment Procedure
ALERTING
CONNECT ACK.
CONNECT
SCCP CON REQ (CM_Serv_Req)
SCCP CON CONFIRM
Identification Procedure
ASSIGNMENT REQUEST
ASSIGNMENT COMPLETE
SDCCH assignment success
Normal assignment success
E2E CSSR
GQSEECSSR will always be smaller than the GQSCSSR, because all failures due to NSS are now taking into
account. They were not counted in the CSSR.
Section 1 � Module 3 � Page 78
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Detailed Indicators
1 � 3 � 78
3 Key Performance Indicators
End to End Call Setup Success Rate [cont.]
� End to End CSSR : The successes of call setup phase (between the SDCCH assignment success and the TCH assignment success) taking into account all what can happen during this phase between MS and MSC
� View of the call setup success rate from the end user point-of-view.
� Have a global view of the end-user perceived quality of their GSM network, whatever the problems encountered. Fastest detection and correction of problems would be possible, leading to improved quality.
GQSEECSSR
Reference
name
%91%(RTCH_assign_success + DR_Out_internal_success +
DR_Out_external_success)
/ (MT_SDCCH_assign_success - SDCCH_SMS_MT_PP_connection+
SDCCH_traffic_Call_reestab + SDCCH_traffic_lu_for +
SDCCH_traffic_other_mo + SDCCH_traffic_moc)
End_to_End_call_setup_success_rate
UnitThresholdFormulaeIndicator
hMCfMCdMCeMCMCMC
fMCeMCMC
0202020219101
142142718
++++−++
MC718 : Number of TCH (in HR or FR usage) normal assignment successes, per TRX (ASSIGNMENT COMPLETE).
MC142e : Number of outgoing normal & forced internal directed retry (towards a TCH channel in HR or FR
usage) successes.
MC142f : Number of outgoing normal & forced external directed retry (towards a TCH channel in HR or FR
usage) successes.
MC01 : Number of immediate assignment plus SDCCH normal assignment successes for Mobile Terminating
procedure (ESTABLISH INDICATION w/ PAGING RESPONSE)
MC191 : Number of Mobile Terminating SMS connections on SDCCH.
MC02e : ESTABLISH INDICATION w/ CM RE-ESTABLISHMENT REQUEST
MC02d : ESTABLISH INDICATION w/ LOCATION UPDATING REQUEST with FORWARDING
MC02f : ESTABLISH INDICATION w/ unknown causes but forwarded to MSC (= leading to TCH establishment)
MC02h : ESTABLISH INDICATION w/ CM SERVICE REQUEST Normal Call or Emergency Call
Section 1 � Module 3 � Page 79
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Detailed Indicators
1 � 3 � 79
3 Key Performance Indicators
Alc_Mono_Call
� CALL SETUP SUCCESS RATE
� CALL SUCCESS RATE
� END TO END CALL SETUP SUCCESS RATE
Refer to BSS - DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE INDICATORS:
GLOBAL Quality of service INDICATORS > Call statistics > Call success
� GQSCSSR: Call setup success rate (Global)
� GQSCCR: Call success rate (Global)
� GQSEECSSR: End to End Call Setup Success Rate (Global)
Section 1 � Module 3 � Page 80
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Detailed Indicators
1 � 3 � 80
3 Key Performance Indicators
Differences between CSSR and E2ECSSR
� The main reasons for differences are:
1. The MSC doesn't send the ASSIGNMENT REQUEST after CALL PROCEEDING
2. SDCCH Drops mostly during Location Updates & SMS & IMSI Detach
DegradedNot impacted
XE2E CSSR
XLegacy CSSR
DegradedNot impacted
XE2E CSSR
XLegacy CSSR
Section 1 � Module 3 � Page 81
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Detailed Indicators
1 � 3 � 81
Self-assessment on the Objectives
� Please be reminded to fill in the formSelf-Assessment on the Objectivesfor this module
� The form can be found in the first partof this course documentation
Section 1 � Module 3 � Page 82
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1 � 3 � 82
End of ModuleDetailed Indicators
Section 1 � Module 4 � Page 1
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1�4All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010
Module 4Handover Indicators
3JK11046AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
Section 1GSM QoS Monitoring
EVOLIUM Base Station SubsystemBSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load Monitoring
3FL10491ADAAWBZZA2 Issue 2
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First editionLast name, first nameYYYY-MM-DD01
RemarksAuthorDateEdition
Document History
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Handover Indicators
1 � 4 � 3
Module Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
� Explain what are the main Handover counters and indicators provided by the Alcatel-Lucent BSS in order to monitor the quality of handovers
Section 1 � Module 4 � Page 4
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Module Objectives [cont.]
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Handover Indicators
1 � 4 � 5
Table of Contents
Switch to notes view!Page
1 Handovers Overview 7Description 8Types 9
2 Intra-Cell Handovers 10Intracell HO - Success 11Failure Causes 12Failure - Congestion 13Failure - Radio Failure with ROC 14Failure - Radio Failure with Drop 15Failure – Other Drops "BSS" 16Main Counters 17
3 Internal Intercell Handovers 18Internal HO – Success (Async) 19HO COMMAND message 20Incoming Internal HO - Failures 21Incoming Internal HO - Congestion 22Incoming Internal HO - Radio Failure 23Incoming Internal HO - Counters 24Incoming Internal HO - Indicators 25Outgoing Internal HO - Failures 26Outgoing Internal HO - Radio Failure ROC 27Outgoing Internal HO - Radio Failure Drop 28Outgoing Internal HO - Counters 29Outgoing Internal HO - Indicators 30Intra-Cell HO / Internal HO - Exercise 31
4 External Intercell Handovers 32External HO - Success 33External HO - Failures 34Incoming External HO - Congestion 35Incoming External HO – TTCH (CIC) Congestion 36Incoming External HO - Radio Failure 37Incoming External HO - Counters 38Incoming External HO - Indicators 39Outgoing External HO - Failures 40Outgoing External HO - Radio Failure with ROC 41Outgoing External HO - Radio Failure Drop 42Outgoing External HO - Counters 43Outgoing External HO - Indicators 44External HO - Exercise 45
5 Handovers QoS per Adjacency 46Type 180 Counters 47Type 180 Indicators 48Type 26: TCH outgoing handover per adjacency 50Type 27: 2G TCH incoming handover per adjacency 51Type 27 Indicators 52
6 Inter-PLMN and Inter-RAT 53Inter-PLMN HO Description 54Inter-PLMN Indicators 55
2G-3G Indicators 567 Key Performance Indicators 57Handover Cause Distribution 58Handover Standard Cause Distribution 59Handover Cause Distribution 60Outgoing Handover Success Rate 61Incoming Handover Success Rate 62
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Table of Contents [cont.]
Switch to notes view!Page
Handover Failure Main Causes 63
Section 1 � Module 4 � Page 7
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1 Handovers Overview
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� Handovers are detected & prepared by the BSC
� Algorithms are checked
� Radio resources are allocated
� MS moves from 1 TCH in the Serving Cell to 1 TCH in the Target Cell
1 Handovers Overview
Description
BSC
CELL (S)
CELL (T)
1 Radiolink Measurements
BTS
2 Active Channel Preprocessing
4
HO Detection
Candidate Cell Evaluation
5 HO Preparation
6 HO Execution
3
channel activation
handover command
note: Handovers are not only from TCH to TCH:
HO SDCCH to SDCCH (SDCCH HO)
HO SDCCH to TCH (=directed retry)
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Types
Intracell IntercellNew TCH is in another TRX of the current cell
New TCH is in another cell
Internal ExternalServing and Target cells belong to the same BSC
(intra-BSC)
Serving and Target cells belong to different BSCs
(inter-BSC)
Incoming OutgoingPoint of view from the
target cellPoint of view from the
serving cell
Synchronous Async.Seving and Target cells
are synchronizedServing and Target cells are not synchronized
Emergency Better CellIf the MS doesn't leave the current channel, a call drop will occur
The Target cell is betterthan the Serving cell
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2 Intra-Cell Handovers
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2 Intra-Cell Handovers
Intracell HO - Success
MS Cell BSC *TC* MSC
(detection of intracell HO)
Physical Context Request
Physical Context Confirm
Channel Activation (new ch)
Channel Act. Ack (new ch)
Assignment CommandAssign Command
SABM (new ch)
UA (new ch)
Assign Complete (new ch)Assign Complete
Handover Performed
RF Channel Release
RF Channel Release Ack
Establish Indication (new ch)
T9108
T9103
T3107
MC870
MC662
MC871
BSC Shared DTM Info Indicationonly for DTM-capable MS
MFS
Both SDCCH and TCH are counted together.
The T3107 timer is also used as the guard timer of the channel change procedure during an intra cell handover.
The default value for T3107 is 14 seconds.
The BSC will send “BSC Shared DTM INFO Indication” to inform the MFS the successful end of the procedure if
the conditions below are fulfilled:
� EN_DTM = enabled
� The MS is DTM capable
by default : T3107 = 14sec
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2 Intra-Cell Handovers
Failure Causes
� Handover Preparation:
� Congestion HO_Cell_cong
� Preparatio Failure HO_Cell_prep_fail *
� Handover Execution:
� Reversion to old channel HO_Cell_ROC
� Drop radio HO_Cell_drop_radio
� Drop due to BSS problem HO_Cell_drop_BSS *
(*) No specific counter
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2 Intra-Cell Handovers
Failure - Congestion
MS Cell BSC
Measurement ResultMeasurement Report
(detection of intracell HO) MC870
(no free channel) MC561 MC101
TCH / SDCCH
MC561:
• In MX BSC, this counter is incremented whenever an intra-cell TCH handover cannot be performed due to the TCH processing capacity of CCP reaches the limit defined by the MAX_TCH_PER_CCP parameter. In this case, MC926 is also incremented by one.
From B7, MC561 replaces MC61 (B6).
As the counting of the Abis-TCH congestion case was in restriction in B8: MC61(B6) = MC561(B7)
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2 Intra-Cell Handovers
Failure - Radio Failure with ROC
MS Cell BSC
Assignment CommandAssign Command (old)
SABM (new)
UA (new)
Assign Failure (old) Assign Failure
RF Channel Release (new)
RF Channel Release Ack (new)
Establish Indication
T3107
MC667
MC871
X
SABM (new)
UA (new)X
T200_TF
200ms
N200_TTF
try
times
SABM (new)
UA (new)X
200ms
etc etc etc
Physical Context Request (new)
Physical Context Confirm (new)
stop
In this example, the Downlink path on the new channel is faulty (interference, path unbalance …).
It is also possible the MS immediately sends an Assign Failure (without even attempting to connect to the new
channel).
N200_TTF = 34
T200_TF = 200ms
200 * 35 = 7seconds
MC667 = C107 (sdcch intracell ho fail roc) + C67 (tch intracell ho fail roc)
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2 Intra-Cell Handovers
Failure - Radio Failure with Drop
MS Cell BSC
Assignment CommandAssign Command (old) T3107MC871?
?
MC663Channel release ofold and new channels
MC663 = C103 (sdcch) + C63 (tch)
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2 Intra-Cell Handovers
Failure – Other Drops "BSS"
� Based on missing successes:
HO_Cell_drop_BSS =
HO_Cell_allocated - HO_Cell_success - HO_Cell_drop_radio - HO_Cell_ROC
� Another counter is linked to various causes of drops during HO preparation and execution phases:
MC14a (Call_drop_HO_Prep_Exec_BSS_failure) is incremented when :
� TCH Channel Activation is acknowledged negatively
� Channel Activation procedure (T9103) expires
� LapD failure, or Abis failure, or BSC boards failure
� 48.058 ERROR REPORT message with a cause value of "O&M intervention" or "message sequence error" is received on Abis interface from either the serving or the target cell
� 48.058 CONNECTION FAILURE INDICATION message with a cause value of "remote transcoder failure" during the Channel Activation procedure
Intra cell HO failures due to BSS problems are deduced from other counters.
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2 Intra-Cell Handovers
Main Counters
� HO FAIL. CASES > intracell HO counters
Request MC870
Congestion MC561+MC101BSS Pb MC870-MC871-(MC561+MC101)
Attempt MC871
Reversion old channel MC667Drop radio MC663BSS Pb MC871-MC662-MC667-MC663
Success MC662
Preparation
Execution
INTRACELL Handover
REQUEST
CONGESTION
ATTEMPT
REVERSION OLD CHANNEL
DROP RADIO
DROP BSS
SUCCESS
BSS PB
Preparation Failure
Execution Failure
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3 Internal Intercell Handovers
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3 Internal Intercell Handovers
Internal HO – Success (Async)
MS Target Cell BSC MSC
(detection of intercell HO)
Channel Activation (new ch)
Channel Act. Ack (new ch)
(opt) TFO Modification Req
HO Access * 4
UA (new ch)
Assign Complete (new ch) Handover Complete
Handover Performed
HO Detection
T9103
BSC Shared DTM Info Indicationonly for DTM-capable MS
MFS
Serving Cell
HO Command
Establish IndicationSABM (new ch)
(old channel release)
MC871 T3103
MC655a MC830
MC652
MC660
MC656
speech
speechTCH
TCH
MC830=C230 (tch) + C330 (sdcch)
After the HO PERFORMED is sent to the MSC.
� if DTM is enabled in the old cell, it sends a BSCGP BSC shared DTM info indication (CS_Flag = 0) to the MFS.
� if DTM is enabled in the new cell, it send a BSCGP BSC shared DTM info indication (CS_flag = 1) to the MFS.
The MFS in the old cell deletes the MS context and creates an MS context according to the information
received in the BSCGP BSC shared DTM info indication.
In case of Sync HO, the HO COMMAND contains a valid timing advance value, so that the MS will use this timing
advance in the target cell.
If the HO is not sync, then the HO COMMAND indicates that the HO is async, and the MS will send the HO
ACCESS with TA=0. The target BTS will need to compute the TA.
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HO COMMAND message
� The TCH in the Target cell is fully described in the HO Command
� BCCH, BCC, NCC
� TCH Frequency (or Frequency Hopping MA List, MAIO, HSN, etc.)
� TS Number
� Ciphering
� Speech Codec (only for phase 2 MS)
� Timing Advance information (if Sync HO)
Serving CellHO Command
TCH
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3 Internal Intercell Handovers
Incoming Internal HO - Failures
� Causes of Failures :
� Handover procedure from the target cell point of view
� Handover Preparation:
� Congestion: no RTCH available in the target cell
� "Other" problem (no specific counter)
� Handover Execution:
� Radio problem: the MS fails to access the new channel� which can lead to a "drop" or a "reversion to old channel" (cf. outgoing indicators)
� BSS problem (no specific counter)
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3 Internal Intercell Handovers
Incoming Internal HO - Congestion
MS Serving Cell Serving BSC MSC
MEAS REPORT-----------------------------> MEASUREMENT RESULT
--------------------------------------------------------------> MC830No free TCH
MC551
From B7, MC551 replaces MC51of B6.
As the counting of the Abis-TCH congestion case was in restriction in B8: MC51(B6) = MC551(B7)
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3 Internal Intercell Handovers
Incoming Internal HO - Radio Failure
� MS access problem
MS serving cell target cell BSC MSCMEAS REP
-----------------------> MEASUREMENT RESULT------------------------------------------------------------------------>
CHANNEL ACTIVATION<----------------------------------
CHANNEL ACTIV ACK---------------------------------->
HO CMD HANDOVER COMMAND<----------------------- <------------------------------------------------------------------------ start T3103
MC660SABM
-----------x T3103 expiry MC653
MS Serving cell Target Cell BSC
HO CMD HANDOVER COMMAND<----------------------- <------------------------------------------------------------------------ start T3103
HANDOVER ACCESS MC660------------------------------------------------------------->-------------------------------------------------------------> HO DETECTION
PHYSICAL INFORMATION ----------------------------------><------------------------------------------------------------- start T3105
SABM
-------------------------------------------------------------> ESTABLISH INDICATIONUA ---------------------------------->
<------------------------------------------------------------- stop T3105HANDOVER COMPLETE
----------------------------------------------------- - - - -XSABM
-----------------------> ESTABLISH INDICATION
UA ------------------------------------------------------------------------><-----------------------
HO FAILURE HANDOVER FAILURE-----------------------> ------------------------------------------------------------------------> MC653
Release of new channel
All incoming internal HO failures due to radio problems are counted in the same counter MC653.
Both radio failures with Reversion Old Channel and radio drop are counted together.
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3 Internal Intercell Handovers
Incoming Internal HO - Counters
Request MC830
Congestion MC551+MC91BSS Pb MC830-MC831-(MC551+MC91)
Attempt MC831
Radio (MS access problem) MC653BSS Pb MC831-MC652-MC653
Success MC652
Execution
Preparation
INCOMING INTERNAL Handover
REQUEST
CONGESTION
ATTEMPT
MS ACCESS PB
BSS PB
SUCCESS
BSS PB
Preparation Failure
Execution Failure
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3 Internal Intercell Handovers
Incoming Internal HO - Indicators
HO_Inc_BSC_request
HO_Inc_BSC_success
HO_Inc_BSC_allocated HO_Inc_BSC_cong HO_Inc_BSC_prep_fail
HO_Inc_BSC_fail_radio HO_Inc_BSC_fail_BSS
Refer to BSS - DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE INDICATORS:
Handover Statistics INDICATORS > Incoming handover > Incoming Intra BSC
� GHOIBEFR: efficiency of the incoming internal HO execution
� GHOIBCGR: rate of incoming internal HO failures due to congestion
� GHOIBPFR: rate of incoming internal HO failures due to BSS during the preparation phase
� GHOIBFLRR: rate of incoming internal HO failures due to radio problems
� GHOIBFLBR: rate of incoming internal HO failures due to BSS during the execution phase
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3 Internal Intercell Handovers
Outgoing Internal HO - Failures
� Cases of Failures:
� Handover procedure from the serving cell point of view
� Handover Preparation:
� Preparation Failures (no details)
� Handover Execution:
� radio problem: the MS reverts to the old channel
� radio problem: the MS drops
� BSS problem (no specific counter)
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3 Internal Intercell Handovers
Outgoing Internal HO - Radio Failure ROC
MS Serving cell Target Cell BSC
HO CMD HANDOVER COMMAND<----------------------- <------------------------------------------------------------------------ start T3103
HANDOVER ACCESS MC660------------------------------------------------------------->-------------------------------------------------------------> HO DETECTION
PHYSICAL INFORMATION ----------------------------------><------------------------------------------------------------- start T3105
SABM-------------------------------------------------------------> ESTABLISH INDICATION
UA ----------------------------------><------------------------------------------------------------- stop T3105
HANDOVER COMPLETE----------------------------------------------------- - - - -X
SABM-----------------------> ESTABLISH INDICATION
UA ------------------------------------------------------------------------><-----------------------
HO FAILURE HANDOVER FAILURE-----------------------> ------------------------------------------------------------------------> MC657
Release of new channel
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3 Internal Intercell Handovers
Outgoing Internal HO - Radio Failure Drop
� clear_request: ask the MSC to release the connection
� In case of call drop due to HO, the cause is "radio interface message failure" (for Alcatel-Lucent)
MS serving cell target cell BSC MSCMEAS REP
-----------------------> MEASUREMENT RESULT------------------------------------------------------------------------> MC655A
CHANNEL ACTIVATION<----------------------------------
CHAN ACTIV ACK---------------------------------->
HO CMD HANDOVER COMMAND<----------------------- <------------------------------------------------------------------------ start T3103
MC660SABM
----------x
T3103 expiryMC658
Clear_request------------------------>
Clear_command
Release of old and new TCH <------------------------
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3 Internal Intercell Handovers
Outgoing Internal HO - Counters
� HO FAIL. CASES > Outgoing internal HO counters
Preparation Request MC655A
Any preparation failure MC655A-MC660
Attempt MC660
Reversion old channel MC657Drop radio MC658BSS Pb MC660-MC656-MC657-MC658
Success MC656
Execution
OUTGOING INTERNAL Handover
REQUEST
CONGESTION
ATTEMPT
REVERSION OLD CHANNEL
DROP RADIO
BSS PB
SUCCESS
BSS PB
Preparation Failure
Execution Failure
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3 Internal Intercell Handovers
Outgoing Internal HO - Indicators
HO_Out_BSC_request
HO_Out_BSC_success
HO_Out_BSC_required HO_Out_BSC_prep_fail
HO_Out_BSC_drop_radio HO_Out_BSC_drop_BSSHO_Out_BSC_ROC
Refer to BSS - DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE INDICATORS:
Handover Statistics INDICATORS > Outgoing handover > Outgoing Intra BSC
� GHOOBRQR: efficiency of the outgoing internal HO preparation
� GHOOBEFR: efficiency of the outgoing internal HO execution
� GHOOBOCR: rate of outgoing internal HO failures due to radio problems with Reversion Old Channel
� GHOOBCDRR: rate of outgoing internal HO failures due to radio problems with drop
� GHOOBCDR: rate of incoming internal HO failures with drop (radio + BSS)
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3 Internal Intercell Handovers
Intra-Cell HO / Internal HO - Exercise
� With K1205, find in the PAIB29.REC file:
1) One case of intra-cell failure with reversion
2) One case of Internal handover success� Identify the target cell
� Identify the serving cell (in CR for call establishment)
3) One case of Internal handover failure with reversion
4) One case of Internal handover failure without reversion
Time allowed:
15 minutes
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4 External Intercell Handovers
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4 External Intercell Handovers
External HO - Success
MS serving_cell BSC MSC BSC target_cell MS- MEAS_REPORT ->
------- MEAS_RESULT -------->MC645A ------ HO_REQUIRED ---------->
----------CR (HO_REQUEST) -----> MC820<--------- CC ------------------------ ---- CHANNEL_ACTIVATION ------>
<- CHANNEL_ACT_ACK-------------<----- HO_REQUEST_ACK -------- Start T9113
(HO_COMMAND) MC821<------------------------- HO_COMMAND ------------------------------------------------------ <---- HO_ACCESS -----
MC650 Start T8 <---- HO_ACCESS -----<------ HO_DETECTION--------------
<-- HO_DETECTION -------------- --- PHYSICAL_INFO -->
<--- SABM ---------------<----- ESTABLISH_INDICATION ---- ----- UA -------------->
<----------- HO_COMPLETE ----------------------------------------<--- HO_COMPLETE --------------- Stop T9113
<---- CLEAR_COMMAND ------ MC642MC646 Cause: HO_SUCCESSFUL
Release of TCH Stop T8
MC462A
MC462B
MC462C
MC463A
MC463B
MC463C
T7 and T8 are timers used to monitor the handover management. T7 : timer between HOREQ and HOCMD, T8 : timer between HOCMD and HOCMP.
Both SDCCH and TCH are counted together.
From B7, MC645A replaces MC645 of B6.
MC645a is only counting HANDOVER REQUIRED messages that are linked to a handover trial and not those that are linked to the update of the candidate cell list for handover / directed retry. This is leading to a more accurate computation of the External outgoing HO success rate.Only Outgoing inter PLMN HO is allowed.
6 counters provide information for "Inter-PLMN HO" (Incoming and Outgoing) (From B8)
� MC462a (equivalent of MC645A for intra PLMN external HO)Number of inter-PLMN TCH outgoing handovers or directed retry requests: HANDOVER REQUIRED sent to the MSC for an external TCH HO or an external DR triggered towards a cell belonging to a PLMN different from the PLMN of the serving cell.
� MC462b (equivalent of MC650 for intra PLMN external HO)Number of inter-PLMN TCH outgoing handovers or directed retry attempts: HANDOVER COMMAND sent to the MS on Abis for an external TCH HO or an external DR triggered towards a cell belonging to a PLMN different from the PLMN of the serving cell.
� MC462c (equivalent of MC646 for intra PLMN external HO)Number of inter-PLMN TCH outgoing handovers or directed retry successes: CLEAR COMMAND with Cause "Handover successful" received from the MSC for an external TCH HO or an external DR triggered towards a cell belonging to a PLMN different from the PLMN of the serving cell.
� MC463a (equivalent of MC820 for intra PLMN external HO)Number of inter-PLMN TCH incoming handovers or directed retry requests: HANDOVER REQUEST received from the MSC for an external TCH HO or an external DR triggered towards the target cell from a serving cell belonging to a PLMN different from the PLMN of the target cell.
� MC463b (equivalent of MC821 for intra PLMN external HO)Number of inter-PLMN TCH incoming handovers or directed retry attempts: HANDOVER REQUEST ACK sent by the target BSC containing the HANDOVER COMMAND for an external TCH HO or an external DR triggered towards the target cell from a serving cell belonging to a PLMN different from the PLMN of the target cell.
� MC463c (equivalent of MC642 for intra PLMN external HO)Number of inter-PLMN TCH incoming handovers or directed retry successes: HANDOVER COMPLETE received from the MS on Abis for an external TCH HO or an external DR triggered towards the target cell from a serving cell belonging to a PLMN different from the PLMN of the target cell.
Note than all other (previous) counters related to HO continue to be based on Intra PLMN only.
Start T7
Stop T7
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External HO - Failures
� Cases of Failures, from the target cell perspective (incoming):
HO_Inc_MSC_request
HO_Inc_MSC_success
HO_Inc_MSC_allocated
HO_Inc_MSC_fail_BSSHO_Inc_MSC_fail_radio
HO_Inc_MSC_cong HO_Inc_MSC_no_cic_alloc HO_Inc_MSC_prep_fail
(deduced)
(deduced)
"deduced" : shows all the failures that were not counted by dedicated counters, by computing the missing
successes.
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4 External Intercell Handovers
Incoming External HO - Congestion
MS serving_cell BSC MSC BSC target_cell MS- MEAS_REPORT ->
------- MEAS_RESULT -------->MC645A ------ HO_REQUIRED ------->
----------CR (HO_REQUEST) -----> MC820
< ----- HO_FAILURE --------------- MC541A( < -HO_REQUIRED_REJECT-) Cause: no radio resource available
In case of Mx-BSC, the Congestion cases includes:
- RTCH timeslot congestion
- "target" Mx-BSC CCP board capacity exceeded
- With Abis over IP (B11 MR3), when the Abis is congested.
(note: TDM Abis congestion cannot be seen with this counter)
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Handover Indicators
1 � 4 � 36
4 External Intercell Handovers
Incoming External HO – TTCH (CIC) Congestion
MS serving_cell BSC MSC BSC target_cell MS- MEAS_REPORT ->
------- MEAS_RESULT -------->MC645A ------ HO_REQUIRED ------->
----------CR (HO_REQUEST) -----> MC820
< ----- HO_FAILURE --------------- MC41BCause: terrestrial circuit already allocatedRequested terrestrial resource unaivalableBSS not equiopoed
( < -HO_REQUIRED_REJECT-)
Section 1 � Module 4 � Page 37
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3JK11046AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Handover Indicators
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4 External Intercell Handovers
Incoming External HO - Radio Failure
� HO FAIL. CASES > Incoming external HO fail: MS access problem
MS serving_cell BSC MSC BSC target_cell MS- MEAS_REPORT ->
------- MEAS_RESULT -------->MC645A ---- HO_REQUIRED ------->
----------CR (HO_REQUEST) -------------------> MC820< -------- CC --------------------------------------- - CHANNEL_ACT ---------->
< --- CHA_ACT_ACK --------Start T9113
< ----- HO_REQUEST_ACK----------------------- Start T9113< -------------------------- HO_COMMAND ------------------------------------------------ HO-COMMAND) included° MC821
Start T8 X --- HO_ACCESS -----X ---- HO_ACCESS -----
----- SABM --- X----- SABM --- X
----- SABM --- X T9113 expiryMC643
Release of connection
MS serving_cell BSC MSC BSC target_cell MS- MEAS_REPORT ->
------- MEAS_RESULT -------->MC645A ---- HO_REQUIRED ------->
----------CR (HO_REQUEST) -------------------> MC820< -------- CC --------------------------------------- - CHANNEL_ACT ---------->
< --- CHA_ACT_ACK --------< ----- HO_REQUEST_ACK----------------------- Start T9113 (HO-COMMAND) included MC821
< -------------------------- HO_COMMAND ------------------------------------------------Start T8 X --- HO_ACCESS -----
X ---- HO_ACCESS ---------- SABM -------->< --- UA ------------- -- ESTABLISH_INDICATION->
----- HO_FAILURE (reversion to old channel) ------------------------------------------>----- CLEAR_COMMAND ----------------------> MC643Radio interface fail : Reversion to old channel
Release of connection
All incoming external HO failures due to radio problems are counted in the same counter MC643.
Both radio failures with Reversion Old Channel and radio drop are counted together.
Section 1 � Module 4 � Page 38
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3JK11046AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Handover Indicators
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4 External Intercell Handovers
Incoming External HO - Counters
Request MC820
Congestion MC541+MC81BSS Pb MC820-MC821-(MC541+MC81)
Attempt MC821
Radio (MS access problem) MC643BSS Pb MC821-MC642-MC643
Success MC642
Execution
Preparation
INCOMING EXTERNAL Handover
REQUEST
CONGESTION
ATTEMPT
MS ACCESS PB
BSS PB
SUCCESS
BSS PB
Preparation Failure
Execution Failure
MC41bno CIC alloc
NO CIC ALLOC
MC541a+MC81
Section 1 � Module 4 � Page 39
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3JK11046AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Handover Indicators
1 � 4 � 39
4 External Intercell Handovers
Incoming External HO - Indicators
Refer to BSS - DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE INDICATORS:
Handover Statistics INDICATORS > Incoming handover > Incoming Inter BSC
� GHOIMEFR: efficiency of the incoming external HO execution
� GHOIMCGR: rate of incoming external HO failures due to radio congestion (Air or Abis TCH)
� GHOIMAMR: rate of incoming external HO failures due to CIC congestion (A TCH)
� GHOIMPFR: rate of incoming external HO failures due to BSS during the preparation phase
� GHOIMFLRR: rate of incoming external HO failures due to radio problems
� GHOIMFLBR: rate of incoming external HO failures due to BSS during the execution phase
Inter PLMN Incoming External HO Indicators (from B8)
An indicator is created for each counter:
� REQUESTS
� ATTEMPTS
� SUCCESS
In addition, these indicators show:
� the success rate of incoming inter-PLMN HOs,
� the ratio of incoming inter-PLMN HO to incoming intra-PLMN and inter-PLMN HO.
Section 1 � Module 4 � Page 40
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3JK11046AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Handover Indicators
1 � 4 � 40
4 External Intercell Handovers
Outgoing External HO - Failures
� Cases of Failures (Outgoing)
� Handover Preparation:
� No detail available, only generic "preparation failures"
� Handover Execution:
� radio problem: the MS reverts to the old channel
� radio problem: the MS drops
� BSS problem (no specific counter)
HO_Out_MSC_required
HO_Out_MSC_success
HO_Out_MSC_request
HO_Out_MSC_drop_BSSHO_Out_MSC_ROC
HO_Out_MSC_prep_fail
(deduced)
(deduced)
HO_Out_MSC_drop_radio
Section 1 � Module 4 � Page 41
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Handover Indicators
1 � 4 � 41
4 External Intercell Handovers
Outgoing External HO - Radio Failure with ROC
MS serving_cell BSC MSC BSC target_cell MS- MEAS_REPORT ->
------- MEAS_RESULT -------->MC645A ---- HO_REQUIRED ------->
----------CR (HO_REQUEST) ------------------->< -------- CC --------------------------------------- - CHANNEL_ACT ---------->
< --- CHA_ACT_ACK --------< ----- HO_REQUEST_ACK----------------------- Start T9113 (HO-COMMAND) included
< -------------------------- HO_COMMAND ------------------------------------------------Start T8 X --- HO_ACCESS -----MC650 X ---- HO_ACCESS -----
----- SABM -------->< --- UA ------------- -- ESTABLISH_INDICATION->
----- HO_FAILURE (reversion to old channel) ------------------------------------------>MC647 ----- CLEAR_COMMAND ---------------------->
Radio interface fail : Reversion to old channelRelease of connection
Section 1 � Module 4 � Page 42
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3JK11046AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Handover Indicators
1 � 4 � 42
4 External Intercell Handovers
Outgoing External HO - Radio Failure Drop
� In this case, no reversion to old channel detected
MS serving_cell BSC MSC BSC target_cell MS- MEAS_REPORT ->
------- MEAS_RESULT -------->MC645A ---- HO_REQUIRED ------->
----------CR (HO_REQUEST) ------------------->< -------- CC --------------------------------------- - CHANNEL_ACT ---------->
< --- CHA_ACT_ACK --------< ----- HO_REQUEST_ACK----------------------- Start T9113 (HO-COMMAND) included
< -------------------------- HO_COMMAND ------------------------------------------------Start T8 X --- HO_ACCESS -----MC650 X ---- HO_ACCESS -----
----- SABM --- X----- SABM --- X
----- SABM --- X
T8 expiry ----- CLEAR_REQUEST ->MC648 Radio interface message fail
Release of connection
Section 1 � Module 4 � Page 43
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3JK11046AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Handover Indicators
1 � 4 � 43
4 External Intercell Handovers
Outgoing External HO - Counters
Preparation Request MC645A
Any preparation failure MC645A-MC650
Attempt MC650
Reversion old channel MC647Drop radio MC648BSS Pb MC650-MC646-MC647-MC648
Success MC646
Execution
OUTGOING EXTERNAL Handover
REQUEST
CONGESTION
ATTEMPT
REVERSION OLD CHANNEL
DROP RADIO
BSS PB
SUCCESS
BSS PB
Preparation Failure
Execution Failure
Section 1 � Module 4 � Page 44
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3JK11046AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Handover Indicators
1 � 4 � 44
4 External Intercell Handovers
Outgoing External HO - Indicators
Refer to BSS - DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE INDICATORS RELEASE:
Handover Statistics INDICATORS > Outgoing handover > Outgoing Inter BSC
� GHOOMRQR: efficiency of the outgoing external HO preparation
� GHOOMEFR: efficiency of the outgoing external HO execution
� GHOOMOCR: rate of outgoing external HO failures due to radio problems with Reversion Old Channel
� GHOOMCDRR: rate of outgoing external HO failures due to radio problems with drop
� GHOOMCDR: rate of incoming external HO failures with drop (radio + BSS)
Inter PLMN Outgoing External HO Indicators (From B8)
An indicator is created for each counter:
� REQUESTS
� ATTEMPTS
� SUCCESS
In addition, these indicators show:
� the success rate of outgoing inter-PLMN HOs,
� the ratio of outgoing inter-PLMN HO to outgoing intra-PLMN and inter-PLMN HO.
Section 1 � Module 4 � Page 45
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3JK11046AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Handover Indicators
1 � 4 � 45
4 External Intercell Handovers
External HO - Exercise
� In PAIB29.REC, extract (if available):
1) 1 incoming external HO success
2) 1 outgoing external HO success
3) 1 incoming external HO failure
4) 1 outgoing external HO failure
Time allowed:
15 minutes
Section 1 � Module 4 � Page 46
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3JK11046AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Handover Indicators
1 � 4 � 46
5 Handovers QoS per Adjacency
Section 1 � Module 4 � Page 47
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Handover Indicators
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5 Handovers QoS per Adjacency
Type 180 Counters
� Some handover indicators available per couple of (serving, target) cells permanently through PM type 180 counters
3 counters for each (Serving,Target) adjacency:
- C400(S,T): Incoming handovers requested to cell T from cell S
- C401(S,T): Incoming handovers attempted to cell T from cell S
- C402(S,T): Incoming handovers successfullyperformed to cell T from cell S
both internal and external inter cell handovers are counted
both SDCCH and TCH handovers are counted
a
e
d
c
b
f
C40i(f,d)
C40i(a,b)C40i(c,b)
C40i(c,d)
According to the definition of C40i counters:
� ∑ C400(Sn,T) = MC820(T) + MC830(T)
� ∑ C401(Sn,T) = MC821(T) +MC831(T)
� ∑ C402(Sn,T) = MC642(T) + MC652(T)
� where
� Sn are the serving cells considering the incoming adjacencies to cell T.
� MC820(T), MC821(T), MC642(T) are the counters relating to the incoming external handovers requested,
attempted and successfully performed to cell T.
� MC830(T), MC831(T), MC646(T) are the counters relating to the incoming internal handovers requested,
attempted and successfully performed to cell T.
Section 1 � Module 4 � Page 48
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3JK11046AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Handover Indicators
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5 Handovers QoS per Adjacency
Type 180 Indicators
� From these 3 counters, the following indicators are computed:
Cell A
Cell B
Cell C
Matrix Inc allocated rate
30
10
40
Matrix Inc successMatrix Inc efficiency
rate
200Cell C - Cell B
30300Cel C - Cell A
220Cell B - Cell C
150Cell B - Cell A
1010Cell A - Cell C
80100Cell A - Cell B
Matrix Inc unsuccessrateMatrix Inc allocatedMatrix Inc requestServ - Tgt
100
150
10
300
200220
80/100 40/80 (100-40)/100100% 100% 100%
10% 100% 90%
Fill up Fill up
Note : in NPO, when n/a is seen in the table, it means "0" (= no HO were done during the period)
Section 1 � Module 4 � Page 49
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Handover Indicators
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5 Handovers QoS per Adjacency
Type 180 Indicators [cont.]
� The following indicators can be computed from PM Type 180 counters in order to:
� Detect the most important neighboring cells as per their traffic
� Distribution of incoming handovers performed to cell T from serving cells Sn = C402(Sx,T) / ∑ C402(Sn,T)
� Ease the diagnosis of the bad handover performance of a cell
� Global Success of incoming handovers to cell T from cell S
HOOASUR = C402(S,T) / C400(S,T)
� Allocation Success of the incoming handover preparation to cell T from cell S
HOOACAR = C401(S,T) / C400(S,T)
� Efficiency of the incoming handover execution to cell T from cell S
HOOAEFR = C402(S,T) / C401(S,T)
Refer to BSS - DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE INDICATORS:
Handover Statistics > HO Statistics per couple of cells > Indicators with counter type 180
� These indicators can also be used to check if a recently handover relationship is generating handover as
expected.
� They will also allow to identify the handover relationships which should be deleted since no (or very few)
handover is observed.
Section 1 � Module 4 � Page 50
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Handover Indicators
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5 Handovers QoS per Adjacency
Type 26: TCH outgoing handover per adjacency
� Some handover indicators are available per couple of (serving, target) cells on demand for all outgoing adjacencies of a serving cell through PM type 26 (40 cells since B8)
Target a
Te
Serving
Tc
Tb
Tf
C72i(S,Te)
C72i(S,Tc)
Outgoing TCH handover for FDRC728
Outgoing TCH handover for a traffic causeC727
Outgoing TCH handover for a better cell causeC725
Outgoing TCH handover for an emergency causeC724
Outgoing TCH handover -execution radio failures without ROCC723
Outgoing TCH handover -execution radio failures with ROCC722
Outgoing TCH handover successes.C721
Outgoing TCH handover attemptsC720
Section 1 � Module 4 � Page 51
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5 Handovers QoS per Adjacency
Type 27: 2G TCH incoming handover per adjacency
� Some handover indicators are available per couple of (serving, target) cells on demand for all incoming adjacencies of a target cell through PM type 27.
Serving a
Se
Target
Sc
Sb
Sf
C73i(Se,T)
C73i(Sc,T)
Incoming 2G TCH handover with unknown or missing causesC738
Incoming 2G TCH handover for FDRC738
Incoming 2G TCH handover for a traffic causeC737
Incoming 2G TCH handover for a better cell causeC735
Incoming 2G TCH handover for an emergency causeC734
Incoming 2G TCH handover execution radio failures with or without ROC
C733
Incoming 2G TCH handover successes.C731
Incoming 2G TCH handover attemptsC730
Other counters are provided:
� C734(Sx,T): Incoming handovers attempted from Sx to T for an emergency cause.
� C735(Sx,T): Incoming handovers attempted from Sx to T for a better cell cause.
� C737(Sx,T): Incoming handovers attempted from Sx to T for a traffic cause.
� C738(Sx,T): Incoming handovers attempted from Sx to T for a forced directed retry cause.
The set of Type 27 counters can be retrieved for only one cell per BSS at once.
Section 1 � Module 4 � Page 52
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Handover Indicators
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5 Handovers QoS per Adjacency
Type 27 Indicators
� The following indicators can be computed from PM Type 27 counters in order to ease the diagnosis of the bad incoming handover performance of a cell:
� Efficiency of the incoming handover execution to cell T from cell Sx
HOIXSUR = C731(Sx,T) / C730(Sx,T)
� Rate of incoming ho execution failures due to MS radio access problems to cell T from cell Sx
HOIXCDRR = C733(Sx,T) / C730(Sx,T)
� Rate of incoming ho execution failures due to BSS problems to cell T from cell Sx
HOIXCDBR= [C730(Sx,T)-C731(Sx,T)-C733(Sx,T)] / C730(Sx,T)
Refer to BSS - DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE INDICATORS:
Handover Statistics > HO Statistics per couple of cells > Indicators with counter type 27
Section 1 � Module 4 � Page 53
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6 Inter-PLMN and Inter-RAT
Section 1 � Module 4 � Page 54
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Handover Indicators
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6 Inter-PLMN and Inter-RAT
Inter-PLMN HO Description
� Since B8, outgoing inter-PLMN HO are available (incoming were always available)
� Usage of CGI in the OMC-R allows to define outgoing inter-PLMN adjacencies (serving cell from own PLMN, target cell from foreign PLMN)
FRANCE ITALIE
OMC-R
External cells : belong to another OMC-R (from own PLMN or foreign PLMN)
Internal cells : belong to this OMC-R
Up to 4 foreign PLMN's can be defined in one OMC-R.
Inter-PLMN external cells are defined by their CGI
Outgoing
Incoming
MCC is the Mobile Country Code, MNC is the Mobile Network Code, LAC is the Location Area Code, CI is the
Cell Identification.
Handovers towards cells belonging to a different PLMN are not possible if CGI_REQD is set to 0.
Handovers towards UMTS cells belonging to a different PLMN are not possible if CGI_3G_REQUIRED is set to
0.
The MS will only measure those Neighbour cells which have a BSIC whose PLMN colour code matches with
the coding in the “NCC Permitted” transmitted to the MS in the SYSTEM INFORMATION TYPE 6.
Section 1 � Module 4 � Page 55
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Handover Indicators
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6 Inter-PLMN and Inter-RAT
Inter-PLMN Indicators
RTCH_HO_Inc_InterPLMN_request
RTCH_HO_Inc_InterPLMN_success
RTCH_HO_Inc_InterPLMN_allocated
RTCH_HO_Out_InterPLMN_request
RTCH_HO_Out_InterPLMN_attempt
RTCH_HO_Out_InterPLMN_success
RTCH_HO_Inc_InterPLMN_request_ratio
RTCH_HO_Inc_InterPLMN_request_ratio : RTCH_HO_Inc_InterPLMN_request / RTCH_HO_request
Section 1 � Module 4 � Page 56
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6 Inter-PLMN and Inter-RAT
2G-3G Indicators
HO_Inc_MSC_3G_2G_request
HO_Inc_MSC_3G_2G_success
HO_Inc_MSC_3G_2G_allocated
HO_Inc_MSC_3G_2G_fail_radio
HO_Inc_MSC_3G_2G_HOreject_HL_Time
HO_Inc_MSC_3G_2G_TCH_fail_3GcongHO_Inc_MSC_3G_2G_TCH
request
HO_Inc_MSC_3G_2G_TCHrequest_emergency
HO_Out_MSC_2G_3G_required
HO_Out_MSC_2G_3G_request
HO_Out_MSC_2G_3G_success HO_Out_MSC_2G_3G_ROC
HO_Out_MSC_2G_3G_prep_fail
HO_Out_MSC_2G_3Gfailure_radio
HO_Inc_MSC_3G_2G_fail_BSS
HO_Inc_MSC_3G_2Gfail_prep_System
HO_Out_MSC_2G_3Gdrop_BSS
INCOMING
OUTGOING
HO_Inc_MSC_3G_2G_HOreject_HL_Time :
- Cumulative time (in seconds) during which the Cell is in 3G high load state
- i.e. Whenever the 3G_HOReject_Load State in the cell is reported as high or reported as indefinite while
the previous state was high. This counter shall be incremented only if THR_CELL_LOAD_3G_REJECT <
100%.
Section 1 � Module 4 � Page 57
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7 Key Performance Indicators
Section 1 � Module 4 � Page 58
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7 Key Performance Indicators
Handover Cause Distribution
� HO CAUSE DISTRIBUTION : distribution of HO attemps by cause X : UL/DL Qual, UL/DL Lev, UL/DL Interference, Distance, Better Cell, Interband, Micro cells HO, Concentric Cell, Traffic, AMRS, TFO causes
� Indicator aiming at measuring the efficiency of planning /optimization
GHCSTBPBR,
GHCCCELVDR,
GHCCCELVUR,
GHCCCBCPR,
GHCSTEDIR,
GHCSTEIFDR,
GHCSTELVDR,
GHCSTEQLDR,
GHCSTBDRR,
GHCMBBCPR,
GHCMCEBSR,
GHCMCELVDR,
GHCMCBCPR,
GHCMCELVUR,
GHCSTEMIR,
GHCSTEIFUR
GHCSTELVUR,
GHCSTEQLUR,
GHCSTAMR,
GHCSTBTFR
Ref. nameComments
%•Qual DL > 10%•Qual UL > 10%•Level UL > 20%•Level DL > 20%•Interf UL > 5%•Interf DL > 5%•Better Cell < 30%
(MC67w or MC785x or MC586y or MC10zz or MC447 or MC461
(MC67all + MC785all + MC586all + MC10all + MC447 + MC461)•MC67all=MC671+MC672+MC673+MC674+MC675+MC676+MC677+MC6
78+MC679+MC670•MC785all = MC785a + MC785d + MC785e + MC785f (Microcell)•MC586all = MC586a + MC586b + MC586c (concentric)•MC10all = MC1040 + MC1044 + MC1050
HO cause distribution
UnitThresholdFormulaeIndicator
Section 1 � Module 4 � Page 59
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7 Key Performance Indicators
Handover Standard Cause Distribution
� DISTRIBUTION HO CAUSE STANDARD : Distribution of Handover attempts by standard cause : Power Budget, quality too low, level too low, high interference and MS-BTS distance too long.
� Indicator aiming at measuring the efficiency of planning / optimization
� Interesting for comparing HO distribution after concentric or micro cell implementation
GHCSTEIFDSR,
GHCSTEIFUSR,
GHCSTEIFSR,
GHCSTELVDSR,
GHCSTELVUSR,
GHCSTELVSR,
GHCSTEQLDSR,
GHCSTEQLUSR,
GHCSTEQLSR,
GHCSTBPBSR,
GHCSTEDISR
Ref. nameComments
%(MC67x) / GLOBAL HO CAUSE STANDARD
• MC67x = MC670 or MC672 or MC671 or MC673 or MC676 or
MC677 or MC678 or MC674 or (MC670+MC672) or
(MC671+MC673) or (MC676+M677)
Distribution HO cause standard
UnitThresholdFormulaeIndicator
The Global HO cause standard indicator is defined as below:
where:
� MC670: Number of handover attempts cause 2: "uplink quality too low"
� MC672: Number of handover attempts cause 4: ”downlink quality too low"
� MC671: Number of handover attempts cause 3: "uplink level too low"
� MC673: Number of handover attempts cause 5: "downlink level too low"
� MC676: Number of handover attempts cause 15: "too high uplink interference level"
� MC677: Number of handover attempts cause 16: "too high downlink interference level"
� MC678: Number of handover attempts cause 12: "too low power budget"
� MC674: Number of handover attempts cause 6: "MS-BTS distance too long"
Section 1 � Module 4 � Page 60
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7 Key Performance Indicators
Handover Cause Distribution
�HANDOVER CAUSE rates
Refer to BSS - DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE INDICATORS:
Handover statistics INDICATORS > Handover causes
GHCXXYYYYR: Rate of specific HO cause xxyyyy versus all HO causes (Global)
� where XX = ST (standard) or MC (micro cell) or CC (concentric cell) or MB (multi band)
� and YYYY is specific to the cause
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7 Key Performance Indicators
Outgoing Handover Success Rate
�Global success rate of Outgoing HO : Rate of successful outgoing external and internal intercell SDCCH and TCH HO
GHOORSUR
Ref. name
This indicator includes preparation and execution.
Comments
%90%HO_Out_success/HO_Out_requiredHO_Out_success_rate
UnitThreshold
FormulaeIndicator
� Efficiency rate (also called execution success rate) of Outgoing HO : Rate of successful outgoing external and internal intercell SDCCH and TCH HO
GHOOREFR
Ref. name
This indicator
takes into account
HO execution only
(not HO
preparation).
Comments
%90%HO_Out_success/HO_Out_requestHO_Out_efficiency_rate
UnitThreshold
FormulaeIndicator
Global Outgoing HO success rate: represents the global efficiency of the outgoing handovers performed from
one cell to any of its neighboring cells (same BSS or not).
Efficiency of Outgoing HO execution: represents the efficiency of the channel change procedure during
outgoing handovers performed from one cell to any of its neighboring cells (same BSS or not). It does not take
into account the HO failures that can occur during the preparation phase when the new channel is being
selected and activated.
HO_Out_success = HO_Out_MSC_2G_3G_success + HO_Out_MSC_2G_2G_success + HO_Out_BSC_success
HO_Out_required = HO_Out_MSC_2G_2G_required+HO_Out_BSC_required+HO_Out_MSC_2G_3G_required
HO_Out_request = HO_Out_MSC_2G_2G_request+HO_Out_BSC_request+HO_Out_MSC_2G_3G_request
HO_Out_request is incremented whenever the 44.018 HANDOVER COMMAND is sent on the Abis.
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7 Key Performance Indicators
Incoming Handover Success Rate
�Global success rate of Incoming HO : Rate of successful incoming external and internal intercell SDCCH and TCH HO
GHOIRSUR
Ref. nameComments
%90%HO_Inc_success / HO_Inc_requestHO_Inc_success_rate
UnitThreshold
FormulaeIndicator
� Success rate of execution of Incoming HO : Rate of successful incoming external and internal intercell SDCCH and TCH HO
GHOIREFR
Ref. name
Excluding
congestion failures
and BSS
preparation
failures from
requests.
Comments
%90%HO_Inc_success / HO_Inc_allocatedHO_Inc_efficiency_rate
UnitThreshold
FormulaeIndicator
Global Incoming HO success rate: represents the global efficiency of the incoming handovers performed to one
cell from any of its neighboring cells (same BSS or not).
Efficiency of Incoming HO execution: represents the efficiency of the channel change procedure during
incoming handovers performed to one cell from any of its neighboring cells (same BSS or not). It does not take
into account the HO failures that can occur during the preparation phase when the new channel is being
selected and activated.
HO_Inc_success = HO_Inc_MSC_success + HO_Inc_BSC_success
HO_Inc_request = HO_Inc_MSC_request + HO_Inc_BSC_request
HO_Inc_allocated = HO_Inc_MSC_allocated + HO_Inc_BSC_allocated
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3 Key Performance Indicators
Handover Failure Main Causes
� Main Causes of handover failure
� Bad handover parameters settings (check with the RFT Training)
� Hardware fault (TRX board fault)
� Congestion
� Interference
� Coverage
� Clock or timer mismatching
Coverage
� Coverage hole
Coverage hole may exist when coverage areas of two BTSs do not overlap or there are some big obstacles in the
coverage area, this lead to no signal or very poor signal level.
� Over shooting
In the actual network, the high BTS antenna can propagate far away along a road and serve in area which it’s
not suppose to serve in; which result in the "isolate Island" problem.
Interference
Interference usually occurs when more than one idle channel appear in the highest interference band. If the
interference is internal, it will usually increase with the growth of traffic. If the interference is external, it is
usually not related to traffic, but it may increase with the traffic growth if the interference is from the close
analog network.
There is also the possibility to work with the RMS (per TRX).
If there are high Rx_lev but bad quality, it indicates that co-channel and/or adjacent-channel interference
exist.
Congestion: see previous case study
Timer mismatching: check with the NSS team whether BSS-NSS parameters are well set.
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Module 5Directed Retry Indicators
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Module Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
� Describe the counters and indicators used for monitoring the efficiency of the directed retry feature
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Module Objectives [cont.]
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Table of Contents
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1 Directed Retry Definition 7Queuing Is Mandatory 8TCH Assignment with Queuing 9Normal and Forced Directed Retry 10Directed Retry Rules 11Directed Retry During Queuing 12
2 Queuing and (F)DR Indicators 13Queuing 14Directed Retry 15Self-assessment on the Objectives 16End of Module 17
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1 Directed Retry Definition
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1 Directed Retry Definition
Queuing Is Mandatory
� When there is no TCH available in a cell for TCH normal assignment
� Queuing: TCH request is put in a queue, waiting for a TCH to be released in this cell
� With default BSS tuning: the call establishment fails if no TCH has been freed after T11 seconds
� but an optional mechanism can be activated…
The queuing of TCH requests is also performed for incoming external TCH handovers but not for incoming
internal TCH handovers.
T11 : BSC parameter, Maximum queuing time for Assignment Requests (values : 0 to 19 s; default 6s)
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1 Directed Retry Definition
TCH Assignment with Queuing
T11TCH resource becomes "free" in the serving cell
MC13a
if the BSC has enough queuing buffers to queue the request or there is a lower priority request that can be
dequeued, BSC puts the request in a queue and starts the queuing timer T11.
Note A: This chart describes the case where the congestion situation ends as a result of a TCH being made
available on the serving BTS. Note that the congestion situation can also be handled by the Directed retry
procedure, in which case the MS is handed over to a Point-to-Point TCH
located on another BTS, see next slides.
Note B: If the queuing is not allowed by the MSC, but QUEUE_ANYWAY = TRUE, no QUEUING INDICATION
message is sent to the MSC
Note C: ATER CONN REQ procedure is done only for TDM BTS in case of BSS transport mode = IP.
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1 Directed Retry Definition
Normal and Forced Directed Retry
� Directed Retry (DR)
� When a TCH request is in queue, the BSC tries to establish the TCH connection on a neighboring cell if:
� the normal handover condition is met (Normal DR)
� specific directed retry conditions are met (Forced DR):
� the MS receives a sufficient signal level from a neighboring cell
� the number of free TCHs in this neighboring cell is sufficient
Normal DR : Should be enabled all the time, to avoid call drop. It just allows a MS in a queue to perform a standard HO.
Forced DR : Should be enabled to fight congestion. It leads to a radio quality degradation (MS not in the best serving cell anymore).
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1 Directed Retry Definition
Directed Retry Rules
� DR FAIL. CASES > DR Reminder
DR as an SDCCH to TCH handover can be
� Internal
� between two cells of the same BSC
� also called intra BSC
� External
� between two cells of different BSCs
� also called inter BSC
� Incoming
� as considering the target cell
� Outgoing
� as considering the serving cell
� Synchronous
� between 2 cells
� sharing the same clocks
� collocated
� usually 2 sectors of the same BTS
� tunable at OMC-R level
� Asynchronous
� not synchronous for any reason
� no dedicated monitoring for synchronous/asynchronous HO
ANNEX 3
There is no Intracell Directed Retry contrary to HO:
An Intracell Directed is a Call Setup !! !-)
Please refer to Annexes for Directed Retry counters details.
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1 Directed Retry Definition
Directed Retry During Queuing
… then, SDCCH released in the serving cell …
Detection of possible DRwith neighbour
Same message flowas a Handover
End with Assignment Complete(not "HO Performed")
MC144e/f MC153
MC717a
MC142e/f
MC144e : outgoing internal DR request
MC144f : outgoing external DR request
MC153 : incoming internal DR request (no counter for incoming external DR)
MC142e : outgoing internal DR success
MC142f : outgoing external DR success
MC717a : incoming internal DR success (no counter for incoming external DR)
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2 Queuing and (F)DR Indicators
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2 Queuing and (F)DR Indicators
Queuing
� Alc_Mono_Queuing
RTCH queueing failure - CELL2G: cell00301_03017 (301/3017) ( 999/F77/301/3017 ) - 17/05/2009 00 00:00 To 17/05/2009 23 23:00 (Working Zone: Global - Medium)
020406080
100120140160180200
16/05
/200
9 22
22:00
17/05
/200
9 00
00:00
17/05
/200
9 02
02:00
17/05
/200
9 04
04:00
17/05
/200
9 06
06:00
17/05
/200
9 08
08:00
17/05
/200
9 10
10:00
17/05
/200
9 12
12:00
17/05
/200
9 14
14:00
17/05
/200
9 16
16:00
17/05
/200
9 18
18:00
17/05
/200
9 20
20:00
nb
00.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
120.0%
%
Rejected
Timeout
Success
% Success
Rejected : A queued request is rejected because another request is placed in the queue, with a higher
priority.
Timeout : The queued request stayed T11 in the queue and is then removed.
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2 Queuing and (F)DR Indicators
Directed Retry
� Alc_Mono_DR_Outgoing
Outgoing internal Directed Retry - CELL2G: cell00301_03017 (301/3017) ( 999/F77/301/3017 ) - 17/05/2009 00 00:00 To 17/05/2009 23 23:00 (Working Zone:
Global - Medium)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
16/0
5/20
09 2
2 22
:00
16/0
5/20
09 2
3 23
:00
17/0
5/20
09 0
0 00
:00
17/0
5/20
09 0
1 01
:00
17/0
5/20
09 0
2 02
:00
17/0
5/20
09 0
3 03
:00
17/0
5/20
09 0
4 04
:00
17/0
5/20
09 0
5 05
:00
17/0
5/20
09 0
6 06
:00
17/0
5/20
09 0
7 07
:00
17/0
5/20
09 0
8 08
:00
17/0
5/20
09 0
9 09
:00
17/0
5/20
09 1
0 10
:00
17/0
5/20
09 1
1 11
:00
17/0
5/20
09 1
2 12
:00
17/0
5/20
09 1
3 13
:00
17/0
5/20
09 1
4 14
:00
17/0
5/20
09 1
5 15
:00
17/0
5/20
09 1
6 16
:00
17/0
5/20
09 1
7 17
:00
17/0
5/20
09 1
8 18
:00
17/0
5/20
09 1
9 19
:00
17/0
5/20
09 2
0 20
:00
17/0
5/20
09 2
1 21
:00
nb
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
%
Fail BSS
Fail Radio
ROC
Prep Fail
Success
% Success
There is also an indicator (not in this graph) that counts only the number of FDR attempts (DR_forced,
GDRFORQN = MC607)
This indicator can be compared to MC144e/f in order to know the ratio FDR vs. normal DR.
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Self-assessment on the Objectives
� Please be reminded to fill in the formSelf-Assessment on the Objectivesfor this module
� The form can be found in the first partof this course documentation
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End of ModuleDirected Retry Indicators
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Module 6Radio Measurement Statistics Indicators
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Module Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
� Describe the RMS indicators used for radio quality assessment of a TRX or cell and to use them in the detection of some typical radio problems
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Module Objectives [cont.]
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Table of Contents
Switch to notes view!Page
1 Radio Measurement Statistics Objectives 7RMS Objectives 8
2 RMS Implementation in the BSS 10RMS Management 11RMS Configuration in the OMC-R 12RMS Configuration in NPO 13RMS Data Flow 14RMS Data Presentation 15
3 RMS Data 16RMS Data Presentation 17
4 Call Quality Statistics per TRX 184.1 Generalities 194.2 Call Quality Parameters 224.3 Call Quality Counters 24
5 Radio Quality Statistics per TRX 285.1 Generalities 295.2 Radio Quality Parameters 325.3 Radio Quality Counters 35
6 C/I Statistics 496.1 C/I Generalities 506.2 C/I Parameters 516.3 C/I Counters 52
7 RMS Indicators Usage 547.1 Suspecting a Voice Quality Problem 557.2 Suspecting a Cell Coverage Problem 56Exercise 1 58Exercise 2 59
7.3 Suspecting a Cell Interference Problem 60Exercise 3 61Exercise 4 62Exercise 5 63
8 Additional Information 64RMS Counters 65Self-assessment on the Objectives 68End of Module 69
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Table of Contents [cont.]
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1 Radio Measurement Statistics Objectives
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1 Radio Measurement Statistics Objectives
RMS Objectives
� Assess the quality of cell coverage
� Assess the radio link quality of a TRX / a cell
� Assess Carrier/Interference ratio of a TRX / a cell
� Estimate the voice quality of a TRX / a cell
� In order to:
� Optimize the neighborhood & frequency planning
� Improve the network coverage
� Detect faulty hardware components responsible of bad QoS
� Help logical parameters fine tuning
The RMS feature provides statistics on Voice Quality. VQ data are now needed since the Call Drop rate is
not sufficient to have a clear picture of the QoS in a network using Slow Frequency Hopping as a
densification technique.
The RMS feature is a "plus" providing additional information to help radio engineer in their Fault detection
and Network optimization tasks.
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1 Radio Measurement Statistics Objectives
RMS Objectives [cont.]
� Provide Radio Measurement Statistics
� On all the network elements (all TRXs/cells)
� Permanently through the PM type 31
� RMS results available every day (after a specific period)
� In order to reduce the cost of Radio Network Optimization
Today's solutions for Radio Measurements are limited and very expensive:
� drive tests: provide a mobile user with the perception of the network but cannot be done on the whole
network and on an every day basis since:
� they are costly (tool+car+manpower).
� they need to be post-processed.
� they are limited to part of the network.
� they are available on the DownLink path only.
� Abis interface traces: provide a complete Uplink and Downlink radio quality assessment of a cell but
cannot be done on the whole network and on an every day basis since:
� they are costly (protocol analyzer+manpower).
� they need to be post-processed.
� they are limited to a few cells at once per analyzer.
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2 RMS Implementation in the BSS
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2 RMS Implementation in the BSS
RMS Management
� RMS results are reported permanently (once a day) by the BSS as a PM Type 31 counters to the OMC-R
� The RMS job is defined and activated on a per BSS basis
� RMS job parameters are managed through RMS templates
� RMS templates provide means to tune RMS parameters according to Cell Planning (cell profile, cell class)
The cell profile can be: micro, indoor, multiband, etc.
The cell class can be: rural, urban, rural rapid (covering express railway), etc.
Templates parameters define the intervals for Received level, Consecutive frame erasure, Radio link
counter, Path balance, C/I …for which RMS counters are provided.
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2 RMS Implementation in the BSS
RMS Configuration in the OMC-R
� RMS with OMC-R only
� Templates are defined on the OMC-R
� RMS results are retrieved once a day from the BSC
� Binary files can be exported for post-processing
PM
RMS in binary filesTemplatesTemplates
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2 RMS Implementation in the BSS
RMS Configuration in NPO
� RMS with OMC-R & NPO� Templates are defined on NPO
� RMS results are retrieved once a day from the BSC
� Binary files are transferred to NPO
� RMS warnings on NPO
� RMS QoS reports on NPO
� RMS reports used in NPO
� Check
� QoS follow-up
� Diagnosis
� Tuning
Templates
PM
A9159 NPOSoftware application
The cell profile can be: micro, indoor, multiband, etc.
The cell class can be: rural, urban, rural rapid (covering express railway), etc.
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2 RMS Implementation in the BSS
RMS Data Flow
1. NPO defines and sends RMS templates to the OMC-R
2. The OMC-R activates an RMS campaign in the BSS
3. RMS counters are transferred tothe OMC
4. RMS counters are stored in NPO
5. RMS QOS report displayed
OMC-R
BSS
Template
1
PM4
2PM
3
5
QOS
NPO
The tuning function of NPO defines a preferred RMS template depending on cell characteristics (type, class,
capacity, etc.).
NPO manages the frequencies to monitor through MAFA jobs depending on the neighborhood and the
frequency bands.
NPO is a reference for RMS templates:
� 16 templates stored in the NPO database,
� Reference values for templates available,
� Extra editor in the administration tool to modify templates: a given value or a reference one.
� NPO stores RMS jobs measurements, at Cell & TRX levels (15 days).
� NPO makes some consolidations (voice quality, averages, etc.).
� NPO manages some warnings on RMS indicators (path balance).
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RMS Data Presentation
� In all this chapter
� System parameters (user tuneable or not) will always be written in BLUE BOLD FONT
� Indicators and counters will be typedin ITALIC and underline
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3 RMS Data
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3 RMS Data
RMS Data Presentation
� The main RMS statistics types:
� Call Quality Statistics which qualify calls according to coverage/interference criteria
� based on samples corresponding to measurement results averaged over a number of SACCH multi-frames
� Radio Quality Statistics:
� UL/DL level, UL/DL qual
� CFE
� AMR (Analyze the coded values)
� Timing Advance
� C/I Statistics on neighboring freq/MAFA freq
� last 2 statistics types based on samples corresponding to measurement results
Annex 1
The first RMS Statistics type is based on calls.
The two others are based on TRX/Cell.
Additional information: Measurement results, TRX, BS/MS max power
MAFA = Mobile Assisted Frequency Allocation is a GSM Phase 2+ feature allowing to request a mobile to measure and report through Extended Measurement Report message a C/I value for each frequency specified in an Extended Measurement Order message.
CFE: Consecutive Frame Erasure
1 SACCH multi-frame (SACCH mfr) corresponds to 4 consecutive sequences of 26 TDMA frames during which, in the uplink, a measurement report message is received by the BTS from the MS.
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4 Call Quality Statistics per TRX
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4 Call Quality Statistics per TRX
4.1 Generalities
� Suspecting a Voice Quality problem
� Percentage of Noisy calls
The fact that FER measurements are more reliable than RXQUAL ones to assess the VQ is even more true
when using Slow Frequency Hopping. In this case RXQUAL values are not anymore correlated to Voice
Quality as perceived by the end user.
FER measurements are available for the uplink path only.
These RMS indicators are provided on the NPO tool per TRX, per Cell:
� Number of Noisy calls suffering from problem of bad coverage on the uplink path
RMVQULVN = RMS_call_noisy_UL_bad_coverage
� Number of Noisy calls suffering from problem of interference on the uplink path
RMVQUIFN = RMS_call_noisy_UL_interference
� Number of Noisy calls suffering from problem of interference and bad coverage considered together on
the uplink path
RMVQUUKN = RMS_call_noisy_UL_undefined
� Rate of Noisy calls suffering from problems of interference or/and bad coverage on the uplink path
RMVQUNOR = RMS_call_noisy_UL_rate
Note: The 4 indicators above can be provided for Noisy calls suffering from VQ problems on the downlink
path.
� Rate of Noisy calls but with good FER measurements on the uplink path
RMVQFEGR = RMS_call_noisy_good_FER_rate
� Rate of Noisy calls and also with bad FER measurements on the uplink path
RMVQFEBR = RMS_call_noisy_bad_FER_rate
� Rate of calls with fair quality measurements but with bad FER measurements on the uplink path
RMVQFEAR = RMS_call_abnormal_bad_FER_rate
This last indicator can be used in order to tune the RMS VQ parameters used to characterize a call as Noisy.
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4.1 Generalities [cont.]
� Call Quality MeasurementsSACCH meas.
begin end
CALL
480ms
CQS1 CQS2 CQS3 CQS4 CQS5 CQS6 CQS7 CQS8 CQS9 CQS10 CQS11 CQS12 CQS13 CQS14 CQS15 CQS16 CQS375
1 measurement report⇔⇔⇔⇔
1 SACCH mfr
VQ_AVERAGE = 4 SACCH MultiframesAV_RXLEV_UL_VQ = (RxlevUL1+RxlevUL2+RxlevUL3+RxlevUL4) / 4
AV_RXLEV_DL_VQ = (RxlevDL1+RxlevDL2+RxlevDL3+RxlevDL4) / 4
AV_RXQUAL_UL_VQ = (RxqualUL1+RxqualUL2+RxqualUL3+RxqualUL4) / 4
AV_RXQUAL_DL_VQ = (RxqualDL1+RxqualDL2+RxqualDL3+RxqualDL4) / 4
AV_RXFER_UL_VQ = (Nb of speech frames wrongly decoded (BFI=1)/ Total nb of speech frames of the CQS)
Average level, quality and FER of a Call Quality Sample
CQS: Call Quality Sample
VQ_AVERAGE = Number of consecutive SACCH measurements from which the reported Level and Quality
notes (UL and DL) are averaged. The resulting averages represent the level and quality of the corresponding
Call Quality Sample, i.e. the portion of the call over which level and quality have been measured.
Default value of VQ_AVERAGE is 6 SACCH mfr but in the example above it has been considered to be set to
4 Samfr.
AV_RXLEV_xx_VQ = Average xx level measured over a Call Quality Sample (VQ_AVERAGE SACCH)
AV_RXQUAL_xx_VQ = Average xx quality measured over a Call Quality Sample (VQ_AVERAGE SACCH)
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4.1 Generalities [cont.]
� Classification of a CQS and Noisy Call identification
� How to qualify the quality of a call? By looking at the repartition of the CQS!
quality
Level (dBm)
7
0
-110 -47VQ_RXLEV
bad quality + good level
����
interfered CQS
bad quality & level����
bad coverage CQS
VQ_RXQUAL
CQS
VQ_RXLEV = radio level threshold to classify a CQS as bad coverage CQS.
VQ_RXQUAL = radio quality threshold to classify a CQS as bad coverage CQS.
VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD = Ratio of bad CQS (interference or bad coverage) to classify a Call as Noisy.
A call is classified as:
� Noisy xx Interference if Ratio of xx interfered CQS > VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
� Noisy xx Coverage if Ratio of xx bad coverage CQS > VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
� Noisy xx Undefined if Ratio of (xx interfered CQS + xx bad coverage CQS) > VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
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4.2 Call Quality Parameters
� RMS parameters: Call Quality Statistics
Parameters used to determine if a call is noisy (according to RXQUAL)
and of bad voice quality (according to FER)
� VQ_AVERAGE: averaging window size on measurement results to obtain Call Quality Samples (CQSs) (0 SACCH mfr to 128 Smf)
� VQ_RXLEV: radio level threshold to specify a bad coverage CQS for noisy call statistics (-110 to -65 dBm)
� VQ_RXQUAL: radio quality threshold to specify a bad quality (RXQUAL) CQS for noisy call statistics (0 to 7)
� VQ_RXQUAL_VS_RXFER: radio quality threshold to specify a bad or a good quality CQS correlated to bad or good FER measurements for noisy call statistics (0 to 7)
All these parameters are included in the RMS PM Type 31 result files as RMS counters:
� RMSpc = PAR_VQ_AVERAGE
� RMSpd = PAR_VQ_RXLEV
� RMSpe = PAR_VQ_RXQUAL
� RMSpf = PAR_VQ_RXQUAL_VS_RXFER
Call Quality Sample (A CQS) will be qualified as “of bad level” if the Average RxLevel is lower than
VQ_RXLEV.
A CQS will be qualified as “of bad quality” if the Average RxQuality is greater than VQ_RXQUAL.
For FER counters, VQ_RXQUAL_VS_RXFER is used instead of VQ_RXQUAL to qualify a CQS as “of bad quality”
if the Average FER is also checked (compared to VQ_xx_RXFER).
Note: For CQS, the averaging process is non-sliding.
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4.2 Call Quality Parameters [cont.]
� RMS parameters: Call Quality Statistics
� VQ_GOOD_RXFER: Frame Erasure Rate threshold to specify a good FER CQS for noisy call statistics (0 to 20%)
� VQ_BAD_RXFER: FER threshold to specify a bad FER CQS for noisy call statistics (0 to 20%)
� VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD: Call Quality Samples threshold to characterize a call as noisy (0 to 100%)
� VQ_FER_THRESHOLD: Call Quality Samples threshold to characterize a call as “of bad or good” voice quality (0 to 100%)
All these parameters are included in the RMS PM Type 31 result files as RMS counters:
� RMSpg = PAR_VQ_GOOD_RXFER
� RMSph = PAR_VQ_ BAD_RXFER
� RMSpi = PAR_VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
� RMSpj = PAR_VQ_FER_THRESHOLD
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4.3 Call Quality Counters
� RMS counters
� VQ_NOISY_UL_INTERFERENCE = RMS10 Number of calls suffering from interference problem on the uplink path
� VQ_NOISY_UL_INTERFERENCE is incremented whenever a call verifies: 100*(INTERFERED_UL_SAMPLES / NUM_UL_SAMPLES) > VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
� with INTERFERED_UL_SAMPLES = nb of times where AV_RXQUAL_UL_VQ > VQ_RXQUALand AV_RXLEV_UL_VQ>VQ_RXLEV
Call Quality Statistics counters are related only to speech channels.
Considering:
� AV_RXQUAL_UL_VQ: average on VQ_AVERAGE measurements of RXQUAL_UL
� AV_RXLEV_UL_VQ: average on VQ_AVERAGE measurements of RXLEV_UL
� NUM_UL_SAMPLES: total number of averages calculated on UL measurements during the call on the
considered TRX
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4.3 Call Quality Counters [cont.]
� RMS counters
� VQ_NOISY_UL_INTERFERENCE = RMS10Number of calls suffering from interference problem on the uplink path
� VQ_NOISY_DL_INTERFERENCE = RMS11Number of calls suffering from interference problem on the downlink path
� VQ_NOISY_UL_COVERAGE = RMS12 Number of calls suffering from bad coverage problem on the uplink path
� VQ_NOISY_DL_COVERAGE = RMS13Number of calls suffering from bad coverage problem on the downlink path
RMS10 = VQ_NOISY_UL_INTERFERENCE is incremented whenever a call verifies:
100*(INTERFERED_UL_SAMPLES / NUM_UL_SAMPLES) > VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
with
INTERFERED_UL_SAMPLES = nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_UL_VQ > VQ_RXQUAL
and AV_RXLEV_UL_VQ>VQ_RXLEV
considering
AV_RXQUAL_UL_VQ: average on VQ_AVERAGE measurements of RXQUAL_UL
AV_RXLEV_UL_VQ: average on VQ_AVERAGE measurements of RXLEV_UL
NUM_UL_SAMPLES: total number of averages calculated on UL measurements during the call on the considered TRX
RMS11 = VQ_NOISY_DL_INTERFERENCE is incremented whenever a call verifies: 100*(INTERFERED_DL_SAMPLES / NUM_DL_SAMPLES) > VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
with
INTERFERED_DL_SAMPLES = nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_DL_VQ > VQ_RXQUAL
and AV_RXLEV_DL_VQ>VQ_RXLEV
considering
AV_RXQUAL_DL_VQ: average on VQ_AVERAGE measurements of RXQUAL_DL
AV_RXLEV_DL_VQ: average on VQ_AVERAGE measurements of RXLEV_DL
NUM_DL_SAMPLES: total number of averages calculated on DL measurements during the call on the considered TRX
RMS12 = VQ_NOISY_UL_COVERAGE is incremented whenever a call verifies: 100*(BAD_COVERAGE_UL_SAMPLES /
NUM_UL_SAMPLES) > VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
with BAD_COVERAGE_UL_SAMPLES = nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_UL_VQ > VQ_RXQUAL and
AV_RXLEV_UL_VQ<=VQ_RXLEV
RMS13 = VQ_NOISY_DL_COVERAGE is incremented whenever a call verifies: 100*(BAD_COVERAGE_DL_SAMPLES /
NUM_DL_SAMPLES) > VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
with BAD_COVERAGE_DL_SAMPLES = nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_DL_VQ > VQ_RXQUAL and
AV_RXLEV_DL_VQ<=VQ_RXLEV
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4.3 Call Quality Counters [cont.]
� RMS counters
� VQ_NOISY_UL_UNDEFINED = RMS14Number of calls suffering from both problems of interference and bad coverage on the uplink path
� These calls are not counted in VQ_NOISY_UL_COVERAGE or VQ_NOISY_UL_INTERFERENCE
� VQ_NOISY_DL_UNDEFINED = RMS15 Number of calls suffering from both problems of interference and bad coverage on the downlink path
� These calls are not counted in VQ_NOISY_DL_COVERAGE or VQ_NOISY_DL_INTERFERENCE
RMS14 = VQ_NOISY_UL_UNDEFINED is incremented whenever a call verifies:
100*(BAD_COVERAGE_UL_SAMPLES / NUM_UL_SAMPLES) <= VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
and 100*(INTERFERED_UL_SAMPLES / NUM_UL_SAMPLES) <= VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
and 100*(BAD_QUALITY_UL_SAMPLES / NUM_UL_SAMPLES) > VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
with
BAD_COVERAGE_UL_SAMPLES = nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_UL_VQ > VQ_RXQUAL and
AV_RXLEV_UL_VQ<=VQ_RXLEV
INTERFERED_UL_SAMPLES = nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_UL_VQ > VQ_RXQUAL
and AV_RXLEV_UL_VQ > VQ_RXLEV
BAD_QUALITY_UL_SAMPLES = INTERFERED_UL_SAMPLES + BAD_COVERAGE_UL_SAMPLES
= nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_UL_VQ > VQ_RXQUAL
RMS15 = VQ_NOISY_DL_UNDEFINED is incremented whenever a call verifies:
100*(BAD_COVERAGE_DL_SAMPLES / NUM_DL_SAMPLES) <= VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
and 100*(INTERFERED_DL_SAMPLES / NUM_DL_SAMPLES) <= VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
and 100*(BAD_QUALITY_DL_SAMPLES / NUM_DL_SAMPLES) > VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
with
BAD_COVERAGE_DL_SAMPLES = nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_DL_VQ > VQ_RXQUAL
and AV_RXLEV_DL_VQ<=VQ_RXLEV
INTERFERED_DL_SAMPLES = nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_DL_VQ > VQ_RXQUAL
and AV_RXLEV_DL_VQ > VQ_RXLEV
BAD_QUALITY_DL_SAMPLES = INTERFERED_DL_SAMPLES + BAD_COVERAGE_DL_SAMPLES
= nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_DL_VQ > VQ_RXQUAL
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4.3 Call Quality Counters [cont.]
� RMS counters
� VQ_NOISY_UL_BAD_FER = RMS16Number of calls with bad quality measurements and with bad FER measurements on the uplink path
� Bad quality means bad RXQUAL whatever RXLEV is
� VQ_NOISY_UL_GOOD_FER = RMS17Number of calls with bad quality measurements but with good FER measurements on the uplink path
� VQ_ABNORMAL_BAD_FER = RMS18Number of calls with fair quality measurements but with bad FER measurements on the uplink path
RMS16 = VQ_NOISY_UL_BAD_FER is incremented whenever a call verifies:
100*(BAD_QUALITY_UL_SAMPLES / NUM_UL_SAMPLES) > VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
and 100*(BAD_QUAL_BAD_FER_UL_SAMPLES / BAD_QUALITY_UL_SAMPLES) > VQ_FER_THRESHOLD
with
BAD_QUALITY_UL_SAMPLES = INTERFERED_UL_SAMPLES + BAD_COVERAGE_UL_SAMPLES
= nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_UL_VQ > VQ_RXQUAL
BAD_QUAL_BAD_FER_UL_SAMPLES = nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_UL_VQ > VQ_RXQUAL_VS_RXFER and
AV_RXFER_UL_VQ > VQ_BAD_RXFER
considering
AV_RXFER_UL_VQ: average on VQ_AVERAGE measurements of FER
RMS17 = VQ_NOISY_UL_GOOD_FER is incremented whenever a call verifies:
100*(BAD_QUALITY_UL_SAMPLES / NUM_UL_SAMPLES) > VQ_INTF_THRESHOLD
and 100*(BAD_QUAL_GOOD_FER_UL_SAMPLES / BAD_QUALITY_UL_SAMPLES) > VQ_FER_THRESHOLD
with
BAD_QUALITY_UL_SAMPLES = INTERFERED_UL_SAMPLES + BAD_COVERAGE_UL_SAMPLES
= nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_UL_VQ > VQ_RXQUAL
BAD_QUAL_GOOD_FER_UL_SAMPLES = nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_UL_VQ > VQ_RXQUAL_VS_RXFER
and AV_RXFER_UL_VQ <= VQ_GOOD_RXFER
RMS18 = VQ_ABNORMAL_BAD_FER is incremented whenever a call verifies:
100*(FAIR_QUAL_BAD_FER_UL_SAMPLES / FAIR_QUALITY_UL_SAMPLES) > VQ_FER_THRESHOLD
with
FAIR_QUALITY_UL_SAMPLES = nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_UL_VQ < VQ_RXQUAL_VS_RXFER
FAIR_QUAL_BAD_FER_UL_SAMPLES = nb of times when AV_RXQUAL_UL_VQ<VQ_RXQUAL_VS_RXFER and
AV_RXFER_UL_VQ>VQ_BAD_RXFER
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5.1 Generalities
� Suspecting a TRX hardware problem
� Average path balance
These RMS indicators are provided on the NPO tool per TRX, per Cell:
� Vector of the Number of Measurement Results per Path Balance band
RMPBV = RMS_PathBalance_sample
� Average Path Balance value
RMPBAN = RMS_PathBalance_avg
A Templates modification is needed to have more details.
Report : MONO_OBJECT_DISTRIBUTION
� Alc_Mono_Radio_Link_detailed
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5.1 Generalities [cont.]
� Vector Counter
� RMS7a=TPR_PATH_BALANCE RMS7b=MAX_PATH_BALANCE
� The real number of Measurement Results in which Path balance is in PATH BALANCE band j is equal to:
� S(PATH BALANCE band j) x Max / 254
� TPR_PATH_BALANCE(j) x MAX_PATH_BALANCE / 254
The vector counter system is used to provide:
� Path balance repartition
� Radio Link counter (Consecutive Frame Erasure) repartition
� C/I repartition
� AMR FR/HR/DL/UL usage repartition
� TA repartition (improved)
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5.1 Generalities [cont.]
TPR_RXQUAL_UL_RXLEV_ULTPR_RXQUAL_UL_RXLEV_UL TMR_RXQUAL_UL_RXLEV_ULTMR_RXQUAL_UL_RXLEV_UL
This counter RMS3a=TPR_RXQUAL_UL_RXLEV_UL is a matrix (represented on the left side).
This counter RMS3b=TMR_RXQUAL_UL_RXLEV_UL is a vector (represented on the right side).
The real number of Measurement Results in which UL RxQual is equal to i and UL RxLev is in RXLEV band j, is equal to:
� S(RXQUAL i, RXLEV band j) x Max j / 254
� TPR_RXQUAL_UL_RXLEV_UL(i,j) x TMR_RXQUAL_UL_RXLEV_UL(j) / 254
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5.2 Radio Quality Parameters
� RMS Parameters
� Radio Quality Statistics: Parameters used to define intervals for RXLEV, Path Balance, Radio Link Counter and Consecutive Frame Erasure, TA statisticsNo parameters needed for AMR measurements (counters, see later)
� MEAS_STAT_LEV1 to MEAS_STAT_LEV9: 9 thresholds on the received radio level value defining 10 RXLEV bands
-110 ≤ MEAS_STAT_LEV(i+1) ≤ MEAS_STAT_LEV(i) < -47 dBm
� MEAS_STAT_PATH_BAL1 to MEAS_STAT_PATH_BAL9: 9 thresholds on the radio signal propagation loss difference between UL and DL defining 10 Path Balance bands-110< MEAS_STAT_PATHBAL(i) ≤ MEAS_STAT_PATHBAL(i+1) ≤ +110 dB
All these parameters are included in the RMS PM Type 31 result files as RMS counters:
� RMSpt5 = TAB_PAR_MEAS_LEV = Table of 9 parameters MEAS_STAT_LEVi
� RMSpt4 = TAB_PAR_MEAS_PATH_BALANCE = Table of 9 parameters MEAS_STAT_PATH_BALi
The Path Balance is computed by the BTS from each Measurement Result message as the difference
between:
� Path loss on the uplink: received level by the BTS - MS power level
� Path loss on the downlink: received level by the MS - BS power level
� where the BTS power level is computed as the BTS nominal power minus by the BTS power relative
level.
Therefore the Path balance is computed as follows:
� Path Balance = (RXLEV_UL - MS_TXPWR) - (RXLEV_DL - [BTS_MAX_OUTPUT_POWER - abs(BS_TXPWR)])
� where
� RXLEV_UL is the received signal levels measured by the BTS on the uplink path (in dBm).
� MS_TXPWR is the MS transmitted power converted by the BTS from the MS power level into
dBm value according to the frequency band of the TRX.
� BS_TXPWR is the BTS transmitted power offset defined relatively to the maximum absolute
output power of the BTS (negative value in dB).
� BTS_MAX_OUTPUT_POWER is the maximum power of the BTS after Combiner (in dBm).
� RXLEV_DL is the received signal levels measured by the MS on the downlink path (in dBm).
NOTE: Additional asymmetric DL loss (external combiner) or UL gain (TMA) will have an impact on the UL
and DL path loss measurements that must be taken into account when interpreting the RMS results for path
loss and path balance.
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5.2 Radio Quality Parameters [cont.]
� RMS Parameters
� Radio Quality Statistics:
� TA_STAT: threshold on the timing advance value defining a priori the range of the cell (0 to 64 bits)
� MEAS_STAT_TA1 to MEAS_STAT_ TA9: 9 thresholds for the timing advance to define 10 TA Bands
� MEAS_STAT_S1 to MEAS_STAT_S9: 9 thresholds on the BTS Radio Link Counter S value defining 10 S bands
0 < MEAS_STAT_S(i) ≤ MEAS_STAT_S(i+1) ≤ 128 SACCH mfr
� S: counter managed by the BTS on a per call basis
� S = RADIOLINK_TIMEOUT_BS if good radio conditions
� S decremented if bad radio conditions
� The BSS triggers a call drop when S = 0
All these parameters are included in the RMS PM Type 31 result files as RMS counters:
� RMSpt3 = TAB_PAR_MEAS_STAT_S = Table of 9 parameters MEAS_STAT_Si
� RMSpb = PAR_TA_STAT
� RMSpt6 = TAB_PAR_MEAS_STAT_TA = Table of value for 9 parameters: MEAS_STAT_TA1 to TA9
a threshold on Timing Advance measurement to define bands used for RMS
Reminder on the Uplink Radio Link Supervision procedure:
� For each active dedicated radio channel in a cell, a counter “S” called Radio Link Counter is:
� decremented by 1 by the BTS each time an SACCH measurement from the mobile cannot be decoded
(SACCH_BFI=1).
� incremented by 2 by the BTS each time a valid SACCH measurement is received from the mobile
(SACCH_BFI=0).
� Initial value of S = RADIOLINK_TIMEOUT_BS (cell parameter)
� if S reaches N_BSTXPWR_M, a radio link recovery is triggered (BTS and MS power increased at their
maximum).
� if S reaches 0, a Radio Link Failure is triggered (channel drop).
� Therefore the value of S gives a measure of the “quality” of the radio uplink.
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5.2 Radio Quality Parameters [cont.]
� RMS Parameters
� Radio Quality Statistics:
� MEAS_STAT_BFI1 to MEAS_STAT_BFI9: 9 thresholds on the number of consecutive speech frames with BFI set to 1 defining 10 BFI bands
0 ≤ MEAS_STAT_BFI(i) ≤ MEAS_STAT_BFI(i+1) < 25 speech frame
� The BTS decodes 24 speech frames (sf) from 1 uplink SACCH multi-frame:
� and 1 SACCH frame (or block)
T
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Sf 1 Sf 2 Sf 3 Sf 4 Sf 5 Sf 6 Sf 7 Sf 8 Sf 9 Sf 10 Sf 11 Sf 12 Sf 13 Sf 14 Sf 15 Sf 16 Sf 17 Sf 18 Sf 19 Sf 20 Sf 21 Sf 22 Sf 23 Sf 24
All these parameters are included in the RMS PM Type 31 result files as RMS counters:
RMSpt2 = TAB_PAR_MEAS_STAT_BFI = Table of 9 parameters MEAS_STAT_BFIi
Consecutive Frame Erasure (CFE)
MEAS_STAT_BFIi parameters define 9 intervals of cumulated numbers of consecutive speech frames which
have a Bad Frame Indicator value set to 1 (it means that the speech frame is considered as erroneous by
the BTS).
As the TC will erase speech frames for which a Bad Frame Indicator flag (BFI) has been set to the value 1 by
the BTS, a BFI is used in the RMS counters description whereas the CFE is used in the RMS indicators defined
in the NPO tool.
Note: By default, a BFI relates to a speech frame. When considering SACCH measurement, SACCH_BFI
should be used.
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5.3 Radio Quality Counters
� RMS Counters
� Radio Quality Statistics
� TPR_RXQUAL_UL_RXLEV_UL: matrix of 8x10 elements UL(RXQUAL i, RXLEV band j), each element is made up of:
� Samplesij: norm of number of measurement result samples in which UL RxQual is equal to i and UL RxLev is reported in RXLEV band j
� MS PWR levelij: average value of MS power (in dBm) from pwr levels reported in these samples
� Timing Advanceij: average value of TAs reported in these samples
� TMR_RXQUAL_UL_RXLEV_UL: vector of 10 elements ULRXQUAL(RXLEV band j), each element is made up of:
� the maximum value of the 8 real numbers of samples in which UL RxQual is equal to i (i=0 to 7) and UL RxLev is reported in RXLEV band j
RMS3a=TPR_RXQUAL_UL_RXLEV_UL RMS3b=TMR_RXQUAL_UL_RXLEV_UL
The real number of Measurement Results in which UL RxQual is equal to i and UL RxLev is in RXLEV band j, is equal to: S(RXQUAL i, RXLEV band j) x Max j / 254 TPR_RXQUAL_UL_RXLEV_UL(i,j) x TMR_RXQUAL_UL_RXLEV_UL(j) / 254
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5.3 Radio Quality Counters [cont.]
� RMS Counters
� Radio Quality Statistics
� TPR_RXQUAL_DL_RXLEV_DL: matrix of 8x10 elements DL(RXQUAL i, RXLEV band j), each element is made up of:
� Samplesij: norm of number of measurement result samples in which DL RxQual is equal to i and DL RxLev is reported in RXLEV band j
� BS PWR levelij: average value of BS power (in dBm) from pwr levels reported in these samples
� Timing Advanceij: average value of TAs reported in these samples
� TMR_RXQUAL_DL_RXLEV_DL: vector of 10 elements DLRXQUAL(RXLEV band j), each element is made up of:
� the maximum value of the 8 real numbers of samples in which DL RxQual is equal to i (i=0 to 7) and DL RxLev is reported in RXLEV band j
RMS4a=TPR_RXQUAL_DL_RXLEV_DL RMS4b=TMR_RXQUAL_DL_RXLEV_DL
The real number of Measurement Results in which DL RxQual is equal to i and DL RxLev is in RXLEV band j, is equal to:S(RXQUAL i, RXLEV band j) x Max j / 254 TPR_RXQUAL_DL_RXLEV_DL(i,j) x TMR_RXQUAL_DL_RXLEV_DL(j) / 254
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5.3 Radio Quality Counters [cont.]
� RMS Counters
� Radio Quality Statistics
� TPR_PATH_BALANCE: vector of 10 elements UL/DL(PATH BALANCE band j), each element is made up of:
� the norm of number of measurement result samples for which the computed Path Balance is in PATH BALANCE band j
� MAX_PATH_BALANCE:
� the maximum value of the 10 real numbers of samples for which the computed Path Balance is in PATH BALANCE band j (j=1 to 10)
RMS7a=TPR_PATH_BALANCE RMS7b=MAX_PATH_BALANCE
The real number of Measurement Results in which Path balance is in PATH BALANCE band j, is equal to: S(PATH BALANCE band j) x Max / 254 TPR_PATH_BALANCE(j) x MAX_PATH_BALANCE / 254
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5.3 Radio Quality Counters [cont.]
� RMS Counters
� Radio Quality Statistics
� TPR_RADIO_LINK: vector of 10 elements UL(S band j), each element is made up of:
� the norm of number of measurement result samples for which the Uplink Radio Link Counter is in S band j
� MAX_RADIO_LINK:
� the maximum value of the 10 real numbers of samples for which the Uplink Radio Link Counter is in S band j (j=1 to 10)
RMS6a=TPR_RADIO_LINK RMS6b=MAX_RADIO_LINK
The real number of Measurement Results in which Uplink Radio Link Counter is in S band j, is equal to: S(S band j) x Max / 254 TPR_RADIO_LINK(j) x MAX_RADIO_LINK / 254
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5.3 Radio Quality Counters [cont.]
� RMS Counters
� Radio Quality Statistics
� TPR_BFI_RXLEV_UL: matrix of 10x10 elements UL(BFI i, RXLEV band j), each element is made up of:
� the norm of number of SACCH multi-frames in which the number of consecutive speech frames with BFIs set to 1 is in BFI band i and UL RxLev reported in the corresponding measurement results is in RXLEV band j
� TMR_BFI_RXLEV_UL: vector of 10 elements ULBFI(RXLEV band j), each element is made up of:
� the maximum value of the 10 real numbers of SACCH multi-frames in which the number of consecutive speech frames with BFIs set to 1 is in BFI band i (i=0 to 9) and UL RxLev reported in the corresponding measurement results is in RXLEV band j
RMS5a=TPR_BFI_RXLEV_UL RMS5b= TPM_BFI_RXLEV_UL
The real number of Measurement Results in which the number of consecutive speech frames with BFIs set to 1 is in BFI band i and UL RxLev is in RXLEV band j, is equal to: S(BFI i, RXLEV band j) x Max j / 254 TPR_BFI_RXLEV_UL(i,j) x TMR_BFI_RXLEV_UL(j) / 254
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5.3 Radio Quality Counters [cont.]
� RMS Counters
� Radio Quality Statistics
� The BTS increments the BFI (or CFE) counter as soon as consecutive speech frames cannot be decoded
� isolated speech frames with BFIs set to 1 are not counted
� sequences of not decoded speech frames are cumulated
SACCH mfr
CFE
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7
BFI
Sf 1 Sf 2 Sf 3 Sf 4 Sf 5 Sf 6 Sf 7 Sf 8 Sf 9 Sf 10 Sf 11 Sf 12 Sf 13 Sf 14 Sf 15 Sf 16 Sf 17 Sf 18 Sf 19 Sf 20 Sf 21 Sf 22 Sf 23 Sf 24 SACCH f.
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
RxLev UL
10 11 9 12 12 11 11 10 3 2 0 8 9 5 3 7 2 1 2 7 3 8 2 3 5
Av_RxLev_UL= - 110 + INT[(10+11+9+12+12+11+11+10+3+2+0+8+9+5+3+7+2+1+2+7+3+8+2+3+5)/25]= -104 dBm
RMS5a=TPR_BFI_RXLEV_UL RMS5b= TPM_BFI_RXLEV_UL
The real number of Measurement Results in which the number of consecutive speech frames with BFIs set to 1 is in BFI band i and UL RxLev is in RXLEV band j, is equal to: S(BFI i, RXLEV band j) x Max j / 254 TPR_BFI_RXLEV_UL(i,j) x TMR_BFI_RXLEV_UL(j) / 254
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5.3 Radio Quality Counters [cont.]
� RMS Counters for AMR Monitoring
� Radio Quality Statistics
� To provide a better tool to dimension the AMR thresholds, B9 introduces a new set of RMS counters to verify the use of different speech codecs: For Full Rate and Uplink:
� AMR_FR_UL_BAD= RMS44a that has 8 cells (1 for each FR codec) with the relative number of bad speech frames received in uplink.
� MAX_AMR_FR_UL_BAD= RMS44b that indicates the maximum number of bad speech frames received in uplink in one FR codec.
� AMR FR codec used in uplink (TRX based)
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5.3 Radio Quality Counters [cont.]
� RMS Counters for AMR Monitoring
� Radio Quality Statistics
� AMR thresholds; different speech codecs: For Half Rate and Uplink:
� AMR_HR_UL_BAD= RMS45a that has 8 cells (1 for each HR codec) with the relative number of bad speech frames received in uplink.
� MAX_AMR_HR_UL_BAD= RMS45b that indicates the maximum number of bad speech frames received in uplink in one HR codec.
� AMR HR codec used in uplink (TRX based)
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5.3 Radio Quality Counters [cont.]
� RMS Counters for AMR Monitoring
� Radio Quality Statistics
AMR Table; different speech codecs: For Full Rate, UL & DL
� AMR_FR_UL_RXLEV_UL= RMS46a that has a table (8x10) with relative number of correct speech frames received in uplink in each AMR FR codec (8 codecs) and each level band (10 level bands).
� MAX_AMR_FR_UL_RXLEV_UL= RMS46b that has the 10 maximum results. Each cell Ci of the table indicates the greatest value of the Vik for a i given in RMS46a.
� AMR_FR_DL_RXLEV_DL= RMS47a that has a table (8x10) with relative number of correct speech frames received in downlink in each AMR FR codec (8 codecs) and each level band (10 level bands).
� MAX_AMR_FR_DL_RXLEV_DL= RMS47b that has a table of 10 maximum results. Each cell Ci of the table indicates the greatest value of the Vik for a i given in RMS47a.
AMR-FR codec usage compared to RXLEV
RXLEV UL bands are defined as follows:
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5.3 Radio Quality Counters [cont.]
� RMS Counters for AMR Monitoring
� Radio Quality Statistics
AMR Table; different speech codecs: For Half Rate, UL & DL
� AMR_HR_UL_RXLEV_UL= RMS48a that has a table (5x10) with relative number of correct speech frames received in uplink in each AMR HR codec (5 codecs) and each level band (10 level bands).
� MAX_AMR_HR_UL_RXLEV_UL= RMS48b that has a table of 10 maximum results. Each cell Ci of the table indicates the greatest value of the Vik for a i given in RMS48a.
� AMR_HR_DL_RXLEV_DL= RMS49a that has a table (5x10) with relative number of correct speech frames received in downlink in each AMR HR codec (5 codecs) and each level band (10 level bands).
� MAX_AMR_HR_DL_RXLEV_DL= RMS49b that has a table of 10 maximum results. Each cell Ci of the table indicates the greatest value of the Vik for a i given in RMS49a.
AMR-HR codec usage compared to RXLEV
RXLEV UL bands are defined as follows:
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5.3 Radio Quality Counters [cont.]
� RMS Counters for Timing Advance
� Radio Quality Statistics
� PERC_TA_GT_TA_STAT:
� percentage of measurement results reported with a Timing Advance value > TA_STAT parameter
� MAX_TA:
� maximum value of Timing Advance among all TA values reported in the measurement results used for RMS
Corresponding RMS counter numbers:
� RMS36 = PERC_TA_GT_TA_STAT
� RMS37 = MAX_TA
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The distribution of number of measurement reports for which the value of timing advance is in TA band X is
described below:
There are 10 TA bands which are defined through 9 thresholds parameters, tunable on a cell basis, using
the RMS_parameters_template:
� TA band 1 is defined by: 0 <= TA < Meas_STAT_TA_1
� TA band 2 is defined by: MEAS_STAT_TA_1 <= TA < MEAS_STAT_TA_2
�…
� TA band 10 is defined by: MEAS_STAT_TA_9 <= TA < 63
The TRE counts for each TA band the number of measurement results, N1 to N10. To save on the memory
resources, these counters are sent to the BSC in a coded format.
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5.3 Radio Quality Counters [cont.]
� RMS Counters for Timing Advance
� A new set of RMS counters related with timing advance analysis.TRX Based. (Rxlev for UL and DL)
� TPR_TIMING_ADVANCE= RMS50a that has 10 cells (1 for each timing advance band) with relative number of measurements in each Timing advance band.
� MAX_TIMING_ADVANCE = RMS50b that has the greatest number of measurements in one Timing advance band.
� TPR_UL_RXLEV_TA_BAND= RMS51 that has 10 cells (1 for each timing advance band) with average of uplink rxlev in corresponding timing advance band.
� TPR_DL_RXLEV_TA_BAND= RMS52 that has 10 cells (1 for each timing advance band) with average of downlink rxlev in corresponding timing advance band.
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TPR_UL_RXQUAL_TA_BAND= RMS53
Table of 10 results; Each cell (i) of the table contains the average value of UpLink Rxqual of reports in TA
band i.
Averaged Rxqual is given with a precision of 2 digits after the comma (step size for coding = 0.01, 0 coded
0, 0.01 coded 1, ...).
i = 1...10
TA band i is defined by MEAS_STAT_TA_ (i-1)<= Timing Advance < MEAS_STAT_TA_i
MEAS_STAT_TA_0 = 0 bper, MEAS_STAT_LEV_10 = 63 bper.
TPR_DL_RXQUAL_TA_BAND= RMS54
Table of 10 results (same for Downlink).
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5.3 Radio Quality Counters [cont.]
� RMS Counters for Timing Advance
� A new set of RMS counters related with timing advance analysis.
Uplink :
� TPR_UL_RXQUAL_TA_BAND = RMS53 : Vector of 10 cells containing the average UL RxQual measured for each TA band (1 cell per TA band)
Downlink :
� TPR_DL_RXQUAL_TA_BAND = RMS54 : Vector of 10 cells containing the average DL RxQual measured for each TA band (1 cell per TA band)
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MAX_POWER_PER_TRX= RMSPw3
Maximum GMSK TRX power level applied at the BTS antenna output connector in dBm.
The power takes into account the different losses (cables, internal combiners) and the internal/ external
leveling but it does not take into account the BS-TXPWR-MAX, attenuation required by the OMC_R.
If the feature “unbalancing TRX output power per BTS sector" is activated (parameter “En-Unbalanced-
Output-Power” set to 1), the counter is set by the BTS to the power required by the BSC for the
corresponding TRE (i.e. for the TRE on which is mapped that TRX).
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5.3 Radio Quality Counters [cont.]
� RMS Counters for Timing Advance
� MAX_POWER_PER_TRXMaximum GMSK TRX power level applied at the BTS antenna output connector in dBm.
� The power takes into account the different losses (cables, internal combiners)
� TRX Based
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6 C/I Statistics
Section 1 � Module 6 � Page 50
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6 C/I Statistics
6.1 C/I Generalities
� Storage and Computation Methods
� In order to provide an efficient storage, the "vector method" already seen for previous RMS statistics will be used for C/I counters
� C/I expressed in logarithmic scale (dB)
� (C/I)dB = CdBm - IdBm = 10 log10(CmW) - 10 log10(ImW) = 10 log10(C/I)mW
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6 C/I Statistics
6.2 C/I Parameters
� RMS Parameters
� C/I statistics: parameters defining intervals for C/I statistics
� MEAS_STAT_C_I1 to MEAS_STAT_C_I9: 9 thresholds on the Carrier/Interference ratio defining 10 C/I bands
-63 < MEAS_STAT_C_I(i) ≤ MEAS_STAT_C_I(i+1) ≤ +63 dB
� EN_BALANCED_CI: boolean indicating if the C/I value reported by the BTS is balanced or not
� NEIGB_CELL_ID: (BCCH,BSIC) of the neighboring cell for which the C/I statistics per neighboring cell are reported
� Frequency ARFCN: ARFCN of the frequency for which the C/I statistics per MAFA frequency are reported
Annex 2
All these parameters are included in the RMS PM Type 31 result files as RMS counters:
� RMSpt1 = TAB_PAR_MEAS_STAT_C/I = Table of 9 parameters MEAS_STAT_C_Ii
� RMSp80 = NEIGB_CELL_ID
� RMSp90 = Frequency ARFCN
For C/I statistics per neighboring cell:
� The C/I ratio is computed by the BTS from each Measurement Result message as the difference between:
� the downlink signal level measured by the MS on the serving TCH channel = C (dBm)
� the downlink signal level measured by the MS on the neighboring BCCH channel = I (dBm)
� Two computation formulae may be used taking into account a corrective factor in case DL Power Control
is used in the serving cell:
� If EN_BALANCED_CI = False
� then C/I (dB) = RXLEV_DL (dBm) - RXLEV_NCELL (dBm)
� else C/I (dB) = RXLEV_DL + abs(BS_TXPWR - BS_TXPWR_MAX) - RXLEV_NCELL
� The expression (RXLEV_DL + abs(BS_TXPWR - BS_TXPWR_MAX)) can be seen as a kind of normalized
received power level in case the BTS would always have used the maximum allowed transmit power
level on the TCH channel.
For C/I statistics per MAFA frequency:
The C/I ratio is computed by the BTS from each Extended Measurement Report message in the same way as
the C/I ratio per neighboring cell.
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6 C/I Statistics
6.3 C/I Counters
� RMS Counters
� C/I statistics per neighboring cell
� TPR_CIN: vector of 10 elements C/In(C/I band j), each element is made up of:
� the norm of number of measurement result samples for which the computed Carrier/Interference ratio is in C/I band j
� MR_CIN:
� maximum value of the 10 real numbers of samples for which the computed Carrier/Interference ratio is in C/I band j (j=1 to 10)
TPR_CIN and MR_CIN counters are provided for up to 42 neighboring cells
For each reported neighboring cell (BCCH/BSIC): the Real number of Measurement Results for which the computed Carrier/Interference ratio is in C/I band j, is equal to: S(C/I band j) x Max / 254 TPR_CIN(j) x TMR_CIN / 254
For each declared/reported neighboring cell, the identification of this cell shall be done as follows:
BCCH_ARFCN and BSIC.
The BCCH ARFCN is deduced in the BTS from the BCCH frequency index and the list of indexed frequencies
(sent by the BSC at the beginning of the RMS job).
The RMS results report shall include all reported neighboring cells. Some of them correspond to known cells
at the BSS level (i.e. their BSIC matches what is expected at the BSC side) but some of them are unknown
(their BSIC does not match). However, the BTS will handle the same for both cases.
The list of frequencies to be monitored by the mobile is limited to 33 but due to ‘resurgence’, the same
frequency can be reported several times (each time with a different BSIC). If the number of reported cells
is above the dimensioning limit (maximum 42 CI-vectors are reported), the extra new reported frequencies
are not taken into account anymore. In the result report, the related overflow indicator is set accordingly.
RMS8a=TPR_CIN RMS8b=TMR_CIN
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6 C/I Statistics
6.3 C/I Counters [cont.]
� RMS Counters
� C/I statistics per MAFA Frequency
� TPR_CIF: vector of 10 elements C/If(C/I band j), each element is made up of:
� the norm of number of Extended Measurement Results samples for which the computed Carrier/Interference ratio is in C/I band j
� MR_CIF:
� maximum value of the 10 real numbers of samples for which the computed Carrier/Interference ratio is in C/I band j (j=1 to 10)
TPR_CIF and MR_CIF counters are provided for up to 21 frequencies (serving cell BCCH + 20 MAFA frequencies)
For each reported MAFA frequency (ARFCN): the Real number of Extended Measurement Results for which the computed Carrier/Interference ratio is in C/I band j, is equal to: S(C/I band j) x Max / 254 TPR_CIF(j) x TMR_CIF / 254
For each reported MAFA frequency, the identification of this frequency shall be done as follows: Frequency
ARFCN.
In case of a frequency reported via an Extended Measurement Reporting, no BSIC is required: the frequency
ARFCN is not directly linked to a BCCH frequency. The ARFCN value of the frequency is deduced in the BTS
from the place of the measurement in the EXTENDED_ MEASUREMENT_REPORT and from the ordered
frequency list in the Extended Measurement Order. This list is built by the OMC-R and passed via BSC to BTS
at the beginning of the RMS job.
The maximum number of frequencies in the order (EMO) is the maximum defined in GSM (=21). Hence the
maximum in the report is 21 too. When in exceptional cases, more results are available (future expansion in
GSM), only the first 21 are reported.
The BCCH frequency of the serving cell shall always be part of the EMO-frequency list.
RMS9a=TPR_CIF RMS9b=TMR_CIF
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7 RMS Indicators Usage
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7 RMS Indicators Usage
7.1 Suspecting a Voice Quality Problem
� Percentage of Noisy calls
� FER is more reliable than RXQUAL to assess VQ
� Noisy calls indicators can also be computed from FER measurements
� Noisy calls with bad or good FER
� Calls not detected as noisy but with bad FER
Voice Quality indicators
are based on calls
Noisy calls are associated
with a cause of
bad coverage,
interference or with an
undefined cause
The fact that FER measurements are more reliable than RXQUAL ones to assess the VQ is even more true
when using Slow Frequency Hopping. In this case, RXQUAL values are not anymore correlated to Voice
Quality as perceived by the end user.
FER measurements are available for the uplink path only.
These RMS indicators are provided on the NPO tool per TRX, per Cell:
� Number of Noisy calls suffering from problem of bad coverage on the uplink path
RMVQULVN = RMS_call_noisy_UL_bad_coverage
� Number of Noisy calls suffering from problem of interference on the uplink path
RMVQUIFN = RMS_call_noisy_UL_interference
� Number of Noisy calls suffering from problem of interference and bad coverage considered together on
the uplink path
RMVQUUKN = RMS_call_noisy_UL_undefined
� Rate of Noisy calls suffering from problems of interference or/and bad coverage on the uplink path
RMVQUNOR = RMS_call_noisy_UL_rate
Note: The 4 indicators above can be provided for Noisy calls suffering of VQ problems on the dowlink path.
� Rate of Noisy calls but with good FER measurements on the uplink path
RMVQFEGR = RMS_call_noisy_good_FER_rate
� Rate of Noisy calls and also with bad FER measurements on the uplink path
RMVQFEBR = RMS_call_noisy_bad_FER_rate
� Rate of calls with fair quality measurements but with bad FER measurements on the uplink path
RMVQFEAR = RMS_call_abnormal_bad_FER_rate
This last indicator can be used in order to tune the RMS VQ parameters used to characterize a call as Noisy.
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7 RMS Indicators Usage
7.2 Suspecting a Cell Coverage Problem
� Distribution of samples per RxQual value and RxLev band
� Distribution of samples per RxLev band
Not acceptable
coverage limit:
Too low level
Too bad quality
A coverage problem is observed when a significant amount of the traffic of a cell is suffering from both low
level and bad quality (RxQual).
To confirm the distribution of samples per RXLEV band, should be also considered to know the proportion of
calls which are experiencing a low signal level.
If a lot of samples of low level and bad quality are observed for only a sub-part of the TRXs (can be one
only) then a BTS hardware problem or a problem on the aerials should be suspected.
If all the TRXs are experiencing a lot of samples of low level and bad quality then a coverage problem shall
be suspected.
These RMS indicators are provided on the NPO tool per TRX, per Cell:
� Matrix of Number of Measurement Results per DL RxQual value and per DL RxLev band
RMQLDSAM = RMS_DL_RxQuality_RxLevel_sample
� Vector of Percentage of Samples per DL RxLev band
RMQLDLVDV = RMS_DL_RxLevel_distrib
� Vector of Percentage of Samples per DL RxQual band
RMQLDQUDV = RMS_DL_RxQuality_distrib
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7 RMS Indicators Usage
7.2 Suspecting a Cell Coverage Problem [cont.]
� Average TA values per RxQual value and RxLev band
Not acceptable
coverage limit:
Too low level
Too bad quality
Acceptable coverage limit:
Sufficient level and good quality
% of TA value over TA
threshold has also to be
considered
In order to know if the coverage problem is due to a big amount of traffic at the cell border or rather to
indoor calls, the average TA value per RXQUAL value and RXLEV band as well as the Percentage of TA
values over the TA threshold should be observed.
� Matrix of Average TA per UL RxQual value and per UL RxLev band
RMQLUTAM = RMS_UL_RxQuality_RxLevel_TimingAdvance
� Rate of Measurements Results whose TA is greater than the TA threshold
RMTAGTR = RMS_TimingAdvance_greater_threshold_rate
� Maximum TA value of all values reported in Measurement Results
RMTAMXN = RMS_TimingAdvance_max
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7.2 Suspecting a Cell Coverage Problem
Exercise 1
� Give the list of the RMS counters and parameters used in the 3 previous slides.
Time allowed:
10 minutes
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7.2 Suspecting a Cell Coverage Problem
Exercise 2
� Interpret this graph.
Time allowed:
10 minutes
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7 RMS Indicators Usage
7.3 Suspecting a Cell Interference Problem
� Number of samples per RxQual value and RxLev band
Average DL RxQuality = 0.34
RMS results show no problemof radio link quality in this cell
Average RxQual value per
RxLev band has also to be
considered
These RMS indicators are provided on the NPO tool per TRX, per Cell:
� Matrix of Number of Measurement Results per DL RxQual value and per DL RxLev band
RMQLDSAM = RMS_DL_RxQuality_RxLevel_sample
� Vector of Average DL RxQual per RxLev band
RMQLDQUAV = RMS_DL_RxQuality_avg_per_RxLevel
� Average DL RxQuality
RMQLDQUAN = RMS_DL_RxQuality_avg
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7.3 Suspecting a Cell Interference Problem
Exercise 3
� Interpret this graph.
Average RxQual value per
RxLev band has also to be
considered
Average DL RxQuality =
2.81
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7.3 Suspecting a Cell Interference Problem
Exercise 4
� Interpret this graph.
Time allowed:
15 minutes
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7.3 Suspecting a Cell Interference Problem
Exercise 5
�Interpret this graph.
Time allowed:
10 minutes
Rapport NPO :
Alc_Mono_Carrier_over_interference
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8 Additional Information
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8 Additional Information
RMS Counters
� Counters used for post-processing the RMS results provided per TRX
� TOT_SEIZ_TCH: number of TCH channels successfully seized by the MS
� TOT_MEAS: number of Measurement Results used for RMS
� TOT_MEAS_L1INFO_NOL3INFO: number of Measurement Results used for RMS statistics for which Layer 1 info is present but Layer 3 is missing
� TOT_MEAS_DTX_UL: number of Measurement Results used for RMS statistics for which DTX UL was used in the corresponding SACCH mfr
� TOT_MEAS_DTX_DL: number of Measurement Results used for RMS statistics for which DTX DL was used in the corresponding SACCH mfr
� TOT_EMR: number of Extended Measurement Results used for RMS statistics
Corresponding RMS counter numbers:
� RMS31 = TOT_SEIZ_TCH
� RMS32 = TOT_MEAS
� RMS33 = TOT_MEAS_L1INFO_NOL3INFO
� RMS34 = TOT_MEAS_DTX_UL
� RMS35 = TOT_MEAS_DTX_DL
� RMS38 = TOT_EMR
Note:
� If during an SACCH measurement, DTX is applied on the uplink path (DTX_UL =1), the counters on
consecutive BFIs (RMS5a, RMS5b) shall not be incremented and the corresponding measurement result shall
not be taken into account in these RMS counters.
� If during an SACCH measurement, DTX is applied on the uplink path (DTX_UL = 1), the FER measurement
does not take place.
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8 Additional Information
RMS Counters [cont.]
� Counters used for interpreting the RMS results provided per TRX:
� TRE_BAND: frequency band of the TRX
� BS_TX_PWRMAX: effective maximum output power of the BTS on any channel of the TRX as an offset from the maximum absolute output power (in dB)
� MS_TX_PWRMAX: effective maximum output power of the MS using anychannel of the TRX (in dBm)
� IND_TRE_OVERLOAD: boolean indicating if the TRE handling the TRX function has experienced a data loss due to a processor overload during the RMS campaign
� IND_RMS_RESTARTED: boolean indicating if the RMS job has been restarted on the concerned TRE during the RMS campaign due to a modification of the RMS parameter values or a TRE reset
Corresponding RMS counter numbers: RMS20 = TRE_BAND
� RMSpw1 = BS_TX_PWRMAX
� RMSpw2 = MS_TX_PWRMAX
� RMS21 = IND_TRE_OVERLOAD
� RMS22 = IND_RMS_RESTARTED
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8 Additional Information
RMS Counters [cont.]
� Counters used for interpreting the C/I RMS results provided per TRX:
� IND_CI_PARTIAL_OBSERVATION: made up of 2 booleans indicating that:
� C/In computation has been restarted due to the modification of the list of neighboring cells during the RMS campaign
� C/If computation has been restarted due to the modification of the list of MAFA frequencies during the RMS campaign
� IND_CI_OVERFLOW: boolean indicating that the upper limit of 42 C/I sets of counters has been exceeded (each new reported neighboring cell (BCCH, BSIC) has not been taken into account in RMS statistics)
Corresponding RMS counter numbers:
� RMS23 = IND_CI_PARTIAL_OBSERVATION
� RMS24 = IND_CI_OVERFLOW
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Self-assessment on the Objectives
� Please be reminded to fill in the formSelf-Assessment on the Objectivesfor this module
� The form can be found in the first partof this course documentation
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End of ModuleRadio Measurement Statistics Indicators
Section 1 � Module 7 � Page 1
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1�7All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2010
Module 7Traffic Indicators3JK11049AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
Section 1GSM QoS Monitoring
EVOLIUM Base Station SubsystemBSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load Monitoring
3FL10491ADAAWBZZA2 Issue 2
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First editionLast name, first nameYYYY-MM-DD01
RemarksAuthorDateEdition
Document History
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Module Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
� Describe BSS traffic indicators used for radio resource dimensioning
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Module Objectives [cont.]
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Table of Contents
Switch to notes view!Page
1 Call Mix Definition 7GSM Transactions 8Example 10Variation 11Usage 12Advises 13Exercise 14
2 Basis of Traffic Theory 15Erlang Definition 16Erlang from Call Mix 17Erlang B Law 18Erlang B Formulae 20Erlang B Abacus 21Erlang B Example 22Non Linearity of Erlang B 23Cell Dimensioning 24Dimensioning "a Priori" 25Dimensioning "a Posteriori" 26Forecast / Critical Traffic 27Exercise 28
3 TCH Resource Allocation Indicators 29Radio Allocation and Management 30MS Access 31Speech Coding Version 32Distributions 33
4 Resource Occupancy Indicators 34TCH Resource 35TCH Resource 36SDCCH / ACH Resource 37
5 Traffic Model Indicators 38SDCCH Establishment Cause 39Mobiles Penetration 41SDCCH traffic indicators 43TCH traffic indicators 44
6 Preemption Indicators 45Preemption Principle 46Preemption Counters 47Preemption Feature 48Self-assessment on the Objectives 49End of Module 50
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Table of Contents [cont.]
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1 Call Mix Definition
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1 Call Mix Definition
GSM Transactions
� In a GSM Network, there are a lot of different transactions:
� location update: periodic, new updating, ~imsi_attach, ~imsi_detach
� Hand Over (intra-cell, internal, external, etc.)
� SMS (Short Message Service, originating or terminating)
� SS (Supplementary Service) (i.e: number presentation)
� Paging
� and also Originating and Terminating calls, etc.
� and so on (data, SMS-CB, etc.)
In a GSM network, telecom procedures involve different kind of resources in the BSS:
� Location Update: RACH, AGCH, SDCCH and SCCP
� Originated Call: RACH, AGCH, SDCCH, TCH and SCCP
� Terminated Call: PCH, RACH, AGCH, SDCCH, TCH and SCCP
� Handover: TCH, SCCP
� etc.
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1 Call Mix Definition
GSM Transactions [cont.]
� One can quantify the number of each transaction per hour
� For example, for one cell, one can measure:
� 900 calls (600 TCs, 300 OCs)
� 3600 LUs (any type)
� 1350 HOs (900 internal, 450 external)
� 100 SMSs
� 5 SSs
� 6000 pagings
� With the following characteristics
� mean call duration on TCH: 50 seconds
� mean SDCCH duration: 3.2 seconds
A Call mix can be defined through:
� data given by the Marketing team.
� data measured from the living network.
Before network design, a Call Mix is assessed from Marketing Studies or observations from other networks.
After commercial opening, a Call Mix is measured from the real traffic.
Caution: Call duration means here TCH duration. The duration of a call from call setup to call release is an NSS
notion.
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1 Call Mix Definition
Example
� Set of such measurements is called "call mix"
� sometimes improperly called "traffic model"
� Usually presented in the following way:
� Calls /hour : 900 (2/3 TC)
� LU/call : 4
� HO/Call : 1.5 (2/3 internal, 1/3 external)
� SMS/Call : 11 %
� SS/call : 5 %
� Paging/hour : 6000
� mean call duration on TCH : 90 seconds
� mean SDCCH duration : 4.2 seconds
After commercial opening, the number of calls per hour will be measured from traffic counters.
Usually the Marketing team will provide:
� on a per geographical area or morphostructure basis:
� the traffic per km2 (in Erlang),
� the traffic per subscriber (in mErl).
� the number of calls per hour.
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1 Call Mix Definition
Variation
� A call mix is varying a lot:
� from a cell to another
� TCH traffic (induced by subscribers)
� number of LU/call and HO/call (induced by network design)
� from one hour to another
� by default: busy hour
� from one year to another
� modification of traffic intensity and distribution
On some university campus, an SMS/call is often higher than the average.
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1 Call Mix Definition
Usage
� Interests of call mix: Input data for dimensioning
� Cell and BSC resources dimensioning
� RTCH, SDCCH, TTCH, BTS, BSC and MSC CPU processor
� Some examples of "risky" call mix
� too many LU/Calls: SDCCH congestion, TCU load, MSC overload
� too many HO/calls: speech quality, call drop, DTC load
� too many calls: TCH congestion
� too many paging: DTC processor load, PCH congestion
A Call Mix will be used at Radio Network Design and Radio Network Planning stages in order to define the
capacity of the network (number of sites, TRXs per site, radio configuration, number of Abis-PCM, A-PCM).
When the network is in operation, a Call Mix is used in order to anticipate network extension or re-
dimensioning.
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Traffic Indicators
1 � 7 � 13
1 Call Mix Definition
Advises
� Some advises
� LU/CALL: 1 is "good", 2 is "bad", 4 and more can be dangerous
� beware of the Network or BSC averages which can hide critical cells
� HO/Call: less critical (1 is good)
� 2 or 3 is not a direct problem, but the trend has to be monitored
� Call: to be checked with an Erlang table (seen in next session)
Section 1 � Module 7 � Page 14
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3JK11049AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Traffic Indicators
1 � 7 � 14
1 Call Mix Definition
Exercise
� Compute the call mix of a cell according the following information:
� 256 calls/hour
� 1300 LUs/hour
� 450 HOs/hour
� Is it complete?
� What are the risks of such a call mix?
Time allowed:
15 minutes
Section 1 � Module 7 � Page 15
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3JK11049AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Traffic Indicators
1 � 7 � 15
2 Basis of Traffic Theory
Section 1 � Module 7 � Page 16
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3JK11049AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Traffic Indicators
1 � 7 � 16
2 Basis of Traffic Theory
Erlang Definition
� ERLANG: unit used to quantify traffic (intensity)
T = (resource usage duration) / (total observation duration) [ERLANG]
� Example:
� For 1 TCH, observed during 1 hour
� one can observe 2 calls: 1 of 80 seconds and 1 of 100 seconds
T = (80+100)/3600 = 0.05 ERLANG
Section 1 � Module 7 � Page 17
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3JK11049AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Traffic Indicators
1 � 7 � 17
2 Basis of Traffic Theory
Erlang from Call Mix
� Call mix example:
� 350 calls/hour
� 3 LUs/call
� TCH mean call duration: 85 seconds
� SDCCH mean duration: 4.5 seconds
� Computation of Carried Erlang
TCH = (350*85)/3600: 8.26 ERLANGS
SDCCH = [ (350+350*3) * 4.5 ] / 3600 = 1.75 Erlang
Section 1 � Module 7 � Page 18
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3JK11049AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Traffic Indicators
1 � 7 � 18
2 Basis of Traffic Theory
Erlang B Law
� In a Telecom system, the call arrival frequency is ruled by the POISSON law
� Erlang B law: relationship between:
� offered traffic
� number of resources
� blocking rate
Section 1 � Module 7 � Page 19
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Traffic Indicators
1 � 7 � 19
2 Basis of Traffic Theory
Erlang B Law [cont.]
� The call request arrival rate (and leaving) is not stable
number of resources = average number of requests * mean duration
is sometimes not sufficient => probability of blocking
=> Erlang B law
� Pblock: blocking probability
� N: number of resources
� E: offered traffic [Erlang]
� Good approximation when the blocking rateis low (< 5 %)
Telecom system
OfferedCarried
Rejected
Pblock (Blocking probablity) : Probability that a resource request may be rejected by the system due to
insufficient resource availability at the moment of the request.
The Erlang B law is not fully accurate since it assumes that:
� the subscriber requests are not queued which is not always the case (TCH queued in the BSC),
� the subscriber does not repeat his call request if rejected, which is almost never the case.
Therefore the higher the blocking rate the worse is the approximation of the Erlang B law.
The Erlang C law modelizes better the TCH resource usage of the BSS since it takes into account the queuing.
However the Erlang C law is never used since parameters like size of the queue and time spent into the queue have to be tuned.
Section 1 � Module 7 � Page 20
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3JK11049AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Traffic Indicators
1 � 7 � 20
2 Basis of Traffic Theory
Erlang B Formulae
� There are two different ways to use this law
� Using Abacus
� Using SW (here Excel)
� Pblock = f (T, Nc)
� Offered = f (Nc, Pblock)
� Channels = f (T, Pblock)
Section 1 � Module 7 � Page 21
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3JK11049AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Traffic Indicators
1 � 7 � 21
2 Basis of Traffic Theory
Erlang B Abacus
Section 1 � Module 7 � Page 22
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3JK11049AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Traffic Indicators
1 � 7 � 22
2 Basis of Traffic Theory
Erlang B Example
� Example:
1 cell with 8 TRXs, with 60 TCH channels
Maximum blocking rate: 2 %
� Erlang law: 50 Offered Erlang
� 83 % of TCH resources used to reach 2% of blocking
Section 1 � Module 7 � Page 23
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3JK11049AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Traffic Indicators
1 � 7 � 23
2 Basis of Traffic Theory
Non Linearity of Erlang B
� But be careful, the Erlang B law is not linear:
� If we use for example a combined BCCH with a micro BTS.
� 4 SDCCHs, Pblock = 2% => T = 1.1 E
� 25% resources used to reach 2% blocking
� if we decide to provide SMSCB (Cell Broadcast information), 1 SDCCH stolen for CBCH
� 3 SDCCHs, Pblock = 2% => T = 0.6 E
� 25% resources less => 50% Traffic less!!
Section 1 � Module 7 � Page 24
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Traffic Indicators
1 � 7 � 24
2 Basis of Traffic Theory
Cell Dimensioning
� Given an Offered traffic, compute the number of TRXs (and SDCCH) needed to carry it => What is the accepted blocking rate?
� Default blocking rate
� RTCH: 2 %
� SDCCH: 0.5 %
� (for BSC TTCH: 0.1%)
The Erlang B law is less relevant for SDCCH dimensioning since SDCCH traffic cannot be modelized like TCH
traffic. Indeed SDCCH is not only due to subscriber traffic but also to Location Update, SMS, IMSI Detach, etc.
For SDCCH dimensioning, some typical configurations are used according to the number of TRXs in the cell, the
LA plan.
Section 1 � Module 7 � Page 25
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3JK11049AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Traffic Indicators
1 � 7 � 25
2 Basis of Traffic Theory
Dimensioning "a Priori"
� Cell dimensioning from call mix (bid, architecture)
� to handle an offered traffic of 12 Erlangs (RTCH), compute the number of channels, then the number of TRXs
Channels (12;2%) = 19
example: 3 TRXs, 21 TCHs, 1 BCCH, 2 SDCCHs/8
Section 1 � Module 7 � Page 26
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3JK11049AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Traffic Indicators
1 � 7 � 26
2 Basis of Traffic Theory
Dimensioning "a Posteriori"
� Cell dimensioning from measurement (re-planning)
� one is measuring a traffic of 15 Erlangs, with a blocking rate of 10%
� how to dimension the cell?
Offered traffic = 15 / (1-10%) = 16.7 Erlangs!!!!
Channels (16.7;2%) -> 25 TCHs -> 4 TRXs needed
Section 1 � Module 7 � Page 27
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3JK11049AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Traffic Indicators
1 � 7 � 27
2 Basis of Traffic Theory
Forecast / Critical Traffic
� Forecast traffic
� traffic forecasting must be computed according to the offered traffic
� not directly on the measured traffic
� In order to plan the necessary actions soon enough, one must compute regularly the date when the traffic of a cell will become critical
� Critical traffic
� critical traffic: when the offered traffic will induce 2% of blocking
� traffic capacity of a cell = critical traffic of this cell
Section 1 � Module 7 � Page 28
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3JK11049AAAAWBZZA Issue 01
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Traffic Indicators
1 � 7 � 28
2 Basis of Traffic Theory
Exercise
� Complete the form to get less than 2% of blocking.
cell call mix info Erlang TCHOffered traffic
traffic forecast proposed config
12, 743 450 call/ hourmean TCH call duration : 80secblocking rate TCH : 0.8%
10,08 Erlang TCH 30 % offered trafficincrease
13,1 Erlang TCH - > 20 TCH3 TRX
12,675 330 call/ hourmean TCH call duration 129secblocking rate 4%
30 % offered trafficincrease
12,865 600 call/ hourmean TCH call duration 96secblocking rate 8 %
30 % offered trafficincrease
Section 1 � Module 7 � Page 29
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1 � 7 � 29
3 TCH Resource Allocation Indicators
Section 1 � Module 7 � Page 30
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3 TCH Resource Allocation Indicators
Radio Allocation and Management
� Radio resource allocation and management (RAM) aims at:
� Managing pools of TCH radio resources by:
� defining TCH radio timeslots as a function of the cell radio configuration from the operator
� sorting these TCH TSs according to their radio capabilities (FR or DR, frequency band(G1 or GSM/DCS))
� Allocating dedicated TCH radio resources by:
� selecting the TCH pool in which the TCH should be chosen according to:� the requested channel rate (FR or HR)
� the radio capability of the mobile
� the TRE DR capability and the TRE band
� selecting the best TCH resource among the available TCH channels of this pool according to several criteria
Section 1 � Module 7 � Page 31
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Traffic Indicators
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3 TCH Resource Allocation Indicators
MS Access
� MS access types distribution (NA only)Accessibility in type 110 since B8
� TCH requests from FR only MSTCNARQMN= MC701A
� TCH requests from DR MSTCNARQBN= MC701B
� TCH requests from DR+EFR MSTCNARQTN= MC701C
� TCH requests from AMR MSTCNA3RQTN= MC701D
� TCH requests from Data callsTCNARQDN= MC701E
Refer to BSS - DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE INDICATORS:
Traffic Load and Traffic Model > TCH traffic > Speech version and Channel type
These indicators can only be computed if PM Type 1 is activated in B7. From B8, the counters needed for these indicators
are added to type 110.
The following indicators are also computed:
� Ratio of TCH normal assignment requests from FR mobiles over all TCH normal assignment requests from all mobile types
= TCNARQMTO = MC701A / (MC701A+MC701B+MC701C+MC701D+MC701E)
� Ratio of TCH normal assignment requests from DR mobiles over all TCH normal assignment requests from all mobile types
= TCNARQBTO = MC701B / (MC701A+MC701B+MC701C+MC701D+MC701E)
� Ratio of TCH normal assignment requests from DR+EFR mobiles over all TCH normal assignment requests from all mobile
types
= TCNARQTTO = MC701C / (MC701A+MC701B+MC701C+MC701D+MC701E)
� Ratio of TCH normal assignment requests from AMR mobiles over all TCH normal assignment requests from all mobile
types
= TCNA3RQTTO = MC701D / (MC701A+MC701B+MC701C+MC701D+MC701E)
� Ratio of TCH normal assignment requests for Data calls over all TCH normal assignment requests from all mobile types
= TCNARQDTO = MC701E / (MC701A+MC701B+MC701C+MC701D+MC701E)
� Number of handover intracell attempts with cause 27: "FR to HR channel adaptation due to a good radio quality" on a TCH
channel
= HCSTAMFN = MC448B
� Number of handover intracell attempts with cause 26: "HR to FR channel adaptation due to a bad radio quality" on a TCH
channel
= HCSTAMHN = MC448A
Section 1 � Module 7 � Page 32
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Traffic Indicators
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3 TCH Resource Allocation Indicators
Speech Coding Version
� Speech coding Version capabilities distribution (NA only)Accessibility in type 110 since B8
� TCH allocations with FR SV1TCNACAFN= MC702A
� TCH allocations with HR SV1 TCNACAHN= MC702B
� TCH allocations with FR SV2 (EFR) TCNACAEN= MC702C
� TCH allocations with FR SV3 (AMR FR) TCNA3CAFN= MC704A
� TCH allocations with HR SV3 (AMR HR) TCNA3CAHN= MC704B
� TCH allocations for data call TCNACADN= MC705
Refer to BSS - DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE INDICATORS:
Traffic Load and Traffic Model > TCH traffic > Speech version and Channel type
These indicators can only be computed if PM Type 1 is activated in B7. From B8, the counters needed for
these Indicators are added to type 110.
The following indicators are also computed:
� Ratio of TCH allocations with FR SV1 over all TCH allocations during normal assignment
= TCNACAFTO = MC702A / (MC702A+MC702B+MC702C+MC704A+MC704B+MC705)
� Ratio of TCH allocations with HR SV1 over all TCH allocations during normal assignment
= TCNACAHTO = MC702B / (MC702A+MC702B+MC702C+MC704A+MC704B+MC705)
� Ratio of TCH allocations with EFR over all TCH allocations during normal assignment
= TCNACAETO = MC702C / (MC702A+MC702B+MC702C+MC704A+MC704B+MC705)
� Ratio of TCH allocations with AMR FR over all TCH allocations during normal assignment
= TCNA3CAFTO = MC704A / (MC702A+MC702B+MC702C+MC704A+MC704B+MC705)
� Ratio of TCH allocations with AMR HR over all TCH allocations during normal assignment
= TCNA3CAHTO = MC704A / (MC702A+MC702B+MC702C+MC704A+MC704B+MC705)
� Ratio of TCH allocations for Data calls over all TCH allocations during normal assignment
= TCNACADTO = MC705 / (MC702A+MC702B+MC702C+MC704A+MC704B+MC705)
� Rate of successful TCH allocations with AMR SV over all AMR MS requests
= TCNA3SUR = (MC704A+MC704B) / MC701D
Section 1 � Module 7 � Page 33
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Traffic Indicators
1 � 7 � 33
3 TCH Resource Allocation Indicators
Distributions
� FR/HR calls distribution (NA+HO)
� FR TCH allocation ratioTCAHCAFO = MC370A / (MC370A+MC370B)
� HR TCH allocation ratioTCAHCAHO = MC370B / (MC370A+MC370B)
� NA/HO distribution
� Normal Assignment TCH allocation ratioTCNACAO = MC703 / (MC703 + [MC15A+MC15B])
� Handover TCH allocation ratio TCHOCAO = [MC15A+MC15B] / (MC703 + [MC15A+MC15B])
� TCH allocation distribution per TRX
� Number of TCH allocations for Normal AssignmentTCNACAN = MC703
Refer to BSS - DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE INDICATORS:
Traffic Load and Traffic Model > TCH traffic > Resource occupancy
� MC370A = Number of FR TCH allocations (FR+EFR+AMR FR)
� MC370B = Number of HR TCH allocations (HR+AMR HR)
� MC703 = Number of TCH allocations for Normal Assignment
� MC15A = Number of TCH allocations for Internal Directed Retry
� MC15B = Number of TCH allocations for Handover (intra cell, internal, external)
TCNACAN indicator is also available as the MAX value of the day on the NPO tool.
Some of these indicators are also available for SDCCH:
� SDCCH allocation distribution per TRX through the number of SDCCH allocations
SDAHCAN = MC390
� SDCCH Assignment/HO distribution through the ratio of SDCCH allocations for Assignment
SDNACAO = MC148 / MC390
Section 1 � Module 7 � Page 34
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Traffic Indicators
1 � 7 � 34
4 Resource Occupancy Indicators
Section 1 � Module 7 � Page 35
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Traffic Indicators
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4 Resource Occupancy Indicators
TCH Resource
� TCH resource occupancy
� TCH traffic in ErlangTCTRE= (MC380A+MC380B) / 3600
� TCH mean holding time (TCH average duration)TCTRMHT= (MC380A+MC380B) / (MC370A+MC370B)
� FR TCH traffic in ErlangTCTRE= MC380A / 3600
� FR TCH mean holding timeTCTRFMHT= MC380A/ MC370A
� HR TCH traffic in ErlangTCTRE= MC380B / 3600
� HR TCH mean holding timeTCTRHMHT= MC380B/ MC370B
Refer to BSS - DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE INDICATORS:
Traffic Load and Traffic Model > TCH traffic > Resource occupancy
� MC380A = Cumulated FR TCH duration per TRX
� MC380B = Cumulated HR TCH duration per TRX
The following indicators can also be computed:
� TCTRME = Multiband MS TCH traffic in Erlang = MC381 / 3600
� TCTRSE = Single band MS TCH traffic in Erlang = ([MC380A+MC380B] - MC381) / 3600
� MC381 = Cumulated (FR+HR) TCH duration of Multiband mobiles per TRX
A split of counters (MC380a and MC380b) is added, in B8, to make the distinction between traffic in different
frequency bands: here after the corresponding stored indicators (type 110):
� TCTRFTTGT = Time (in seconds) during which the TCH radio timeslot or dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot in the
GSM frequency band is busy in FR usage = MC380C
� TCTRHTTGT = Time (in seconds) during which the TCH radio timeslot or dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot in the
GSM frequency band is busy in HR usage = MC380D
� TCTRFTTDT = Time (in seconds) during which the TCH radio timeslot or dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot in the
DCS/PCS frequency band is busy in FR usage = MC380E
� TCTRHTTDT = Time (in seconds) during which the TCH radio timeslot or dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot in the
DCS/PCS frequency band is busy in HR usage = MC380F
Section 1 � Module 7 � Page 36
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Traffic Indicators
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4 Resource Occupancy Indicators
TCH Resource
� Alc_Mono_RTCH_Traffic_Model
Alc_Half_rate_erlang - CELL2G: cell00301_03017 (301/3017) ( 999/F77/301/3017 ) - 17/05/2009 00 00:00 To 17/05/2009 23 23:00 (Working Zone: Global - Medium)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
16/05
/200
9 22
22:
00
16/05
/2009
23
23:0
0
17/05
/200
9 00
00:
00
17/0
5/20
09 0
1 01
:00
17/05
/200
9 02
02:0
0
17/0
5/20
09 0
3 03
:00
17/0
5/200
9 04
04:
00
17/0
5/20
09 0
5 05:
00
17/0
5/200
9 06
06:
00
17/0
5/200
9 07
07:
00
17/05
/200
9 08
08:
00
17/0
5/200
9 09
09:
00
17/05
/200
9 10
10:0
0
17/05
/200
9 11
11:
00
17/05
/2009
12
12:0
0
17/05
/200
9 13
13:
00
17/0
5/20
09 1
4 14
:00
17/05
/200
9 15
15:0
0
17/0
5/20
09 1
6 16
:00
17/0
5/200
9 17
17:
00
17/0
5/20
09 1
8 18:
00
17/0
5/200
9 19
19:
00
17/0
5/200
9 20
20:
00
17/05
/200
9 21
21:
00
Er
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Er
half Erl total
full Erl total
RTCH Erl total
TCH resource occupancy
� TCH traffic in Erlang
TCTRE= (MC380A+MC380B) / 3600
� TCH mean holding time (TCH average duration)
TCTRMHT= (MC380A+MC380B) / (MC370A+MC370B)
� FR TCH traffic in Erlang
TCTRE= MC380A / 3600
� FR TCH mean holding time
TCTRFMHT= MC380A/ MC370A
� HR TCH traffic in Erlang
TCTRE= MC380B / 3600
� HR TCH mean holding time
TCTRHMHT= MC380B/ MC370B
TCTRFTTGT = Time (in seconds) during which the TCH radio timeslot or dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot in the GSM
frequency band is busy in FR usage = MC380C
� TCTRHTTGT = Time (in seconds) during which the TCH radio timeslot or dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot in the
GSM frequency band is busy in HR usage = MC380D
� TCTRFTTDT = Time (in seconds) during which the TCH radio timeslot or dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot in the
DCS/PCS frequency band is busy in FR usage = MC380E
� TCTRHTTDT = Time (in seconds) during which the TCH radio timeslot or dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot in the
DCS/PCS frequency band is busy in HR usage = MC380F
Section 1 � Module 7 � Page 37
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4 Resource Occupancy Indicators
SDCCH / ACH Resource
� SDCCH resource occupancy
� SDCCH traffic in ErlangSDTRE= MC400 / 3600
� SDCCH mean holding time (SDCCH average duration)SDTRMHT= MC400 / MC390
� ACH resource occupancy
� ACH traffic in ErlangC750 / 3600
� ACH mean holding time (ACH average duration) QSTRN =C750 / C751
Refer to BSS - DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE INDICATORS:
Traffic Load and Traffic Model > SDCCH traffic > Resource occupancy
� MC400 = Cumulated SDCCH duration per TRX
� MC380 = Number of SDCCH allocations per TRX
C750 and C751 are 2 counters introduced from B7 in type 18. Both are provided per TTCH (A channel):
� C750 = TIME_A_CHANNEL_BUSY: Time (in seconds) during which the A channel is busy (allocated)
� C751 = NB_A_CHANNEL_ALLOC: Number of allocations of the A channel
Section 1 � Module 7 � Page 38
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5 Traffic Model Indicators
Section 1 � Module 7 � Page 39
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5 Traffic Model Indicators
SDCCH Establishment Cause
� Alc_Mono_SDCCH_Traffic_Model
MS originated traffic split - CELL2G: cell00301_03017 (301/3017) ( 999/F77/301/3017 ) - 17/05/2009 00 00:00 To 17/05/2009 23 23:00 (Working Zone: Global - Medium)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
16/0
5/2009
22
22:0
0
17/05
/200
9 00
00:00
17/0
5/200
9 02
02:
00
17/0
5/20
09 0
4 04:0
0
17/0
5/200
9 06
06:
00
17/0
5/20
09 0
8 08:
00
17/05
/200
9 10
10:0
0
17/0
5/20
09 1
2 12:
00
17/05
/200
9 14
14:0
0
17/0
5/20
09 1
6 16:
00
17/05
/200
9 18
18:0
0
17/0
5/20
09 2
0 20:
00
nb
LCS
Other
IMSI detach
Suppl Service
SMS
LU FOR
Location Update
MOC
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5 Traffic Model Indicators
SDCCH Establishment Cause [cont.]
� SDCCH establishment cause distribution
� Ratio of MT callsTMMTO= MC01 / SDCCH ASSIGN SUCCESS
� Ratio of MO normal and emergency callsTMMTO= MC02H / SDCCH ASSIGN SUCCESS
� Ratio of LU normal (resp. follow-on)TMMOLUR = MC02A (resp. MC02D) / SDCCH ASSIGN SUCCESS
� Ratio of IMSI detachTMMOLUDR= MC02G / SDCCH ASSIGN SUCCESS
� Ratio of Short Message ServiceTMMOSMSR= MC02B / SDCCH ASSIGN SUCCESS
� Ratio of Supplementary ServiceTMMOSSR= MC02C / SDCCH ASSIGN SUCCESS
� Ratio of Call re-establishmentTMMOCRR= MC02E / SDCCH ASSIGN SUCCESS
Refer to BSS - DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE INDICATORS:
Traffic Load and Traffic Model > SDCCH traffic > Traffic model
SDCCH ASSIGN SUCCESS = Total number of SDCCH establishments for network access = MC01 + MC02
These indicators allow to get call mix data from the network.
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5 Traffic Model Indicators
Mobiles Penetration
� Alc_Mono_SpeechVersion_and_ChannelType_detailed
Split of requests - CELL2G: cell00301_03017 (301/3017) ( 999/F77/301/3017 ) - 17/05/2009 00 00:00 To 17/05/2009 23 23:00 (Working Zone: Global - Medium)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
16/05
/200
9 22
22:00
17/05
/200
9 00
00:00
17/05
/200
9 02
02:00
17/05
/200
9 04
04:00
17/05
/200
9 06
06:00
17/05
/200
9 08
08:00
17/05
/200
9 10
10:00
17/05
/200
9 12
12:00
17/05
/200
9 14
14:00
17/05
/200
9 16
16:00
17/05
/200
9 18
18:00
17/05
/200
9 20
20:00
nb
Data
AMR
DR_EFR
DR
FR
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5 Traffic Model Indicators
Mobiles Penetration [cont.]
� E-GSM mobiles penetration
� Ratio of E-GSM MS access over all MS accesses (except LU)TMMSEGR = MC706 / ([MC01+MC02]-[MC02A+MC02D+MC02G])
� Multiband mobiles penetration
� Ratio of Multiband MS access over all MS accesses (except LU)TMMSMBR = MC850 / ([MC01+MC02]-[MC02A+MC02D+MC02G])
� AMR mobiles penetration
� Ratio of TCH allocation for AMR MS over all TCH allocationsTCTR3CATTO = MC704A+ MC704B / MC703
� TFO calls ratio
� Ratio of successful TFO establishment over all TCH allocationsQSTRCCTR = MC170 / MC703
� Handover per Call
� Number of Handovers (intra cell, internal, external) per Normal AssignmentTMHOCO = (MC717A+MC717B) / MC718
Refer to BSS - DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE INDICATORS:
� Traffic Load and Traffic Model > SDCCH traffic > MS penetration rate
� Traffic Load and Traffic Model > TCH traffic > Speech version and Channel type
� [MC01+MC02]-[MC02A+MC02D+MC02G] = Total number of initial accesses for call establishment (except
location update)
� MC706 = Number of initial accesses for call establishment (except location update) of MS supporting the E-
GSM band
� MC850 = Number of initial accesses for call establishment (except location update) of MS supporting two
frequency bands (ex: GSM900 and DCS1800)
� MC703 = Total number of TCH allocations (FR+HR) for Normal Assignment
� MC704A = Number of TCH allocations (FR) for Normal Assignment of AMR mobiles only
� MC704B = Number of TCH allocations (HR) for Normal Assignment of AMR mobiles only
MC704 (Allocation AMR FR+HR) is removed in B8
� MC170 = Number of TCH calls for which a TFO has been successfully established
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5 Traffic Model Indicators
SDCCH traffic indicators
Report :
Alc_Mono_SDCCH_traffic
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5 Traffic Model Indicators
TCH traffic indicators
Report :
Alc_Mono_RTCH_traffic
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6 Preemption Indicators
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6 Preemption Indicators
Preemption Principle
� Preemption attributes (in Assignment or HO Request):
� pci: preemption capability indicationindicates if the call can preempt another call (pci=1) or not
� pvi: preemption vulnerability indicationindicates if the call is preemptable (pvi=1) or not
� priority level: 1=highest priority / 14=lowest priority
� Preemption rules:
� A TCH request with pci=1 and priority level=p1 will preempt an on-going call with pvi=1 and priority level=p2, p2 lower than p1 (whatever pcivalue)
� the on-going call with the lowest priority level value shall be electedfirst and if several calls have the same lowest p2 value, one of them with pci bit set to 0 is preferred
On Preemption capable TCH Request occurrence:
1. The TCH is established through Preemption if a lower priority level on-going call is preemptable. In this
case, the on-going call is released and the freed TCH is served to the new request.
2. If no preemption is possible:
� If queuing is possible: the TCH request is queued and either a Directed Retry or a Fast Traffic HO can be
performed.
� If queuing is not possible: the TCH request is rejected and an ASSIGNMENT or HANDOVER FAILURE "no radio
resource available" message is sent to the MSC.
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6 Preemption Indicators
Preemption Counters
� MC921A = Number of TCH Requests with the capability to preemptanother call with lower priority (pci=1)
� MC921B = Number of preemption capable TCH Requests (pci=1) served with TCH resource (with or without using the preemption feature).
� MC921C = Number of preempted calls
� MC921D = Number of preemption capable TCH Request (pci=1) successfully served in a neighboring cell with the help of the directed retry procedure
� MC921E = Number of preemptable calls successfully established (pvi=1)
Refer to BSS - DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE INDICATORS:
GLOBAL Quality of service INDICATORS> RTCH > Preemption feature
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6 Preemption Indicators
Preemption Feature
� Preemption capable TCH Request rejection rate
� TCPPFLCR = (MC921A-MC921B-MC921D) / MC921A
� Ratio of preemption capable TCH Request which led to a successful Directed Retry
� TCPPDSUCR = MC921D / MC921A
� Ratio of preemptable calls established over all calls
� TCPPSUVO = MC921E / (MC718+MC717A+MC717B)
Refer to BSS - DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE INDICATORS:
GLOBAL Quality of service INDICATORS> RTCH > Preemption feature
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Self-assessment on the Objectives
� Please be reminded to fill in the formSelf-Assessment on the Objectivesfor this module
� The form can be found in the first partof this course documentation
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End of ModuleTraffic Indicators
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Module 8Case Studies
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Section 1GSM QoS Monitoring
EVOLIUM Base Station SubsystemBSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load Monitoring
3FL10491ADAAWBZZA2 Issue 2
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Module Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
� Analyze with the KPI QoS some typical problems
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Module Objectives [cont.]
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Table of Contents
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1 Congestion 7Congestion Analysis 8
2 Sector Problem 9Scetor Problem Analysis 10
3 QSCSSR 11QSCSSR Analysis 12
4 Quality 13Quality Analysis 14
5 RMS Level 15RMS Level Analysis 16
6 Interference 17Interference Analysis 18
7 BSS Problem 19BSS Problem Analysis 20Self-assessment on the Objectives 21End of Module 22
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1 Congestion
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1 Congestion
Congestion Analysis
� From this NPO table: What is the worst SDCCH congested cell?
� Choose 2 other interesting indicators to continue your analysis:
� Call Drop %
� SDCCH Assignment Failure %
� Outgoing Handover Success %
� SDCCH Drop %
� Downlink TBF drop %
� RTCH assign fail %
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2 Sector Problem
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2 Sector Problem
Scetor Problem Analysis
� In this trisectorised site,give the worst sector.
� What can you propose to do?
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3 QSCSSR
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3 QSCSSR
QSCSSR Analysis
� Write the formula using the reference name (MCx) and compute the CSSR for these 2 cells:
(1 - SDCCH_drop_%) * ( 1 - RTCH_assign_unsuccess_%)
With:
� SDCCH_drop_% = SDCCH_drop / SDCCH_assign_success
� RTCH_ass_Un_%= RTCH_assign_unsuccess / RTCH_assign_request
143084TCH normal assignment successes (HR or FR)MC718
QSCSSR=?
00SDCCH drops during any outgoing SDCCH handoverMC07
145588normal assignment requests for TCH establishment (HR or FR)MC140a
1352663SDCCH assign success for Mobile Originating procedureMC02
92443SDCCH assign success for Mobile Terminating procedureMC01
21SDCCH drops in SDCCH established phase due to BSS problemMC137
49SDCCH drops on SDCCH established phase due to Radio Link Fail.MC138
Paris_City_S3Paris_Tower_S1DefinitionCounter
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4 Quality
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4 Quality
Quality Analysis
� Analyze the table below.
� Does it seem to be a good HO causes repartition?
� What can we check to analyze the problem?
Repartition HO Quality 22/01/2003 23/01/2003 24/01/2003 25/01/2003 27/01/2003 28/01/2003 29/01/2003 30/01/2003DL_QUAL 64 63 69 58 26 36 32 34
% DL_QUAL 3.12% 2.76% 3.27% 3.22% 1.30% 1.94% 1.69% 2.64%UL_QUAL 55 51 433 263 338 466 1053 348
% UL_QUAL 2.68% 2.23% 20.54% 14.59% 16.93% 25.09% 55.68% 27.00%Nber of HO 2054 2286 2108 1802 1996 1857 1891 1289
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5 RMS Level
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5 RMS Level
RMS Level Analysis
� Find the 2 worst cells in the table. Try to propose a solution!
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6 Interference
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6 Interference
Interference Analysis
� Find 1 bad cell with some HO problem.
� What can you propose to do?
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7 BSS Problem
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7 BSS Problem
BSS Problem Analysis
� What is the worst cell?
� Propose some probable solutions.
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Self-assessment on the Objectives
� Please be reminded to fill in the formSelf-Assessment on the Objectivesfor this module
� The form can be found in the first partof this course documentation
Section 1 � Module 8 � Page 22
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End of ModuleCase Studies
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Module 9Annexes
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EVOLIUM Base Station SubsystemBSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load Monitoring
3FL10491ADAAWBZZA2 Issue 2
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Module Objectives
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
� Describe …
� List …
� Explain …
� Identify ...
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Module Objectives [cont.]
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Table of Contents
Switch to notes view! Page
1 Radio Measurement Reporting 7Radio Measurement Mechanisms 8Measurement Result Message 10
2 Extended Measurement Reporting (MAFA) 11Definition 12Extended Measurement Reporting Mechanisms 13
3 Directed Retry Indicators 14Internal DR - Success Case 15Incoming Internal DR - Failures 16Incoming Internal DR - Congestion 17Incoming Internal DR - Radio Failure 18Incoming Internal DR - Counters 19Incoming Internal DR - Indicators 20Outgoing Internal DR - Failures 21Outgoing Internal DR - Radio Failure ROC 22Outgoing Internal DR - Radio Failure Drop 23Outgoing Internal DR - Counters 24Outgoing Internal DR - Indicators 25External DR - Success 26Outgoing External DR - Failures 27Outgoing External DR - Radio Failure ROC 28Outgoing External DR - Radio Failure Drop 29Outgoing External DR - Counters 30Outgoing External DR - Indicators 31
4 GSM BSS Protocol Stacks 32Signaling Links 33The Reference Model 34BSS Protocol Stacks 37Signaling on the A Interface 39GSM BSS Protocols 40
5 LCS 42LCS Function 43LCS Function: Architecture 44Example 45LCS Counters 46LCS Counters 47Definitions 48LCS Architecture 49LCS Positioning Procedure 50LCS Protocol 51Positioning Methods: CI+TA Positioning 53Positioning Methods: Conventional GPS 54Positioning Method: Assisted GPS Positioning 55LCS Impact on HO 58BSS Parameters 61Cell Parameters 62Exercise 63Positioning Methods: CI+TA Positioning 64
6 Counters on Electromagnetic Emission (EME) 65Characteristics of the Feature 66
7 B8 Improvements 69Summary 70
8 B9 Improvements 71Summary 72
9 Dynamic SDCCH Allocation 73
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Table of Contents [cont.]
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Purpose 74Principle 75TIMESLOT Types 77Allocation Algorithm 78SDCCH Sub-Channel Selection 79Deallocation Algorithm 80O&M Configuration 81
10 Handover Detection for Concentric Cells 83Algorithms 84Handover Algorithm Cause 10 85Handover Algorithm Cause 11 86Handover Algorithms Cause 13 87Outgoing Intercell Handovers from Concentric Cell 93Incoming Intercell Handovers towards Concentric Cell 94Self-assessment on the Objectives 96End of Module 97
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1 Radio Measurement Reporting
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1 Radio Measurement Reporting
Radio Measurement Mechanisms
� MS connected (TCH or SDCCH)
� The serving cell gives to the MS the list of the neighboring cells to listen
� Every SACCH, the MS reports to the serving cell: measurement report message
� Received level of 6 best cells (which can change)
� DL level and quality of serving cell
Meast
Report
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1 Radio Measurement Reporting
Radio Measurement Mechanisms [cont.]
� For each MS connected to the BTS (TCH or SDCCH)
BSC
DL measurements UL+DL measurements
� The UL received level and quality are measured every SACCH
� The Timing advance (TA) is computed
� The UL information is gathered into a measurement report
� This is the message result sent by the BTS to the BSC
Meast
Report
Meast
Result
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1 � 9 � 10
1 Radio Measurement Reporting
Measurement Result Message
L1 Info
L3 Info
Measurement
Report
From the MS
Back
Basically, the MEASUREMENT RESULT message is composed of:
� L1 info: SACCH Layer 1 header containing MS_TXPWR_CONF and TOA.
� L3 info: MEASUREMENT REPORT from the MS. This message contains the downlink measurements and
neighboring cell measurements.
� Uplink measurements performed by the BTS.
� BTS power level used.
SUB frames correspond to the use of DTX:
� if the mobile is in DTX, the rxlevsub or rxqualsub is used to avoid measuring the TS where there is nothing
to transmit in order not to false measurements.
� else rxlevfull is used that is to say all TSs are measured.
MS TXPOWER CONF: what is the actual power emitted by the MS.
TOA is the timing advance.
SACCH BFI: bad frame indicator; 2 values 0 or 1; 0 means that the BTS succeeded in decoding the
measurement report from the MS.
How are the neighboring cells coded?
BCCH1 index in BA list /BSIC1; BCCH2 index in BA list/BSIC2. Why? Because when the mobile is connecting
to a new cell, it does not receive LAC/CI (too long) but the list of BCCH frequencies of the neighboring cells
(in Band Allocation: BA list). When it reports the radio measurements, it gives the index of the BCCH
frequency in the BA list instead of BCCH ARFCN due to the length in case of 1800 frequency coding. Besides
the mobile may report a BCCH index / BSIC which does not correspond to a neighboring cell. Of course the
BSC will not trigger any handover except if this BCCH index / BSIC couple corresponds to a neighboring cell.
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1 � 9 � 11
2 Extended Measurement Reporting (MAFA)
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2 Extended Measurement Reporting (MAFA)
Definition
� The Extended Measurement Reporting is a feature allowing the BSS to request an MS to measure and report up to 21 frequencies of the band that are not included in its BA list
� Such phase 2+ mobiles must support the optional Mobile Assisted Frequency Allocation (MAFA) feature
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MS BTS BSC MSCTCH ASSIGNMENT PHASE (OC or TC)
< -----------------------------------ASSIGNMENT REQUEST
< --------------------------------------------------------PHYSICAL CONTEXT REQUEST
-------------------------------------------------------- >PHYSICAL CONTEXT CONFIRM
< --------------------------------------------------------CHANNEL ACTIVATION (TCH)
(EMO included)-------------------------------------------------------- >CHANNEL ACTIVATION ACKNOWLEDGE
.
.TCH establishment.
--------TCH---------> .ASSIGNT COMPLETE ------------------------------------------------------- >
ASSIGNMENT COMPLETE ----------------------------------- ><------SACCH-------- ASSIGNMENT COMPLETE
--------SACCH------><------SACCH--------
--------SACCH------><-------SACCH--------
EMO(MAFA freq. List)
--------SACCH------>EMR
(MAFA freq. RxLev)<------SACCH--------
--------SACCH------>
2 Extended Measurement Reporting (MAFA)
Extended Measurement Reporting Mechanisms
� The Extended Measurement Order includes the MAFA frequencies the MS is asked to measure
� EMO sent once to the MS on SACCH after TCH seizure
� Extended Measurement Results include the average signal level measured on each MAFA frequency over one SACCH mf duration
� EMR received once per call on SACCH
Back
When the BTS receives a CHANNEL ACTIVATION with the Extended Measurement Order (EMO) included, it
shall send this information on the SACCH to the corresponding mobile only once.
When the BTS has to send this information, it shall replace the sending of system information 5, 5bis, 5ter
or 6 by this information. At the next SACCH multi-frame, the BTS shall resume the sending of this system
information by the replaced one.
The EMO shall be sent after 2 complete sets of SYS_INFO5 and 6, i.e. after the 2nd SYSINFO 6 after the
reception of SABM. This guarantees the MS has received a complete set.
Then, the BTS normally receives from the MS an EXTENDED MEASUREMENT RESULT with the level of the
frequencies to monitor. The BTS shall make the correlation between these levels and the frequencies
contained in the latest EMO information, after having decoded them, according to the order of the
ARFCN. The ‘EXTENDED_MEASUREMENT_RESULT’ is NOT forwarded to the BSC, instead a
‘MEASUREMENT_RESULT’ with indication ‘no_MS_results’ is sent to the BSC.
In particular, the BTS shall identify the level of the BCCH frequency of the serving cell (which shall always
be part of the frequencies to monitor) and apply it as the RXLEV_DL in the Radio Measurement Statistics.
The other frequencies will be considered in the same way as BCCH frequency of neighboring cells: they
will be linked to the neighboring level and C/I statistics.
Section 1 � Module 9 � Page 14
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1 � 9 � 14
3 Directed Retry Indicators
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3 Directed Retry Indicators
Internal DR - Success Case
� DR FAIL. CASES > internal DR > success case
� The same internal DR procedure leads to an incrementation of two sets of counters:
� incoming DR counters for the target cell: MC153, MC151, etc.
� outgoing DR counters for the serving cell: MC144E, MC142E, etc.
� MCx counters belong to Standard Type 110 reported permanently
� Cx counters belong to Detailed Type 29 reported on demand
� Standard type from B8
MS serving cell target cell BSC MSC
TCH ASSIGNMENT PHASE (OC or TC)< -----------------------
ASSIGNMENTREQUEST
No free TCHTCH request queued
Queuing allowed
Start T11 ----------------------- >QUEUING_INDIC.
MC13A
IDR condition met MC153, MC144e,
CHANNEL ACTIV. (TCH)<---------------------------------- MC15A
CHAN ACTIV ACK---------------------------------->
HO CMD HANDOVER COMMAND<----------------------
(SDCCH)<------------------------------------------------------------------------ start T3103
C154, MC607start T3124 C145A+C145C
HANDOVER ACCESS------------------------(TCH)---------------------------->-------------------------------------------------------------> HO DETECTION
PHYSICAL INFORMATION ----------------------------------><------------------------------------------------------------- start T3105stop T3124start T200------------------------ SABM --------------------------> stop T3105<-------------------------- UA ----------------------------- ESTABLISH INDICATIONstop T200 ---------------------------------->
HANDOVER COMPLETE HO CMP stop T3103-------------------------------------------------------------> ----------------------------------> ASSIGNMENT
COMPLETE------------------------>
Release of old SDCCH MC151,MC717A,MC142e
The following DR counters are provided in Type 110
� for the target cell:
� MC13A: TCH requests for Normal Assignment that are put into the queue,
� MC153: incoming internal DR requests,
� MC15A: TCH allocations for incoming internal DR,
� MC151: incoming internal DR successes per cell,
� MC717A: incoming internal DR successes per TRX.
� for the serving cell:
� MC144E: outgoing internal DR requests,
� MC142E: outgoing internal DR successes,
� MC607: outgoing internal+external DR attempts.
The following DR counters are provided in Type 29 (this type becomes a standard type in B8)
� for the target cell:
� C153: incoming internal DR requests,
� C154: incoming internal DR attempts,
� C151: incoming internal DR successes.
� for the serving cell:
� C144A: forced outgoing internal DR requests,
� C144C: normal outgoing internal DR requests,
� C145A: forced outgoing internal DR attempts,
� C145C: normal outgoing internal DR attempts,
� C142A: forced outgoing internal DR successes,
� C142C: normal outgoing internal DR successes.
All the counters here and in the next slides concerning directed retry and relative to type 29 can be activated for all cells of the BSC at once from B8. (Type 29 becomes a standard type in B8): C142a, C142b, C142c, C142d, C143a, C143b, C143c, C143d, C143e, C143f, C143g, C143h, C144a, C144b, C144c, C144d, C145a, C145b, C145c, C145d, C151, C152,C153, C154, C555
Section 1 � Module 9 � Page 16
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3 Directed Retry Indicators
Incoming Internal DR - Failures
� DR FAIL. CASES > Incoming internal DR failures:
� Directed Retry procedure from the target cell point of view
� DR Preparation:
� congestion: no RTCH available in the target cell� � does not concern the outgoing side (serving cell point of view)
� BSS problem (no specific counter)
� DR Execution:
� radio problem: the MS fails to access the new channel� � the reversion/drop discrimination concerns only the serving cell
� BSS problem (no specific counter)
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3 Directed Retry Indicators
Incoming Internal DR - Congestion
� DR FAIL. CASES > Incoming internal DR fail: congestion
MC555=C155
Standard Type
MS serving cell target cell BSC MSC
TCH ASSIGNMENT PHASE (OC or TC)< ----------------------------------------------------
ASSIGNMENT REQUESTNo free TCHIn serving cell
Queuing allowed
Start T11 --------------------------------------------------- >QUEUING_INDIC.
MC13A
IDR condition met MC153, MC144e,MC607
No free TCHIn target cell
MC555
C155 is available in Type 29.
Section 1 � Module 9 � Page 18
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3 Directed Retry Indicators
Incoming Internal DR - Radio Failure
� DR FAIL. CASES > Incoming internal DR fail: MS access problem
MS serving cell target cell BSC MSCMEAS REP
-----------------------> MEASUREMENT RESULT------------------------------------------------------------------------>
CHANNEL ACTIVATION<----------------------------------
CHANNEL ACTIV ACK---------------------------------->
HO CMD HANDOVER COMMAND<----------------------- <------------------------------------------------------------------------ start T3103
C154SABM
-----------x T3103 expiry C152
MS Serving cell Target Cell BSC
HO CMD HANDOVER COMMAND
<----------------------- <------------------------------------------------------------------------ start T3103HANDOVER ACCESS C154
------------------------------------------------------------->-------------------------------------------------------------> HO DETECTION
PHYSICAL INFORMATION ---------------------------------->
<------------------------------------------------------------- start T3105SABM
-------------------------------------------------------------> ESTABLISH INDICATION
UA ----------------------------------><------------------------------------------------------------- stop T3105
HANDOVER COMPLETE
----------------------------------------------------- - - - -XSABM
-----------------------> ESTABLISH INDICATION
UA ------------------------------------------------------------------------><-----------------------
HO FAILURE HANDOVER FAILURE
-----------------------> ------------------------------------------------------------------------> C152Release of new channel
All incoming internal DR failures due to radio problems are counted in the same counter C152.
This counter is provided in Type 29
Both radio failures with Reversion Old SDCCH Channel and radio drop are counted together.
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3 Directed Retry Indicators
Incoming Internal DR - Counters
� DR FAIL. CASES > Incoming internal DR counters
Request MC153, C153
Congestion MC555, C155BSS Pb C153-C154-C155
Attempt C154
Radio (MS access problem) C152BSS Pb C154-C151-C152
Success MC151, C151
Execution
Preparation
INCOMING INTERNAL Directed Retry
REQUEST
CONGESTION
ATTEMPT
MS ACCESS PB
BSS PB
SUCCESS
BSS PB
Preparation Failure
Execution Failure
Type 29 counters become a standard (PMC)
All MCxxx counters are available in Type 110.
All Cxxx counters are available in Type 29.
Type 29 counter becomes a standard in B8.
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Refer to BSS - DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE INDICATORS
� Specific indicators for densification techniques > Directed Retry > Incoming DR
� DRIBCAR: efficiency of the incoming internal DR preparation = MC15A/MC153
� DRIBCNR: rate of incoming internal DR failures due to congestion = MC155/MC153
� DRIBEFR: efficiency of the incoming internal DR execution = MC717A/MC153
� Other indicators can be computed:
from Type 110 counters:
� DRIBSUR: global efficiency of incoming internal DR
= MC717A/MC153 = MC151/MC153
from Type 29 counters
� rate of incoming internal DR preparation failures due to BSS problems
= (C153-C154-C155)/C153
� rate of incoming internal DR execution failures due to BSS problems
= (C154-C151-C152)/C154
� rate of incoming internal DR execution failures due to radio access problems
= C152/C154
Section 1 � Module 9 � Page 21
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3 Directed Retry Indicators
Outgoing Internal DR - Failures
� DR FAIL. CASES > Outgoing internal DR failures
� Directed Retry procedure from the serving cell point of view
� DR Preparation:
� congestion on the target cell (no specific counter on the serving cell)
� BSS problem (no specific counter)
� DR Execution:
� radio problem: the MS reverts to the old channel
� radio problem: the MS drops
� BSS problem (no specific counter)
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3 Directed Retry Indicators
Outgoing Internal DR - Radio Failure ROC
� DR FAIL. CASES > Outgoing internal DR fail: reversion old channel
C144A, C143A:
Forced DR
C144C,C143E:
Normal DR
MS Serving cell Target Cell BSC
HO CMD HANDOVER COMMAND<-------SDCCH----- <------------------------------------------------------------------------ start T3103
HANDOVER ACCESS MC144E----------------------TCH--------------------------------> C144A or C144C-------------------------------------------------------------> HO DETECTION
PHYSICAL INFORMATION ----------------------------------><------------------------------------------------------------- start T3105
SABM-------------------------------------------------------------> ESTABLISH INDICATION
UA ----------------------------------><------------------------------------------------------------- stop T3105
HANDOVER COMPLETE----------------------------------------------------- - - - -X
SABM-----------------------> ESTABLISH INDICATION
UA ------------------------------------------------------------------------><-----------------------
HO FAILURE HANDOVER FAILURE-----------------------> ------------------------------------------------------------------------> C143A or C143E
Release of new channel
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3 Directed Retry Indicators
Outgoing Internal DR - Radio Failure Drop
� DR FAIL. CASES > Outgoing internal DR fail: drop
C144A,C143B:
Forced DR
C144C,C143F:
Normal DR
MS serving cell target cell BSC MSC
HO CMD HANDOVER COMMAND<----------------------- <------------------------------------------------------------------------ start T3103
MC144ESABM C144A or C144C
----------x
T3103 expiryC143B or C143F------------------------>
ASSIGNMENTFAILURE
“Radio interfacemessage failure”
Release of SDCCH and TCH
Counters C144A, C143B, C144C, C143F are type 29.
Section 1 � Module 9 � Page 24
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3 Directed Retry Indicators
Outgoing Internal DR - Counters
� DR FAIL. CASES > Outgoing internal DR counters
Preparation Request MC144E, C144A+C144C
Any preparation failure (C144A+C144C) - (C145A+C145C)
Attempt C145A+C145C
Reversion old channel C143A+C143EDrop radio C143B+C143FBSS Pb (C145A+C145C) - (C143A+C143E+C143B+C143F)
Success MC142E, C142A+C142C
Execution
OUTGOING INTERNAL Directed Retry
REQUEST
CONGESTION
ATTEMPT
REVERSION OLD CHANNEL
DROP RADIO
BSS PB
SUCCESS
BSS PB
Preparation Failure
Execution Failure
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Refer to BSS - DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE INDICATORS
� Specific indicators for densification techniques > Directed Retry > Outgoing DR
� DROBSUR: global efficiency of outgoing internal DR = MC142E/MC144E
� Other indicators can be computed
from Type 29 counters:
� efficiency of the outgoing internal DR preparation
= (C145A+C145C)/(C144A+C144C)
� efficiency of the outgoing internal DR execution
= (C142A+C142C)/(C145A+C145C)
� rate of outgoing internal DR execution failures due to BSS problems
= [(C145A+C145C) - (C143A+C143E+C143B+C143F)] / (C145A+C145C)
� rate of outgoing internal DR execution failures due to radio problems with reversion old channel
= (C143A+C143E) / (C145A+C145C)
� rate of outgoing internal DR execution failures due to radio problems with drop
= (C143B+C143F) / (C145A+C145C)
type 29 counters are defined:
� DRFOSUIN C142a NB_OUT_FORCED_IDR_SUCC
� DRFOSUEN C142b NB_OUT_FORCED_EDR_SUCC
� DROBSUIN C142c NB_OUT_NOR_IDR_SUCC
� DROMSUEN C142d NB_OUT_NOR_EDR_SUCC
� DRFORDIN C144a NB_OUT_FORCED_IDR_REQ
� DRFORDEN C144b NB_OUT_FORCED_EDR_REQ
� DROBRDIN C144c NB_OUT_NOR_IDR_REQ
� DROMRDEN C144d NB_OUT_NOR_EDR_REQ
� DROBRQIN C145c NB_OUT_NOR_IDR_ATPT
� DROMRQEN C145d NB_OUT_NOR_EDR_ATPT
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3 Directed Retry Indicators
External DR - Success
� DR FAIL. CASES > External DR > successful case
� The same external DR procedure leads to an incrementation of two sets of counters:
� incoming external HO counters for the target cell: MC820, MC821, etc.
� outgoing external DR counters for the serving cell: MC144F, MC142F, etc.
MS serving_cell BSC MSC BSC ta rget_ce ll MSTCH request queued < ------ASSIGNT REQUEST-------
EDR condition met ------ HO_REQUIRED ---------->MC144F ----------CR (HO_REQUEST) -----> MC820
< --------- CC ------------------------ ---- CHANNEL_ACTIVATION ------>< - CHANNEL_ACT_ACK-------------
< ----- HO_REQUEST_ACK -------- Start T9113(HO_COMMAND) MC821
< ------------------------- HO_COMMAND ------------------------------------------------------ < ---- HO_ACCESS -----C145B+ C145D Start T8 < ---- HO_ACCESS -----
< ------ HO_DETECTION--------------< -- HO_DETECTION -------------- --- PHYSICAL_INFO -->
< --- SABM ---------------< ----- ESTABLISH_INDICATION ---- ----- UA -------------->
< ----------- HO_COMPLETE ----------------------------------------< --- HO_COMPLETE --------------- Stop T9113
< ---- CLEAR_COMMAND ------ MC642MC142F Cause : HO_SUCCESSFUL
Release of SDCCH Stop T8
The following DR counters are provided in Type 110 for the serving cell:
� MC144F: outgoing external DR requests,
� MC142F: outgoing external DR successes.
The following DR counters are provided in Type 29 for the serving cell:
� C144B: forced outgoing external DR requests,
� C144D: normal outgoing external DR requests,
� C145B: forced outgoing external DR attempts,
� C145D: normal outgoing external DR attempts,
� C142B: forced outgoing external DR successes,
� C142D: normal outgoing external DR successes.
As for internal DR, external DR Counters are available permanently
No counter is provided for the target cell for an external DR since an incoming DR cannot always be
discriminated from an incoming external HO. Therefore incoming external DRs are counted together with
incoming external HOs in the related counters.
Section 1 � Module 9 � Page 27
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3 Directed Retry Indicators
Outgoing External DR - Failures
� DR FAIL. CASES > Outgoing external DR failures
� Directed Retry procedure from the serving cell point of view
� DR Preparation:
� congestion on the target cell (no specific counter on the serving cell)
� BSS problem (no specific counter)
� DR Execution:
� radio problem: the MS reverts to the old channel
� radio problem: the MS drops
� BSS problem (no specific counter)
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3 Directed Retry Indicators
Outgoing External DR - Radio Failure ROC
� DR FAIL. CASES > Outgoing external DR fail: reversion old channel
C145B,C143C: Forced DR
C145D,C143G: Normal DR
MS serving_cell BSC MSC BSC ta rge t_cell MSASSIGNT REQUEST---------------------> TCH request queued
EDR condition met ---- HO_REQUIRED ------->MC144F ----------CR (HO_REQUEST) ------------------->
< -------- CC --------------------------------------- - CHANNEL_ACT ---------->< --- CHA_ACT_ACK --------
< ----- HO_REQUEST_ACK----------------------- Start T9113 (HO-COMMAND) included
< -------------------------- HO_COMMAND ------------------------------------------------Start T8 X --- HO_ACCESS -----
C145B+ C145D X ---- HO_ACCESS ---------- SABM -------->< --- UA ------------- -- ESTABLISH_INDICATION->
----- HO_FAILURE (reversion to old channel) ------------------------------------------>C143C+ C143G ----- CLEAR_COMMAND ---------------------->
Radio interface fail : Reversion to old channelRelease of connection
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3 Directed Retry Indicators
Outgoing External DR - Radio Failure Drop
� DR FAIL. CASES > Outgoing external DR fail: drop
C145B,C143D: Forced DR
C145D,C143H: Normal DR
MS serving_cell BSC MSC BSC ta rge t_ce ll MSASSIGNT REQUEST---------------------> TCH request queued
EDR condition met ---- HO_REQUIRED ------->MC144F ----------CR (HO_REQUEST) ------------------->
< -------- CC --------------------------------------- - CHANNEL_ACT ---------->< --- CHA_ACT_ACK --------
< ----- HO_REQUEST_ACK----------------------- Start T9113 (HO-COMMAND) included
< -------------------------- HO_COMMAND ------------------------------------------------Start T8 X --- HO_ACCESS -----
C145B+ C145D X ---- HO_ACCESS ---------- SABM --- X----- SABM --- X
----- SABM --- X
T8 expiry ----- CLEAR_REQUEST ->C143D+ C143H Radio interface message fail
Release of connection
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3 Directed Retry Indicators
Outgoing External DR - Counters
� DR FAIL. CASES > Outgoing external DR counters
Preparation Request MC144F, C144B+C144D
Any preparation failure (C144B+C144D) - (C145B+C145D)
Attempt C145B+C145D
Reversion old channel C143C+C143GDrop radio C143D+C143HBSS Pb (C145+C145D) - (C143C+C143G+C143D+C143H)
Success MC142F, C142B+C142D
Execution
OUTGOING EXTERNAL Directed Retry
REQUEST
CONGESTION
ATTEMPT
REVERSION OLD CHANNEL
DROP RADIO
BSS PB
SUCCESS
BSS PB
Preparation Failure
Execution Failure
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Refer to BSS - DEFINITION OF QUALITY OF SERVICE INDICATORS
� Specific indicators for densification techniques > Directed Retry > Outgoing DR
� DROMSUR: global efficiency of outgoing external DR = MC142F/MC144F
� Other indicators can be computed
from Type 29 counters:
� efficiency of the outgoing internal DR preparation
= (C145B+C145D)/(C144B+C144D)
� efficiency of the outgoing internal DR execution
= (C142B+C142D)/(C145B+C145D)
� rate of outgoing internal DR execution failures due to BSS problems
= [(C145B+C145D) - (C143C+C143G+C143D+C143H)] / (C145B+C145D)
� rate of outgoing internal DR execution failures due to radio problems with reversion old channel
= (C143C+C143G) / (C145B+C145D)
� rate of outgoing internal DR execution failures due to radio problems with drop
= (C143D+C143H) / (C145B+C145D)
� Interesting indicator:
� TCQUSUDSR: rate of outgoing internal and external directed retries (forced + normal) successfully
performed over all RTCH requests queued during normal assignment.
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4 GSM BSS Protocol Stacks
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4 GSM BSS Protocol Stacks
Signaling Links
A-Interface MT-Link signaling #7 System with SCCPMSC BSC
BSC BTSAbis Interface RSL with LAPD Protocol
BTS MSAir-Interface (CCCH/SACCH/FACCH) with LAPDm Protocol
BSC OMC-ROML Link with X25 connection LAPB Protocol
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1 � 9 � 34
4 GSM BSS Protocol Stacks
The Reference Model
7 Application
6 Presentation
4 Transport
5 Session
2 Data Link
3 Network
1 Physical
User of Transport Service
Transport ServiceNetwork
Service
Section 1 � Module 9 � Page 35
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1 � 9 � 35
4 GSM BSS Protocol Stacks
The Reference Model [cont.]
� Layer 1
� Physical; Responsible for the transparent transmission of information across the physical medium (HDB3, PCM, AMI)
� Layer 2
� Data Link; Responsible for providing a reliable transfer between the terminal and the network (#7, LAPD,etc.)
� Layer 3
� Network; responsible for setting up and maintaining the connection across a network (CM, MM, RR, Message routing, etc.)
Section 1 � Module 9 � Page 36
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1 � 9 � 36
4 GSM BSS Protocol Stacks
The Reference Model [cont.]
� Layer 4
� Transport; responsible for the control of quality of service (Layer of information)
� Layer 5
� Session; Handles the coordination between the user processes (Set up transfer of information)
� Layer 6
� Presentation; responsible for ensuring that the information is presented to the eventual user in a meaningful way (Type format. Ex. ASCII)
� Layer 7
� Application; provides lower levels with user interface (Operating System)
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4 GSM BSS Protocol Stacks
BSS Protocol Stacks
BTS PSTNISDN
Air Intfc Abis Intfc A Intfc B .. F Intfc
MS BSC MSC
CM
MM
RR
LAPDm
digit
radio
RR BSSAP
LAPDm LAPD
digit
radio64 kb/s 64 kb/s 64 kb/s 64 kb/s
LAPD
RR
BTSM
BSSAP
CM
MM
BSSAP
SCCP
MTP
SCCP
MTPLAYER 2
LAYER 1
LAYER 3
Section 1 � Module 9 � Page 38
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Annexes
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4 GSM BSS Protocol Stacks
BSS Protocol Stacks [cont.]
� (detailed)
SSCS
SSTM 3
SSTM 2
SSCS
SSTM 3
SSTM 2
SSGT
MAP
SSGT
MAP
SSCS
SSTM 3
SSTM 2
PCM TS
DTAP
SSCS
SSTM 3
SSTM 2
PCM TS
DTAP
LAPDLAPDm LAPD
SS (SMS)SS (SMS)
BSSMAP
MM
CC
BSSMAPRR
RR
RR' BTSMBTSM
LAPDm
(SMS)
SSCC
MM
(Relay)
MS BTS BSC MSC / VLR NSS(ex. : HLR)
Um A bis A (D)
1
2
3
(Relay
64 kbit/s
or PCM TS64 kbit/s
or PCM TSPCM TS PCM TS
PhycalLayer
PhycalLayer
Section 1 � Module 9 � Page 39
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Annexes
1 � 9 � 39
4 GSM BSS Protocol Stacks
Signaling on the A Interface
� Uses #7 with Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) with a newApplication Base Station Application Part (BSSAP). BSSAP is divided into Direct Transfer Application Part (DTAP) and Base Station Subsystem Management Application Part (BSSMAP)
DTAP
BSSMAP
SCCP
MTP 1-3
User Data
Layer 1-3
BSSAP
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Annexes
1 � 9 � 40
4 GSM BSS Protocol Stacks
GSM BSS Protocols
� BSSMAP
� Contains the messages, which are exchanged between the BSC and the MSC and which are evaluated from the BSC
� In fact all the messages which are exchanged as RR (Radio Resource Management Services between the MSC, BSC and MS). Also control Information concerning the MSC and BSC
� Example: Paging, HND_CMD, Reset
� DTAP
� Messages which are exchanged between an NSS and an MS transparent. In this case, the BSC transfers the messages without evaluation transparent. Mainly Messages from Mobility Management (MM) and Call Control (CC)
Section 1 � Module 9 � Page 41
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Annexes
1 � 9 � 41
4 GSM BSS Protocol Stacks
GSM BSS Protocols [cont.]
� Relationship between DTAP, CC, MM, BSSMAP, RR
MSBSS MSC
Call Control (CC) DTAP
Radio Resource (RR)BSSMAP
Back
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Annexes
1 � 9 � 42
5 LCS
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5 LCS
LCS Function
LCS function (linked to MC02i) and other counters …
� LCS allows to access the MS location provided by the BSS.
� On MS request to know its own location (MC02 impacted, see the previous slide)
� On network request (especially during Emergency calls)
� On external request (LCS Client)
� Positioning methods provided can be:
� Cell-ID or Cell-ID + TA (Timing Advance)
� Conventional (standalone) GPS
� Assisted GPS (with the help of A-GPS server to compute location)
� MS based (MB): MS is able to perform a pre-computation
� MS assisted (MA): MS sends info, Network computes
Assisted GPS Method:
� Mobile-based: The MS performs OTD signal measurements and computes its own location estimate. In this case the network provides the MS with the additional information such as BTS coordinates and the RTD
values. These assistance data can be either broadcast on the CBCH (using SMSCB function) or provided by
the BSS in a point to point connection (either spontaneously or on request from the MS).
� Mobile-assisted: The MS performs and reports OTD signal measurements to the network and the network computes the MS location estimate.
� With
� OTD: Observed Time Difference: the time interval that is observed by an MS between the receptions of signals (bursts) from two different BTSs.
� RTD: Real Time Difference: This means the relative synchronization difference in the network between two BTSs.
Finally, 4 methods are possible for positioning:
� Cell ID+ TA
� Conventional (MS equipped with GPS System)
� A-GPS MS Based
� A-GPS MS Assisted
These 4 Methods induce a set of counters (2 per method) to give the average latitude and longitude of
mobiles in the cell.
These counters are located in the MFS and can be used in RNO (cartographic part).
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EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem � BSS B10 Introduction to Quality of Service and Traffic Load MonitoringGSM QoS Monitoring � Annexes
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5 LCS
LCS Function: Architecture
SMLCBTS
BTS
MS
BSC
MSC
HLR
GMLC
OSP
Lg
Lh
External
LCS clientLe
AAbis
Abis
Lb
SMLC function integrated in MFS: - receives the loc. Request from the GMLC through the
MSC/BSC
- Schedules all the necessary actions to get MS location
- Computes MS location
- Provides the result back to the GMLC
MFS
A-GPS server
SAGI
GPS reference network
LCS: Location ServicesSMLC: Serving Mobile Location Center GMLC: Gateway Mobile Location CenterA-GPS: Assisted GPS
Where is my son?
Where is the accident?
Emergency call
2
Where am I?
1
3
MS Request
Network Request
External Request3
2
1
In case of MS requests for its location, MC02 is impacted:
MC02i = Number of Mobile Originating SDCCH establishments for LCS purposes.
In all cases, some counters related to LCS provide specific information (attempts, success, failures)
See the next slide.
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5 LCS
Example
� Mobile terminated location request failure / success (External request)
SMLCMS BSCBTS LCS ClientMSC
BSSAP-LE Perform_Location_Request
.
GMLC
BSSMAP Perform_Location_Request
BSSAP-LE Perform_Location_Response
BSSMAP Perform_Location_Response
BSSMAP Clear Command and Release
Adequat positionning method chosen by SMLC
HLR
Paging
Authentication + Ciphering
LCS Service Response
LCS Service Request
Send_Routing_Info rqst
Send_Routing_Info resp
Provide_Subscriber_Location
Provide_Subscriber_Location Result
MC923a
MC923b
MC923d
MC923cBSSAP-LE Perform_Location_Response (failure)
BSSMAP Perform_Location_Response (failure)
BSSMAP Perform_Location_Abort
Failure
Success
Four counters
� MC923a NB_LCS_REQ Number of location requests received from the MSC in CS domain.
� MC923b NB_LCS_SUCC Number of successful location requests performed in a BSS.
� MC923c NB_LCS_FAIL_LB Number of location requests rejected by the SMLC.
� MC923d NB_LCS_ABORT Number of location aborts received from the MSC in CS domain.
Calculated indicators based on BSC counters:
� Number of failures on LCS requests due to BSS problem,
� Rate of LCS requests aborted,
� Rate of successes on LCS requests,
� Rate of failures on LCS requests,
� Rate of SDCCH seizures for Location Services.
Other counters in SMLC (MFS) provide details by type of positioning (CI+TA, Conventional GPS, MS-Assisted A-
GPS, MS-Based A-GPS) and for different Error causes.
See the next slide.
Section 1 � Module 9 � Page 46
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LCS Counters in MFS:
� QOS FOLLOW UP:
P800: NB_LOC_REQ Number of received LCS requests for MS positioning received from
the BSC
P801: NB_ASSIST_DATA_REQ Number of received LCS requests for GPS assistance data (initially
requested by the MS) received from the BSC.
P802: NB_ASSIST_DATA_SUCC Number of successful GPS assistance data delivery (initially
requested by the MS) responses sent to the BSC.
P803: NB_LOC_TA_SUCC Number of successful location responses sent to the BSC using TA
positioning method.
P804: NB_LOC_CONV_GPS_SUCC Number of successful location responses sent to the BSC using
Conventional GPS positioning method.
P805: NB_LOC_MA_AGPS_SUCC Number of successful location responses sent to the BSC using MS-
Assisted A-GPS positioning method.
P806: NB_LOC_MB_AGPS_SUCC Number of successful location response sent to the BSC using MS-
Based A-GPS positioning method.
P807: NB_LOC_TA_PCF_REQ Number of location calculation attempts with TA positioning PCF.
P808: NB_LOC_TA_PCF_SUCC Number of location calculations successfully performed with TA
positioning PCF.
P809: NB_LOC_CONV_GPS_PCF_REQ Number of location calculation attempts with Conventional GPS
PCF.
P810: NB_LOC_MA_AGPS_PCF_REQ Number of location calculation attempts with MS-Assisted A-GPS
PCF.
P811: NB_LOC_MA_AGPS_PCF_SUCC Number of location calculations successfully performed with MS
Assisted A-GPS PCF.
P812: NB_LOC_MB_AGPS_PCF_REQ Number of location calculation attempts with MS-Based A-GPS PCF.
P813: NB_LOC_MB_AGPS_PCF_SUCC Number of location calculations successfully performed with MS-
Based A-GPS.
P814: NB_LCS_PROTOCOL_ERROR Number of failed LCS procedures due to LCS protocol error.
P815: NB_LCS_INTERRUPTED_INTRA_BSC_HO Number of failed LCS procedures due to intra-BSC handover.
P816: NB_LCS_INTERRUPTED_INTER_BSC_HO Number of failed LCS procedures due to inter-BSC handover.
P817: NB_LCS_FAILURE_RRLP Number of failed LCS procedures due to RRLP problem.
P818: NB_LCS_FAILURE_TIMER_EXPIRY Number of failed LCS procedures due to LCS guard timer expiry.
P819: NB_LCS_FAILURE_INTERNAL Number of failed LCS procedures due internal problem detected by
the MFS/SMLC.
P820: NB_UNKNOWN_LCS_REQ Number of LCS requests rejected because not supported by the
SMLC.
P821: NB_LOC_CONV_GPS_PCF_SUCC Number of location calculations successfully performed with
Conventional GPS PCF.
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PCF: Positioning Calculation Function
� POSITION AVERAGE USED ON RNO: Values are given in minutes
� LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES:
P822: AV_TA_LAT Average of latitudes for TA Method
P823: AV_TA_LONG Average of longitudes for TA Method
P824: AV_CONV_GPS_LAT Average of latitudes for Conventional GPS Method
P825: AV_CONV_GPS_LONG Average of latitudes for Conventional GPS Method
P826: AV_MA_AGPS_LAT Average of latitudes for MS-Assisted A-GPS Method
P827: AV_MA_AGPS_LONG Average of longitudes for MS-Assisted A-GPS Method
P828: AV_MB_AGPS_LAT Average of latitudes for MS-Assisted A-GPS Method
P829: AV_MB_AGPS_LONG Average of longitudes for MS-Based A-GPS Method
� STANDARD DEVIATION: standard deviation is a measure of the dispersion around the average point
P830: ST_DEV_TA_LAT Standard deviation of the latitude of MS obtained with TA
Method
P831: ST_DEV_TA_LONG Standard deviation of the longitude of MS obtained with TA
Method
P832: ST_DEV_CONV_GPS_LAT Standard deviation of the latitude of MS obtained with
Conventional GPS Method
P833: ST_DEV_CONV_GPS_LONG Standard deviation of the longitude of MS obtained with
Conventional GPS Method
P834: ST_DEV_MA_AGPS_LAT Standard deviation of the latitude of MS obtained with MS
Assisted A-GPS Method
P835: ST_DEV_MA_AGPS_LONG Standard deviation of the longitude of MS obtained with MS
Assisted A-GPS Method
P836: ST_DEV_MB_AGPS_LAT Standard deviation of the latitude of MS obtained with MS
Assisted A-GPS Method
P837: ST_DEV_MB_AGPS_LONG Standard deviation of the longitude of MS obtained with MS
Assisted A-GPS Method
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5 LCS
Definitions
� New end-user services which provide the geographical location of an MS:
� On MS request to know its own location
� On network request (especially during Emergency calls)
� On external request (LCS Client)
� Several positioning methods:
� Cell-ID or Cell-ID + TA (Timing Advance)
� Conventional (standalone) GPS
� Assisted GPS (with A-GPS server help to compute location)
� MS-based (MB): the MS is able to perform a pre-computation
� MS-assisted (MA): the MS sends info, Network computes
Assisted GPS Method:
� Mobile-based: The MS performs OTD signal measurements and computes its own location estimate. In this case, the network provides the MS with the additional information such as BTS coordinates and the RTD
values. These assistance data can be either broadcast on the CBCH (using SMSCB function) or provided by
the BSS in a point-to-point connection (either spontaneously or on request from the MS).
� Mobile-assisted: The MS performs and reports OTD signal measurements to the network and the network computes the MS’s location estimate.
� With
� OTD: Observed Time Difference: the time interval that is observed by an MS between the receptions of signals (bursts) from two different BTSs.
� RTD: Real Time Difference: This means the relative synchronization difference in the network between two BTSs.
Finally, 4 methods are possible for positioning:
� Cell ID+ TA,
This is the simplest method for determining the location of a mobile. It relies on the hypothesis that the
geographical coverage of a cell corresponds to that predicted by radio coverage studies. When an active
mobile is connected to a base station, the mobile is assumed to be located geographically within the area
predicted to be best served by this base station
� Conventional (MS equipped with GPS System),
� MS-based Assisted GPS,
� MS-Assisted GPS.
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5 LCS
LCS Architecture
MS Request1
Network Request2
External Request3
A-GPSGMLCLCSSMLC
: Assisted GPS: Gateway Mobile Location Center: Location Services: Serving Mobile Location Center
BTS
Abis
MFS
BTS
OSP
SMLC
A-GPSserver
GPS receiversreference network
GMLC ExternalLCS client
MSCBSC
HLR
Abis
A Lg Le
Lh
Lb
Emergency call
2 3
SAGI
Where isthe accident?
Where ismy son?
Where am I?
1
SMLC function integrated in MFS:- receives the location request from the GMLC through the MSC/BSC- schedules all the necessary actions to get MS location- computes MS location- provides the result back to the GMLC
Section 1 � Module 9 � Page 50
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5 LCS
LCS Positioning Procedure
BTS
MFS
BTS
OSP
SMLC
GMLCMSC
BSC
HLR
Locationrequest
1
Routinginformation
2
Providesubscriber
location3
Paging,authentication,
ciphering,notification
4
Providesubscriber location
5
Individualpositioning
6 Location report7 7Locationresponse
8
If the MS is in idle mode, the MSC first performs a CS paging, authentication and ciphering in order to
establish an SDCCH with the MS. The MS subscriber is not aware of it, i.e. no ringing tone, except towards
GPRS MS in Packet Transfer Mode which may suspend its GPRS traffic in order to answer to the CS Paging
(i.e. not fully transparent for the subscriber).
When the MS is in dedicated mode (after a specific SDCCH establishment for location, or during an on-
going call), the MSC sends the location request to BSC in the existing SCCP connection for the current
call, which forwards it to the SMLC.
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5 LCS
LCS Protocol
BSC SMLC(MFS)
Um Lb
L1-GSL
L2-GSL
BSSLAP
L2-GSL
BSSAP-LE
L1-GSLL1
L2(LAPDm)
RR
Relay
RRLP(04.31)
BSSLAP(08.71)
BSSAP-LE(09.31)
Target MS
L1
RR(04.18)
L2(LAPDm)
RRLP(04.31)
Signaling Protocols between the MS (CS domain) and the SMLC
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5 LCS
LCS Protocol [cont.]
� Example: Mobile terminated location request success (External request)
MS BTS BSC SMLC MSC GMLC HLR
Adequate positioning methodchosen by SMLC with
optional additional scenario
StartsT_Location
StopT_Location
LCS Service Request
Send_Routing_Info request
Send_Routing_Info response
Provide_Subscriber_Location
Authentication + Ciphering
BSSMAP Perform_Location_Request
BSSAP-LE Perform_Location_Request
BSSAP-LE Perform_Location_Response
BSSMAP Perform_Location_Response
Provide_Subscriber_Location Result
LCS Service Response
MSSMAP Clear Command and Release
LCS client
Paging
T_location_Longer used in case of optional additional scenario (see graph):
Upon receipt of the MS POSITION COMMAND message from the SMLC (optional additional scenario), the BSC stops the
T_Location timer, and starts instead the T_Location_Longer timer. This timer is stopped only at the end of the
location procedure in the BSC, i.e. when an 08.08 PERFORM LOCATION RESPONSE message is sent back to the MSC.
Aborts:
� Abort by MSC
Depending on the location procedure and its current state of execution, upon PERFORM LOCATION ABORT message
receipt, the BSC sends immediately to the MSC a PERFORM LOCATION RESPONSE message (when no exchange on the
Lb interface is on-going), or to the SMLC either a PERFORM LOCATION ABORT or an ABORT message. The BSC starts the
timer T_Loc_abort to supervise the SMLC response.
� Abort by BSS
The BSC must send either a PERFORM LOCATION ABORT message or a ABORT message to the SMLC and starts the timer
T_Loc_abort if an ongoing location request is interrupted at the BSC level for the following reasons:
� by an inter-BSC handover, or
� if the main signaling link to the target MS is lost or released, or
� the SCCP connection on the A interface is released, or
� if the timer T_Location expires.
The useful B8 content of the received PERFORM LOCATION REQUEST message is:
� Location type,
� Classmark information 3,
� Requested QoS: provides service requirement concerning geographic positioning and response time
� accuracy, the response time category (Low Delay or Delay Tolerant),
� Current Cell Id + TA information are always provided to the SMLC.
The time of transfer of the assitance data on the SDCCH is estimated about 14s for a 1000 octets information.
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5 LCS
Positioning Methods: CI+TA Positioning
� Principles of CI + TA Positioning Method
LCS_LONGITUDE
LCS_LATITUDE
LCS_AZIMUTH(Main Beam Directiongiven by the azimuth)
HALFPWR_BEAM_W
IDTH
Serving cell (CI)
TA
3dB pointgiven by the azimuth
and the HPBW
3dB pointgiven by the azimuth
and the HPBW
553 m
MSestimated location
With the TA positioning method, no signaling exchange is required between the SMLC and the MS (i.e. RRLP protocol is
not required). The TA positioning method is applicable to all the MSs (supporting LCS or not).
Based on:
� Cell Identity (CI) of the serving cell.
� Timing Advance (TA) value reported by MS:
■ intersection point of a line from the BTS antenna in their main direction with a circle which radius is
corresponding with the propagation delay (timing advance) is the MS estimated position.
■ Omni-directional cells: MS position = site position.
Parameters:
EN_LCS – flag to enable/disable the Location Services per BSS
0 = Enabled; 1= Disabled; Default = 0
➨➨➨➨ IF EN_LCS=1, CI+TA method is enabled in all the BSS cells
� LCS_LATITUDE: Latitude of the BTS supporting the cell
� LCS_LONGITUDE: Longitude of the BTS supporting the cell
� LCS_AZIMUTH: Antenna direction orientation for the sector supporting the cell
� HALFPWR_BEAM_WIDTH: Antenna half power beamwidth for the sector supporting the cell
Optimization parameters:
� ARC_SIZE_FACTOR: Factor used in the computation of the width in degree of the ellipsoid arc returned by the MFS when computing location estimate based on TA positioning method.
� MIN_RADIUS_FACTOR: Factor used in the computation of the minimum radius of the ellipsoid arc returned by the MFS when computing location estimate based on TA positioning method
� MAX_RADIUS_FACTOR :Factor used in the computation of the maximum radius of the ellipsoid arc returned by the MFS when computing location estimate based on TA positioning method
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5 LCS
Positioning Methods: Conventional GPS
� Conventional GPS location procedure
� This optional location procedure is chosen by the SMLC (if the MS supports it) upon reception of a Perform Location Request message from the BSC
PerformLocationRequest
MS BTS BSC SMLC
Measurement Position Request
Measurement Position Response (X,Y)
PerformLocation
Response (X,Y)(X,Y):
computed position
(X,Y)
LocationRequest
LocationResponse
The MS continuously computes its position
The terminal searches for satellites, acquires all the GPS data, computes its own position and finally
provides the location estimation to the SMLC
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5 LCS
Positioning Method: Assisted GPS Positioning
� Assisted GPS Positioning Method (A-GPS)
� Assistance GPS Positioning Method is split into:
� MS Based A-GPS method
� MS Assisted A-GPS method
- GPS acquisition assistance- Navigation model (almanac, ephemeris)- Ionospheric model- Time integrity
GPS MS A-GPSserver
GPS receiversreference network
Assistance data on request
Assistance data gathered from a GPS reference network receiver is broadcast to the GPS MS.
Flags/Parameters
� EN_LCS = 1
� EN_MS_BASED_AGPS – enables/disables the positioning method MS Based A-GPS per CELL
� 0 = disabled; 1 = enabled; default = 0
� EN_MS_ASSISTED_AGPS – enables/disables the positioning method MS Assisted A-GPS per CELL
� 0 = disabled; 1 = enabled; default = 0
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5 LCS
Positioning Method: Assisted GPS Positioning [cont.]
� A-GPS location procedure / MS Based A-GPS
PerformLocationRequest
MS BTS BSC SMLC
LocationRequest
A-GPSServer
GPS infoRequest
GPS infoResponse
Measurement Position Request
Assistance Data
Assistance Data Acknowledge
Measurement Position Response (X,Y)
PerformLocation
Response (X,Y)
LocationResponse
PositionRequest
PositionResponse
AssistanceData
(X,Y)
(X,Y):computed position
Positioning calculation:latitude, longitude
and altitude
Using assistance data, the MS computes by itself the position and sends it back to the SMLC.
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5 LCS
Positioning Method: Assisted GPS Positioning [cont.]
� A-GPS location procedure / MS Assisted A-GPS
(X,Y):computed position
Pseudo-rangemeasurements (M)
PositionResponse
PerformLocationRequest
MS BTS BSC SMLC
LocationRequest
A-GPSServer
GPS infoRequest
GPS infoResponse
Measurement Position Request
Assistance Data
Assistance Data Acknowledge
PerformLocation
Response (X,Y)
LocationResponse
PositionRequest
AssistanceData
(X,Y)
Measurement Position Response (M)
GPS LocationRequest (M)
GPS LocationResponse (X,Y)
Using a reduced set of assistance data, the MS makes pseudo–range measurements and sends the result to the A-GPS server, which fixes the position in the end.
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5 LCS
LCS Impact on HO
� HO preparation
� Inhibition of “better cell handovers”
� Other HO
MS BTS BSC SMLC MSC GMLC HLR
StartsT_Location
EmergencyHO
detection
LCS Service Request
Send_Routing_Info request
Send_Routing_Info response
Provide_Subscriber_Location
Authentication + Ciphering
BSSMAP Perform_Location_Request
BSSAP-LE Perform_Location_Request
LCS client
Paging
BSSLAP - Reset
HO needed during LCS procedure.
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5 LCS
LCS Impact on HO [cont.]
� HO management
� Internal HO
MS BTS BSC SMLC MSC GMLC HLR
HOcomplete
BSSMAP Perform_Location_Request
BSSAP-LE Perform_Location_Response
LCS client
BSSLAP - Reset
Intra BSCHO
on going
BSSMAP perform location response (cause = "Intra-BSC Handover Complete)
Mobile in communication
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5 LCS
LCS Impact on HO [cont.]
� HO management
� External HO
MS BTS Serving BSC SMLC MSC GMLC HLR
ExternalBSC HO
BSSAP-LE Perform_Location_Abort
LCS client
BSSAP-LE Perform_Location_Response
BSSMAP HO required
BSSAP-LE Perform_Location_Response
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5 LCS
BSS Parameters
Timers
T_Location
T_Location_longer
T_Loc_Abort
T_LCS_delay_tolerant
T_LCS_LowDelay
T_RRLP_low_delay
T_RRLP_delay_tolerant
FLAGS
EN_LCS
EN_SAGI
OPTIMIZATION DATA
ARC_SIZE_FACTOR
MIN_RADIUS_FACTOR
MAX_RADIUS_FACTOR
BSS PARAMETERS
� EN_LCS (BSC): Flag which enables or disables the LCS feature in the BSS.
� EN_SAGI: Flag indicating whether SAGI is configured or not for this BSS.
� T_Location: BSC timer on a per call basis to guard the response from the SMLC in case of Location Request, when no RRLP exchange is triggered with the MS.
� T_Location_longer: BSC timer on a per call basis to guard the response from the SMLC in case of Location Request, when an RRLP exchange is triggered with the MS. Replace T_Location timer in case of Conventional GPS, MS-Assisted A-GPS, MS-Based A-GPS.
� T_Loc_Abort: BSC timer to guard the response from the SMLC in case of Location Abort.
� T_LCS_LowDelay: SMLC timer to guard the calculation of the MS position (including the RRLP message exchange with the target MS) in case of a Low Delay Location Request.
� T_LCS_DelayTolerant: SMLC timer to guard the calculation of the MS position (including the RRLP message exchange with the target MS) in case of a Delay Tolerant Location Request.
� T_LCS_LowDelay: SMLC timer to guard the calculation of the MS position (including the RRLP message exchange with the target MS) in case of a Low Delay Location Request.
� T_RRLP_Low_delay: Timer to guard the RRLP exchange between the SMLC and the MS .
� T_RRLP_delay_tolerant: Timer to guard the RRLP exchange between the SMLC and the MS.
Optimization data:
� ARC_SIZE_FACTOR: Factor used in the computation of the width in degree of the ellipsoid arc returned by the MFS when computing location estimate based on TA positioning method.
� MIN_RADIUS_FACTOR: Factor used in the computation of the minimum radius of the ellipsoid arc returned by the MFS when computing location estimate based on TA positioning method
� MAX_RADIUS_FACTOR: Factor used in the computation of the maximum radius of the ellipsoid arc returned by the MFS when computing location estimate based on TA positioning method
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5 LCS
Cell Parameters
SITE DATA
LCS_LATITUDE
LCS_LONGITUDE
LCS_SIGNIFICANT_GC
LCS_AZIMUTH
HALF_POWER_BANDWIDTH
EN_CONV_GPS
EN_MS_ASSISTED_AGPS
EN_MS_BASED_AGPS
FLAGS
CELL PARAMETERS
� EN_CONV_GPS: Flag to enable/disable the Conventional GPS positioning method.
� EN_MS_ASSISTED_AGPS: Flag to enable/disable the MS Assisted A-GPS positioning method.
� EN_MS_BASED_AGPS: Flag to enable/disable the MS Based A-GPS positioning method.
� LCS_LATITUDE: Latitude of the BTS supporting the cell (used by the MFS to compute location estimate
based on TA positioning method).
� LCS_LONGITUDE: Longitude of the BTS supporting the cell (used by the MFS to compute location estimate
based on TA positioning method).
� LCS_SIGNIFICANT_GC: Indicates whether latitude and longitude are significant or not
� LCS_AZIMUTH: Antenna direction orientation for the sector supporting the cell (used by the MFS to
compute location estimate based on TA positioning method).
� HALF_POWER_BANDWIDTH: Half power beam width of the antenna for the sector supporting the cell (used
by the MFS to compute location estimate based on TA positioning method).
Remark: To have LCS supported for a cell, the operator must activate LCS on the BSS handling this cell but
he must also activate GPRS for this cell (i.e. setting of MAX_PDCH to a value > 0, the cell being kept locked
for GPRS if the operator does not want to have GPRS running on this cell) and configure all the required
transmission resources (Ater and Gb resources) on the GPU(s) connected to this BSC.
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5 LCS
Exercise
� Where is implemented the SMLC function?
� What are the LCS impacts on cell dimensioning?
Time allowed:
10 minutes
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5 LCS
Positioning Methods: CI+TA Positioning
� Ellipsoid arc definition:
� Point (O)= serving BTS site coordinate
� θ= serving cell antenna azimuth - β /2
� β =A*width of serving cell sector in [°],calculated from bisector anglesof co-sited antenna azimuths
� r1= inner radius ofTA ring-(B-0.5)*554 in [m]
� R2=(B+C)*554 in [m]
� A: ARC_SIZE_FACTOR
� B: MIN_RADIUS_FACTOR
� C: MAX_RADIUS_FACTOR
Back
Serving cell (CI)
E
North
S
W β
θ
r1
r2
Point (O)
An ellipsoid arc is a shape characterized by the co-ordinates of an ellipsoid point o (the origin), inner
radius r1, uncertainty radius r2, both radii being geodesic distances over the surface of the ellipsoid, the
offset angle (θ) between the first defining radius of the ellipsoid arc and North, and the included angle (β) being the angle between the first and second defining radii. The offset angle is within the range of 0° to 359,999…° while the included angle is within the range from 0,000…1° to 360°. This is to be able to describe a full circle, 0° to 360°
For CI+TA method which is default one, the answer is given by description of "ellipsoid arc".
Optimization parameters:
� ARC_SIZE_FACTOR: Factor used in the computation of the width in degree of the ellipsoid arc returned by the MFS when computing location estimate based on TA positioning method.
� MIN_RADIUS_FACTOR: Factor used in the computation of the minimum radius of the ellipsoid arc returned by the MFS when computing location estimate based on TA positioning method.
� MAX_RADIUS_FACTOR: Factor used in the computation of the maximum radius of the ellipsoid arc returned by the MFS when computing location estimate based on TA positioning method.
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6 Counters on Electromagnetic Emission (EME)
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6 Counters on Electromagnetic Emission (EME)
Characteristics of the Feature
� The goal of this feature is to make easier evaluating power issues in BTSs
� Recording of power emission of BTS per cell and frequency band
� Triggering of warning reports based on threshold fixed by the operator to get the real emission of antennas (at BTS antenna output port)
� Take care of Environmental regulations
BSC
BTS
OMC-R
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6 Counters on Electromagnetic Emission (EME)
Characteristics of the Feature [cont.]
� GSM antennas are widely in living and working places
� Lack of information provided to people on their exposure to EM fields and the risks they are running
� People concerned about their health, risk of complaints
� Some European directives/recommendations are already applicable or will be very soon
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6 Counters on Electromagnetic Emission (EME)Characteristics of the Feature [cont.]
� 2 new counters (Hourly from NPA for RNO reports)
� EME_PWR_GSM (850/900) (Short Name: E01)
� EME_PWR_DCS (1800/1900) (Short Name: E02)
� Power with 0.1 Watt steps
� Performance Measurement type
� New Type: Type 33
� Permanent type (PMC) with a fixed accumulation period: 1 hour
� Counters available in MPM and NPA
Back
Measurements:
� Only with Evolium BTS
� DL power data are collected by each TRE for each band (2 considered bands: 850/900 and 1800/1900)
� Recording of power effectively transmitted to the antenna in Watt
� Power control, DTX and unused TS are taken into account
� Loss due to stages (Any, AN) and cables between TRE output and BTS antenna output connector taken
into account
� Measurements averaged every hour per cell and per frequency band
2 new cell parameters: threshold values
� EME_PWR_MAX_GSM (frequency band 850/900)
� EME_PWR_MAX_DCS (frequency band 1800/1900)
� Possible massively updated through an OMC Java script
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7 B8 Improvements
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7 B8 Improvements
Summary
� Location Services (LCS)
� SDCCH Dynamic allocation
� Counters Improvement
� Inter PLMN HO
� 3G to 2G HO (and 2G to 2G only)
� Dual band HO (New type: 32)
� LapD congestion counter
� QOS Follow-up� TCH assignment failure BSS PB now detailed
� HO Attempts for Fast Traffic added in type 110
� AMR counters added in type 110
� MS penetration (per speech version and channel type) was type 1 counters now available in type 110
� HO Causes: type 26 extended from 1 to 40 cells
� Directed retry: type 29 becomes a standard (for PMC)
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8 B9 Improvements
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8 B9 Improvements
Summary
� Type 31: New RMS counters
� For AMR monitoring
� For Timing Advance analysis
� For BTS Power level
� Type 33: Power at the BTS for Electromagnetic Environment Monitoring (EME) (Annex 6)
� Type 110: more counters for UMTS to GSM handover monitoring
� The new counters were introduced in MC922 family
� 2 New counters for HO Cause 30: PS return to CS Zone
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9 Dynamic SDCCH Allocation
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9 Dynamic SDCCH Allocation
Purpose
� SDCCH/8 time slots can be dynamically allocated on demand on a cell-by-cell basis.
� “Dynamic SDCCH/8 time slots”.
� “Static SDCCH time slots”
Min
Max
Static SDCCHtimeslots
AllocatedDynamic SDCCH/8
timeslots
0
TCH Capacity
Definitions
A Static SDCCH timeslot is a physical timeslot fixed allocated on the air interface. It contains 3, 4, 7 or 8
SDCCH sub-channels depending on whether the timeslot is an SDCCH/3, SDCCH/4, SDCCH/7, or SDCCH/8
timeslot.
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9 Dynamic SDCCH Allocation
Principle
� Principles
� Too few SDCCH time slots could result in high blocking rate on SDCCH (Configuration 1)
� Too many SDCCH time slots could lead to a lack of TCH resources (Configuration 2)
SDCCHtime slots
TCH CAPACITY
SDCCHtime slots
TCH CapacityTCH Capacity
Configuration 1 Configuration 2
Low signaling capacity
More TCH capacity
High signaling capacity
Less TCH capacity
Definition
An SDCCH is a logical SDCCH sub-channel mapped on a Static SDCCH timeslot or a Dynamic SDCCH/8
timeslot.
Signaling Load Cases
Timeslot split between signaling and traffic channels depends on the network signaling load. The main cases
are:
� Normal signaling load cells: Rural area cells in center of Location Areas (e.g. 1 SDCCH timeslot for a 3-TRX
cell)
� High signaling load cells:
� Urban or suburban area cells in the center of a Location Area
� Rural area cells at the border of Location Areas
(e.g. 2 SDCCH time slots for a 3-TRX cell)
� Very high signaling load cells:
� Urban or suburban area cells at the border of a Location Area
� Cells with high SMS load (more than one SMS per call)
(e.g. 3 SDCCH time slots for a 3-TRX cell)
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9 Dynamic SDCCH Allocation
Principle [cont.]
� Allocation and de-allocation of Dynamic SDCCH/8 time slots
� An additional dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot is allocated by the BSC if there is no SDCCH sub-channel free in the cell.
� A dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot is de-allocated by the BSC after T_DYN_SDCCH_HOLD (10s) delay if all of its SDCCH sub-channels become free
BCC SDC TCH TCH
TCH TCH TCH TCH
TCH TCH TCH TCH
TCH TCH TCH TCH
TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCHCell
Allocation ofDynamic SDCCH/8
times slots
BCC SDC
SDD TCH
TCH TCH
BCC SDC
SDD TCH
SDD TCH
BCCSDCSDD
: BCCH: Static SDCCH: Dynamic SDCCH
The location of the Dynamic SDCCH/8 time slots are fixed by O&M configuration.
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9 Dynamic SDCCH Allocation
TIMESLOT Types
� NEW TIMESLOT TYPES
� SDCCH
Pure SDCCH or “ static SDCCH “
� TCH
Pure TCH
� TCH/SDCCH
“ dynamic SDCCH”
� TCH/SPDCH
� MPDCH
The OMC-R provides the BSC with the following O&M type of radio timeslots:
� Main BCCH timeslot (BCC): It is a timeslot carrying FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH.
� Main combined BCCH timeslot (CBC): It is a timeslot carrying FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH + SDCCH/4 + SACCH/4.
� Static SDCCH timeslot (SDC): It is a timeslot carrying SDCCH/8 + SACCH/8.
� Dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot (SDD): It is a timeslot carrying TCH + SACCH or SDCCH/8 + SACCH/8
� TCH timeslot (TCH): It is a timeslot carrying TCH + SACCH or PDCH
From RAM point of view, a radio timeslot can be defined as:
� Pure BCCH timeslot: The BCCH timeslot is the radio timeslot configured as BCC by O&M. Such a timeslot only carries common
CS signalling.
� Pure SDCCH timeslot: A pure SDCCH timeslot is a timeslot configured as a CBC or SDC by O&M. Such a timeslot can carry
SDCCH traffic.
� Pure TCH timeslot: A pure TCH timeslot is a timeslot configured as TCH by O&M. Such a timeslot only carries TCH traffic.
� TCH/SDCCH timeslot: A TCH/SDCCH timeslot is a timeslot configured as SDD by O&M. Such a timeslot is dynamically allocated
as TCH or as SDCCH depending on the usage of the timeslot. It can carry TCH traffic or SDCCH traffic.
� TCH/SPDCH timeslot: A TCH/SPDCH timeslot is a timeslot configured as TCH by O&M. Such a timeslot is dynamically allocated
as TCH or as SPDCH depending on the usage of the timeslot. It can carry TCH traffic or PS traffic.
� MPDCH timeslot: A MPDCH timeslot is a timeslot configured as TCH by O&M. Such a timeslot can only carry common PS
signalling.
A pure SDCCH timeslot can carry x SDCCH sub-channels where x equal to:
� 4 in case of combined CCCH and when CBCH is not configured on the timeslot,
� 7 in case of non-combined CCCH and when CBCH is configured on the timeslot,
� 3 in case of combined CCCH and when CBCH is configured on the timeslot,
� 8 for a normal SDCCH timeslot.
When allocated as SDCCH, a TCH/SDCCH timeslot can carry up to 8 SDCCH sub-channels.
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9 Dynamic SDCCH Allocation
Allocation Algorithm
SDCCH Request
SDCCH mapped on "TCU very high load state" removal
Are they any free SDCCH sub-channelamong Static SDCCH timeslots?
Selection of oneSDCCH sub-channel
Yes No
Are they any free SDCCH sub-channelamong Dynamic SDCCH/8 already allocated?
Selection oneSDCCH sub-channel
Yes
Are they any Dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslotsavailable and free in the cell?
No
Allocate one DynamicSDCCH/8 timeslot
Yes No
SDCCH Requestrejected!!!
Principle 1: Preference is given to pure SDCCH timeslots
Principle 2: Balance TCU processor load between different TCUs
In fact before entering in this algorithm (see slide) the first step is: Removal of all the SDCCH
subchannels mapped on TCU in « Very High Overload » state
Principle 3: FR TRX preference
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9 Dynamic SDCCH Allocation
SDCCH Sub-Channel Selection
� Pure SDCCH Timeslot
� TS with LOWEST TCU LOAD
� TS with MAXIMUM FREE SDCCH Sub channels
� TS with lowest index on TRX with lowest TRX_ID
� TCH/SDCCH TS allocated as SDCCH
� TS on FR TRX
� TS with lowest index on TRX with lowest TRX_ID
� TCH/SDCCH TS allocated as TCH
� TS with LOWEST TCU LOAD
� TS on FR TRX
� TS with lowest index on TRX with lowest TRX_ID
Note that an SDCCH request can not access the timeslots reserved by NUM_TCH_EGNCY_HO. If all
remaining TCH/SDCCH timeslots are reserved by NUM_TCH_EGNCY_HO, then the SDCCH request shall
be rejected.
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9 Dynamic SDCCH Allocation
Deallocation Algorithm
� GENERAL CASE:
� all SDCCH sub-channels of a TCH/SDCCH timeslot become back free.
� the T_DYN_SDCCH_HOLD timer (10s, not tunable) is started.
� If the timeslot is still free of SDCCH sub-channel when the timer expires, it is de-allocated (it becomes back TCH).
� SPECIAL CASE:
� several TCH/SDCCH timeslots are allocated as SDCCH
� one of them becomes free of SDCCH sub-channels. Its timer starts.
� a subsequent one becomes free of SDCCH sub-channels too before expiration of the first one’s timer (10s).
� one of them is immediately de-allocated (the one with “lowest priority”: see previous slide in reverse order) and becomes back TCH.
� For the last one, its timer is restarted (it will be de-allocated in 10s)
The de-allocation algorithm ensures that:
� TCH/SDCCH timeslots are not allocated too fast to TCH after de-allocating them
� TCH/SDCCH timeslots are not re-allocated too frequently to SDCCH
Note: while T_DYN_SDCCH_HOLD is running:
� the dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot marked as “HOLD” is still considered as allocated to SDCCH (and can not be allocated to TCH);
� if a subsequent dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot (used as SDCCH and in the same cell) becomes free:
a) If this just freed dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot has a higher priority, T_DYN_SDCCH_HOLD is re-
started and precedent dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot in “HOLD” state is de-allocated immediately;
b) If this just freed dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot has lower priority, and T_DYN_SDCCH_HOLD is re-started and the just freed dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot is de-allocated immediately.
Section 1 � Module 9 � Page 81
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9 Dynamic SDCCH Allocation
O&M Configuration
� Massive modification by script
� 10 templates
� Template customization
� Template launched through PRC
� Selection of static or dynamic SDCCH
� Timeslot configuration menu
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
2
4
7
3
1
10
9
6
12
8
5
11
Dynamic SDCCH Rules
� The CBCH must be configured on a static SDCCH/8 or SDCCH/4 timeslot.
� Combined SDCCHs (SDCCH/4 + BCCH) are always static.
� To avoid incoherent allocation strategy between SDCCH and PDCH, a dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot
cannot have the characteristic of being a PDCH (it cannot carry GPRS traffic).
� The operator must configure at least one static SDCCH/8 or SDCCH/4 timeslot on BCCH TRX in a
cell.
� In cells with E-GSM, only the TRX, which does not belong to the G1 band, can support dynamic and
static SDCCHs.
� In multiband and concentric cells, only the TRX, which belongs to the outer zone, can support
dynamic and static SDCCHs.
� Up to 24 static/dynamic SDCCH sub-channels can be configured per TRX.
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9 Dynamic SDCCH Allocation
O&M configuration [cont.]
� Default configuration for a cell which has only Full rate TRX
Number of TRXin the cell
Number ofStatic SDCCH
Number ofDynamic SDCCH
Total numberof SDCCH
MaximumSDCCH/TRX
ratio
Is BCCH/CCCHcombined with
SDCCH?
1
2
2
34
5
6
7
8
9
10
1112
13
14
15
16
4
4
8
88
8
8
16
16
16
16
1616
16
24
24
24
8
8
16
1624
24
24
24
24
32
32
3240
40
40
48
48
12
12
24
2432
32
32
40
40
48
48
4856
56
64
72
72
12.0 (note 1)
6.0
12.0
8.08.0
6.4
5.3
5.7
5.0
5.3
4.8
4.44.7
4.3
4.6
4.8
4.5
Yes
Yes
No
NoNo
No
No
No
No
No
No
NoNo
No
No
No
No
Note1: For one TRX, dynamic SDCCHs are over-dimensioned because of the granularity of 8. According to the Alcatel-Lucent traffic model, all dynamic SDCCHs will not be used.
Note2: An additional dynamic SDCCH/8 must be provided for each DR TRX (these are expected mainly
on small cells).
Rules
At least one static SDCCH/4 or SDCCH/8 on BCCH TRX:
� Up to 24 static/dynamic SDCCH sub-channels per TRX.
� Up to 32 static/dynamic SDCCH sub-channels per TCU.
� Up to 88 static/dynamic SDCCH sub-channels per CELL.
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10 Handover Detection for Concentric Cells
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� Emergency handovers specific to concentric cells
� Intracell handovers from inner to outer zone
� cause 10: too low level on the uplink in inner zone
� cause 11: too low level on the downlink in inner zone
� May be triggered
� From inner zone of a concentric cell
� Towards outer zone, same cell
10 Handover Detection for Concentric Cells
Algorithms
Conce
ntric cell
In n e r z o n e
Outer zone
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� CAUSE 10: too low level on the uplink in the inner zone
AV_RXLEV_UL_HO < RXLEV_UL_ZONE
and MS_TXPWR = min (P, MS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER)
� Averaging window: A_LEV_HO
10 Handover Detection for Concentric Cells
Handover Algorithm Cause 10
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� CAUSE 11: too low level on the downlink in the inner zone
AV_RXLEV_DL_HO < RXLEV_DL_ZONE
and BS_TXPWR = BS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER
� Averaging window: A_LEV_HO
10 Handover Detection for Concentric Cells
Handover Algorithm Cause 11
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� CAUSE 13: too high level on UL and DL in the outer zone
� Better condition intracell handover
� If the cell is a multi-band cell, cause 13 is checked only for multi-band MSs
� May be triggered
� From outer zone of a concentric cell
� Towards inner zone, same cell
10 Handover Detection for Concentric Cells
Handover Algorithms Cause 13
Conce
ntric cellIn n e r z o n e
Outer zone
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� CAUSE 13: too high level on UL and DL in the outer zone
AV_RXLEV_UL_HO > RXLEV_UL_ZONE +
+ ZONE_HO_HYST_UL +
+ (MS_TXPWR - MS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER) +
+ PING_PONG_MARGIN(0,call_ref)
and AV_RXLEV_DL_HO > RXLEV_DL_ZONE ++ ZONE_HO_HYST_DL ++ (BS_TXPWR - BS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER) ++ PING_PONG_MARGIN(0,call_ref)
and AV_RXLEV_NCELL_BIS(n) <= neighbour_RXLEV(0,n)
and EN_CAUSE_13 = ENABLE (B7)
and EN_BETTER_ZONE_HO = ENABLE
� Averaging windows: A_LEV_HO and A_PBGT_HO (for n)
10 Handover Detection for Concentric Cells
Handover Algorithms Cause 13 [cont.]
Section 1 � Module 9 � Page 89
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� ZONE_HO_HYST_UL
� UL static hysteresis for interzone HO from outer to inner
� In case of multi-band cell, should take into account the difference of propagation between GSM and DCS
� Added to cause 10 threshold RXLEV_UL_ZONE
� ZONE_HO_HYST_DL
� DL static hysteresis for interzone HO from outer to inner
� In case of multi-band cell, should take into account the difference of propagation between GSM and DCS and the difference of BTS transmission power in the two bands
� Added to cause 11 threshold RXLEV_DL_ZONE
10 Handover Detection for Concentric Cells
Handover Algorithms Cause 13 [cont.]
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� PING_PONG_MARGIN(0,call_ref)
� Penalty PING_PONG_HCP put on cause 13 if
� The immediately preceding zone in which the call has been is the inner zone of the serving cell
� And the last handover was not external intracell
� And T_HCP is still running
� PING_PONG_MARGIN(0,call_ref) = 0
� If the call was not previously in the serving inner zone
� Or T_HCP has expired
10 Handover Detection for Concentric Cells
Handover Algorithms Cause 13 [cont.]
Conce
ntric cell
In n e r z o n e
Outer zone
Section 1 � Module 9 � Page 91
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� neighbour_RXLEV(0,n)
� Concentric cells are designed to create an INNER zone
� protected from external interferers
� and creating no interferences on other cells
� … to be able to face more aggressive frequency reuse in INNER zone TRXs
� neighbour_RXLEV(0,n) tuning enables to avoid handovers if the MS position will lead to interferences
� the condition is checked towards all neighbor cells belonging to the same layer and band as the serving cell
10 Handover Detection for Concentric Cells
Handover Algorithms Cause 13 [cont.]
Concentric cellOuter zone
?
Inner zoneinterferer 1
Inner zoneinterferer 2Inner zone
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� EN_CAUSE_13
� Load balance between inner and outer zones may be allowed by setting EN_LOAD_BALANCE = ENABLE
� If EN_LOAD_BALANCE = ENABLE
� If INNER zone is less loaded than OUTER,EN_CAUSE_13 = ENABLE
� If INNER zone is more loaded than OUTER,EN_CAUSE_13 = DISABLE
� If EN_LOAD_BALANCE = DISABLE
� EN_CAUSE_13 = ENABLE
10 Handover Detection for Concentric Cells
Handover Algorithms Cause 13 [cont.]
Section 1 � Module 9 � Page 93
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� Outgoing intercell handovers from concentric cells
� As explained here before, the MS located in a concentric cell can make intercell, emergency or better condition HO regardless their current zone
� For example, an MS locatedin the INNER zone of aconcentric cell can makedirectly an HO cause 12towards another cell,WITHOUT having totrigger any cause 10 or 11to the OUTER zone before
10 Handover Detection for Concentric Cells
Outgoing Intercell Handovers from Concentric Cell
Concentric cellOuter zone
Inner zone
Concentric cellOuter zone
Inner zone
Concentric cellOuter zone
Inner zone
The only restrictions are linked to EN_MULTI-BAND_PBGT_HO and EN_BI-BAND_MS parameters.
Section 1 � Module 9 � Page 94
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� Incoming intercell handovers towards a concentric cell
� In case an MS makes an incoming handover towards a concentric cell (due to outer PBGT measurements,etc.), a TCH may be allocated
� either in the INNER or in the OUTER zone, as for call setup
� depending on radio conditions
� In case of a multi-band cell, if the MS is not multi-band, it will always be sent to the OUTER zone
10 Handover Detection for Concentric Cells
Incoming Intercell Handovers towards Concentric Cell
Concentric cellOuter zone
Inner zone
Cell
??
Section 1 � Module 9 � Page 95
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� Use part of Handover cause 13 algorithm on each potential target
� IF Cell(n) is external
� The MS is directed to the OUTER zone of (n)
� ELSE (cell(n) is internal)
� IF
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > RXLEV_DL_ZONE + ZONE_HO_HYST_DL ++ (BS_TXPWR - BS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER)
and EN_BETTER_ZONE_HO = ENABLE
� The MS is directed towards the INNER zone
� ELSE
� The MS is directed towards the OUTER zone
10 Handover Detection for Concentric Cells
Incoming Intercell Handovers towards Concentric Cell [cont.]
Section 1 � Module 9 � Page 96
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Self-assessment on the Objectives
� Please be reminded to fill in the formSelf-Assessment on the Objectivesfor this module
� The form can be found in the first partof this course documentation
Section 1 � Module 9 � Page 97
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End of ModuleAnnexes
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