3.ds&la_record

8/10/2019 3.ds&la_record

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DATA STRUCTURES

AND

ALGORITHMS

1


2/152

PROGRAM NO: 1

DATE: 14/05/2014

Implement Array ADT for one and two dimensions

CLASS DIAGRAM

PROGRAM

#include

using namespace std;

class array

{

int ind1,ind2,alue,!a,si"e1,i,si"e2,,si"e;

pu$lic%

array&int , int range'(,int initalue)

{

if&**1)

{

si"e1*range'+(;

a* new int'si"e1(;

for&i*+;i


3/152

else if&**2)

{

si"e1*range'+(;

si"e2*range'1(;

a*new int'si"e1!si"e2(;

for&i*+;isi"e1)

cout


4/152

coutsi"e1)33&ind2>si"e2))

cout


5/152

cin>>ind1;

cin>>/;

o$18store&ind1,/);

-

else

{

coutind1;

cin>>ind2;

cout/;

o$28store&ind1,ind2,/);-

$rea;

case 2%if&**1)

{

coutind1;

t*o$18retriee&ind1);

cout


6/152

else

o$28disp&);

$rea;

case :% $rea;

default% cout


7/152


8/152

PROGRAM NO: 2

DATE: 14/05/2014

Implement 5parse ADT

CLASS DIAGRAM

PROGRAM

#include

#include

#define Ba/Term 1+


class 5parseBatri/;

class Batri/Term

{

pu$lic%

friend class 5parseBatri/;

int row,col,alue;

-;

class 5parseBatri/

{

int rows,cols,t;

C


9/152

pu$lic%

Batri/Term smArray'Ba/Term(;

5parseBatri/&int r,int c)

{

int i,,,n;

rows*r;

cols*c;

t*+;

*1;

cout


10/152

for&i*+;i


11/152

if&sum's(8alue*+)

s;

-

else

{

if&smArray'i(8col


12/152

{

sum's(8row*sm28smArray'(8row;

sum's(8col*sm28smArray'(8col;

sum's(8alue*sm28smArray'(8alue;

;

s;

-

-

if&i


13/152

{

cout


14/152

cin>>c7;

-

return +;

-

OUTPUT

1:


15/152

PROGRAM NO: 3

DATE: 21/05/2014

rite a program to add two polynomials using Array8

CLASS DIAGRAM

PROGRAM

#include


class polynomial

{

int n;

struct term

{

int coeff,e/p;

-t'2+(;

pu$lic%

polynomial&);

oid polyappend&int c,int e);

oid polyadd&polynomial p1,polynomial p2);

oid polydisplay&);

-;

polynomial%%polynomial&)

{

for&int i*+;i


16/152

t'i(8coeff*+;

t'i(8e/p*+;

-

n*+;

-

oid polynomial%%polyappend&int c,int e)

{

t'n(8coeff*c;

t'n(8e/p*e;

n;

-

oid polynomial%%polyadd&polynomial p1,polynomial p2){

int i*+,*+,*+;

if&&&p18t'+(8coeff)**+)GG&&p28t'+(8coeff)**+))

{

return;

-

w7ile&&i


17/152

i;

-

-

else

{

t'(8coeff*p28t'(8coeff;

t'(8e/p*p28t'(8e/p;

;

-

;

-

w7ile&i


18/152

cout


19/152

cin>>c7;

-

w7ile&c7*+);

p48polyadd&p1,p2);

cout


20/152

PROGRAM NO: 4

DATE: 21/05/2014

Konert a Infi/ e/pression to its postfi/ eLuialent using stac

CLASS DIAGRAM

PROGRAM

#include

#include


class postfi/

{c7ar infi/'2+(,stac'2+(;

int top;

pu$lic%

postfi/&)

{

top*.1;

-

oid read&)

{

int len,i;

c7ar c7;

coutinfi/;

cout


21/152

len*strlen&infi/);

for&i*+;infi/'i(*=+=;i)

{

c7*infi/'i(;

test&c7);

-

w7ile&top*.1)

{

cout


22/152

if&top**.1)

{

stac'top(*c7;

-

else

{

if&stac'top(**=&=)

{

stac'top(*c7;

-

else

{s*stac'top(;

w7ile&priority&c7)


23/152

else if&c**=&=)

{

return 1;

-

-

-;

int main&)

{

postfi/ p;

p8read&);

return +;

-

OUTPUT

24


24/152

PROGRAM NO: 5

DATE: 04/06/2014

Konert a Infi/ e/pression to prefi/ eLuialent using stac

CLASS DIAGRAM

PROGRAM

#include

#include

using namespace std;class ?refi/

{

c7ar infi/'2+(,stac'2+(,prefi/'2+(,p'2+(;

int top,;

pu$lic%

?refi/&)

{

top*.1;

*+;

-

oid read&)

{

int *+;

int len,i;

2:


25/152

c7ar c7;

coutinfi/;

cout


26/152

prefi/'(*c7;

-

else if&c7**=)=)

{

stac'top(*c7;

-

else if&c7**=&=)

{

w7ile&stac'top(*=)=)

{

prefi/'(*stac'top..(;

-top..;

-

else

{

if&top**.1)

{

stac'top(*c7;

-

else

{

if&stac'top(**=&=)

{

stac'top(*c7;

-

else

{

s*stac'top(;

w7ile&priority&c7)


27/152

-

stac'top(*c7;

-

-

-

-

int priority&c7ar c)

{

if&c**==33c**=.=)

{

return 2;

-else if&c**=!=33c**=6=)

{

return 4;

-

else if&c**=)=)

{

return 1;

-

-

-;

int main&)

{

?refi/ p;

p8read&);

return +;

-

2


28/152

OUTPUT

2C


29/152

PROGRAM NO: 6

DATE: 04/06/2014

aluate a ?ostfi/ e/pression $y using stac

CLASS DIAGRAM

PROGRAM

#include

#include

#include

#include

#include

#define si"e 2+


class postfi/

{

c7ar a'si"e(;

int al'si"e(;

int top;

pu$lic%

postfi/&c7ar $'si"e()

{

top*.1;

strcpy&a,$);

-

oid pus7&int num)

{

2F


30/152

if&top**si"e.1)

{

cout


31/152

else

{

int /*pop&);

int y*pop&);

int ";

switc7&a'i()

{

case ==%"*y/;

pus7&");

$rea;

case =.=%"*y./;

pus7&");$rea;

case =!=%"*y!/;

pus7&");

$rea;

case =6=%"*y6/;

pus7&");

$rea;

case =J=%"*pow&y,/);

pus7&");

$rea;

default%cout


32/152

int len*+;

c7ar a'si"e(;

couta;

postfi/ s&a);

for&int i*+;i


33/152

PROGRAM NO: 7

DATE: 11/06/2014

9ead a 2D array&matri/) from user and store it in column maor order and retrieet7e elements $ac $y using its indices

CLASS DIAGRAM

PROGRAM

#include


class array

{

int a'1+(,$'1+('1+(;

int row,col;

pu$lic%

oid read&)

{

cout


34/152

-

-

-

oid retriee&int /)

{

cout


35/152

PROGRAM NO:8

DATE: 11/06/2014

Implement a 5ingly Oined Oist to insert G delete nodes from $egin, middle and end

of t7e list

CLASS DIAGRAM

PROGRAM

#include

#include


class Oist;

class Eode

{

int data;

Eode !lin;

pu$lic%

friend class Oist;

-;

class Oist

{

4


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Eode !Peader;

pu$lic%

Oist&)

{

Peader*ENOO;

-

oid insertlast&);

oid insertfront&);

oid insertmiddle&);

oid deletefront&);

oid deleteend&);

oid deletemiddle&);oid display&);

-;

oid Oist%%insertlast&)

{

Eode !temp* new Eode;

couttemp.>data;

temp.>lin * ENOO;

if&Peader**ENOO)

Peader*temp;

else

{

Eode !node*Peader;

w7ile&node.>lin*ENOO)

{

node*node .>lin;

-

node.>lin * temp;

-

-

oid Oist%%insertfront&)

4@


37/152

{

Eode !temp*new Eode;

couttemp.>data;

temp.>lin*ENOO;

if&Peader**ENOO)

Peader*temp;

else

{

temp.>lin*Peader;

Peader*temp;

-

-

oid Oist%%insertmiddle&)

{

int num;

Eode !temp*new Eode;

couttemp.>data;

temp.>lin*ENOO;

if&Peader**ENOO)

Peader*temp;

else

{

coutnum;

Eode !node*Peader;

w7ile&node.>lin*ENOO)

{

if&node.>data**num)

{

temp.>lin*node.>lin;

4


38/152

node.>lin*temp;

-

node*node.>lin;

-

-

-

oid Oist%% deletefront&)

{

Eode !node*Peader;

if&node.>lin **ENOO)

Peader*ENOO;

else{

Peader*node.>lin;

-

delete&node);

-

oid Oist%% deletemiddle&)

{

int num;

Eode !temp;

if&Peader *ENOO)

{

coutnum;

Eode !node*Peader;

if&node.>lin**ENOO)

coutdata**num)

4C


39/152

{

temp.>lin*node.>lin;

delete&node);

$rea;

-

temp*node;

node*node.>lin;

-

-

-

-

oid Oist%% deleteend&){

Eode !node*Peader;

if&node .> lin **ENOO)

Peader*ENOO;

else

{

Eode !temp;

w7ile&node .>lin * ENOO)

{

temp*node;

node * node .>lin;

-

temp.>lin*ENOO;

-

delete&node);

-

oid Oist%%display&)

{

Eode !temp*Peader;

if&Peader**ENOO)

cout


40/152

else

{

coutlin*ENOO)

{

temp*temp.>lin;

cout


41/152

$rea;

case %

l8deletemiddle&);

$rea;

case @%

l8deleteend&);

$rea;

case %

l8display&);

$rea;

case C% e/it&+);

default%cout


42/152

OUTPUT

:2


43/152

:4


44/152

::


45/152

:


46/152

PROGRAM NO: 9

DATE: 11/06/2014

rite a program to create a sorted one way lined list wit7 n nodes8 /tend t7eprogram to insert a new node at appropriate location so t7at order does not get distur$ed8

CLASS DIAGRAM

PROGRAM

#include


int a*+;

struct node

{

node !ne/t;

int data;

-!7ead*ENOO,!p*ENOO,!L*ENOO,!r*ENOO;

class Oist{

pu$lic%

oid create&int /)

{

r*new node;

r.>data*/;

r.>ne/t*ENOO;

:@


47/152

if&a**+)

{

7ead*r;

p*7ead;

p.>ne/t*ENOO;

a;

-

else

{

p*7ead;

L*p;

if&p.>data>r.>data){

r.>ne/t*p;

7ead*r;

-

else if&p.>datadata)

{

w7ile&p*ENOOGGL.>datadata)

{

L*p;

p*p.>ne/t;

if&p**ENOO)

{

L.>ne/t*r;

r.>ne/t*ENOO;

-

else if&r.>datadata)

{

L.>ne/t*r;

r.>ne/t*p;

$rea;

-

:


48/152

-

-

-

-

oid traerse&)

{

node !t*7ead;

cout


49/152

OUTPUT

:F


50/152

PROGRAM NO:10

DATE: 18/06/2014

Implement a Kircular 5ingly lined list for inserting G deleting nodes8

CLASS DIAGRAM

PROGRAM

#include


class linlist

{

struct node{

int data;

node !lin;

-!p;

pu$lic%

linlist&)

{p*ENOO;

-

Slinlist&)

{

if&p**ENOO)

{

return;

+


51/152

-

node !temp*p,!L;

w7ile&temp.>lin*p)

{

L*temp;

temp*temp.>lin;

delete L;

-

delete temp;

-

oid add&int num)

{node !temp;

temp*new node;

temp.>data*num;

if&p**ENOO)

{

temp.>lin*temp;

p*temp;

-

else

{

temp.>lin*p.>lin;

p.>lin*temp;

-

-

int del&)

{

node !temp*new node;

int item;

if&p**ENOO)

{

return ENOO;

1


52/152

-

temp*p.>lin;

item*temp.>data;

if&p.>lin**p)

p*ENOO;

else

p.>lin*temp.>lin;

delete temp;

return item;

-

oid display&)

{if&p**ENOO)

{

cout


53/152

cout>c7;

switc7&c7)

{

case 1%

{

coutnum;

l8add&num);

$rea;

-case 2%

{

num*l8del&);

if&num**+)

{

cout


54/152

-

w7ile&c7*:);

return +;

-

OUTPUT

:


55/152


56/152

PROGRAM NO: 11

DATE: 18/05/2014

Implement 5tac using Oined Oist

CLASS DIAGRAM

PROGRAM

#include

#include


class node

{

pu$lic%

int data;

node! ne/t;

-;

class 5tac

{

pu$lic%

5tac&int ma/)

{

top*ENOO;

ma/num*ma/;

count*+;

-

oid pus7&int element)

@


57/152

{

if&count**ma/num)

coutne/t*ENOO;

top*newTop;

count;-

else

{

newTop.>data*element;

newTop.>ne/t*top;

top*newTop;

count;

-

-

-

oid pop&)

{

if&top**ENOO)

cout


58/152

-

oid print&)

{

node !temp;

temp * top;

w7ile&temp*ENOO)

{

coutpop&);

C


59/152

$rea;

case 4%

s.>print&);

$rea;

case :%e/it&+);

$rea;

-

couta;

-

return +;

-

OUTPUT

F


60/152

@+


61/152

PROGRAM NO: 12

DATE: 02/07/2014

Implement ueue using Oined Oist

CLASS DIAGRAM

PROGRAM

#include

#include


struct node

{

int data;

struct node !lin;

-;

class Lueue

{

struct node !front ,!rear,!ptr;

int si"e;pu$lic%

Lueue&int ma/)

{

si"e*ma/;

rear*ENOO;

front*ENOO;

-

@1


62/152

oid enLueue&int);

oid dLueue&);

oid display&);

-;

oid Lueue%%enLueue&int data)

{

ptr*new node;

if&rear**ENOO)

{ front*ptr;

-

else

{rear.>lin*ptr;

ptr.>lin*ENOO;

-

rear*ptr;

rear.>data*data;

cout


63/152

{

ptr*front;

front*front.>lin;

delete ptr;

-

cout


64/152

{

case 1%

coutdata;

L8enLueue&data);$rea;

case 2%

L8dLueue&);$rea;

case 4%

L8display&);$rea;

case :%

e/it&+);

$rea;default%

cout


65/152

OUTPUT

@


66/152

PROGRAM NO: 13

DATE: 02/07/2014

Implement Dou$ly Oined Oist

CLASS DIAGRAM

PROGRAM

#include

#include


class Eode

{

int data;

Eode !llin, !rlin;

friend class D$lOist;

-;

class D$lOist

{

Eode !Peader;

pu$lic%

D$lOist&)

@@


67/152

{

Peader * new Eode;

Peader.>llin * Peader .>rlin *Peader;

-

oid insert&Eode !,Eode !);

oid Insert&);

oid del&);

oid DeleteEode&Eode !);

oid display&);

-;

oid D$lOist%%Insert&)

{Eode !temp*new Eode;

couttemp.>data;

if&&Peader.>llin **Peader)GG&Peader .>rlin **Peader))

insert&temp,Peader);

else

{

int num;

coutnum;

Eode !node;

node*Peader;

do

{

node*node.>rlin;

if&node.>data**num)

{

insert&temp, node);

$rea;

-

-

@


68/152

w7ile&node.>rlin*Peader);

-

-

oid D$lOist%%insert&Eode !EewEode, Eode !KurrentEode)

{

EewEode.>llin*KurrentEode;

EewEode.>rlin*KurrentEode.>rlin;

KurrentEode.>rlin.>llin*EewEode;

KurrentEode.>rlin*EewEode;

-

oid D$lOist %% del&)

{if&Peader.>llin **Peader GG Peader .>rlin **Peader)

coutdata**num)

{

DeleteEode&node);

$rea;

-

-

w7ile&node.>rlin*Peader);

-

-

@C


69/152

oid D$lOist%%DeleteEode&Eode !/)

{

/.>llin.>rlin* /.>rlin;

/.>rlin.>llin*/.>llin;

delete /;

-

oid D$lOist%%display&)

{

Eode !temp*Peader;

if&Peader.>llin**Peader GG Peader.>rlin**Peader)

cout


70/152

$rea;

case 2%

d8del&);

$rea;

case 4%

d8display&);

$rea;

case :%

e/it&+);

$rea;

default%

cout


71/152

OUTPUT

1


72/152

2


73/152

PROGRAM NO: 14

DATE: 02/07/2014

Implement different traersal on Rinary Tree

CLASS DIAGRAM

PROGRAM

#include


class RTree

{

pu$lic%

c7ar a'1++(;

oid create&int);

oid preorder&int);

oid inorder&int);

oid postorder&int);

-;

oid RTree%%create&int i)

{

c7ar c7;

couta'i(;

cout


74/152


75/152

int main&)

{

RTree t;

t8create&1);

cout


76/152

PROGRAM NO: 15

DATE: 09/07/2014

Implement a menu drien program to perform t7e following operations on a $inary

searc7 tree%

18 Konstruct a R5T &Konstruction $egins from an empty tree)

28 Insert element&s) into a non empty R5T

48 5earc7 for an element in a R5T

:8 9etriee elements of t7e R5T in t7e sorted order

CLASS DIAGRAM

PROGRAM

#include

#include


struct node

{

node !rig7t;

node !left;

int data;

-;

class R5T

{

struct node !root,!p;

@


77/152

pu$lic%

R5T&)

{

root*ENOO;

p*ENOO;

-

oid create&);

oid find&int item);

oid insert&int item);

oid display&node !ptr);

oid display&);-;

oid R5T%%find&int item)

{

if&root**ENOO)

{

coutdata)

flag*1;

else

ptr*ptr.>rig7t;

-

if&flag**1)


78/152

coutleft * new node;

C


79/152

p * p.>left;

p.>data * alue;

p.>left * ENOO;

p.>rig7t * ENOO;

coutleft;

--

else if &alue > p.>data)

{

if &p.>rig7t ** ENOO)

{

p.>rig7t * new node;

p * p.>rig7t;

p.>data * alue;

p.>left * ENOO;

p.>rig7t * ENOO;

coutrig7t;

-

-

-

-

F


80/152

c;

-

-

oid R5T%%insert&int item)

{

node !ptr1*root,!ptr2*ENOO,!start;

int flag*+;

w7ile&ptr1*ENOOGGflag**+)

{

if&itemdata)

{ptr2*ptr1;

ptr1*ptr1.>left;

-

else if&item**ptr1.>data)

{

flag*1;

coutdata*item;

temp.>left*ENOO;

C+


81/152

temp.>rig7t*ENOO;

if&root**ENOO)

{

root*start*temp;

-

if&ptr2*ENOO)

{

if&ptr2.>datarig7t*temp;

else

ptr2.>left*temp;-

-

-

oid R5T%%display&)

{

display&root);

-

oid R5T%%display&node !ptr)

{

if&root**ENOO)

{

cout


82/152

-

int main&)

{

R5T t;

int c7,n;

do

{

coutc7;

switc7&c7){

case 1% t8create&);

$rea;

case 2%coutn;

t8insert&n);

$rea;

case 4%coutn;

t8find&n);

$rea;

case :%t8display&);

$rea;

case %e/it&+);

-

-

w7ile&c7*);

-

C2


83/152

OUTPUT

C4


84/152

C:


85/152

PROGRAM NO: 16

DATE: 10/07/2014

rite a program to implement Insertion sort, 5election 5ort, Ru$$le 5ort for anyar$itrary set of elements &menu drien)8

CLASS DIAGRAM

PROGRAM

#include

#include


class sort

{

int a'2+(,n,m;

pu$lic%

oid read&)

{

coutn;

cout


86/152

{

for&int i*+;iey))

{

a'pos(*a'pos.1(;

pos*pos.1;

a'pos(*ey;

-

-

-

int min&int i)

{

m*i;

for&int *i1;


87/152

if&a'(


88/152

58read&);

58$u$$le&);

58display&);

$rea;

case 2%cout


89/152

OUTPUT

CF


90/152

PROGRAM NO: 17

DATE: 10/07/2014

rite a program to implement uic 5ort algorit7m

CLASS DIAGRAM

PROGRAM

#include


class Luic

{

int a'1+(;

int n;

pu$lic %

oid read&int l);

oid sort&int /,int y);

int partition&int !$,int /,int y);

oid display&);

Luic&);

-;

oid Luic%%read&int l)

{

n*l;

cout


91/152

-

-

Luic%%Luic&)

{

for&int i*+;i*l)

{

w7ile&$'l(


92/152

t*$'/(;

$'/(*$'ri(;

$'ri(*t;

return ri;

-

oid Luic%%sort&int /,int y)

{

if&/


93/152

return +;

-

OUTPUT

F4


94/152

LINUX

ADMINISTRATION

F:


95/152

SHELL PROGRAMMING

F


96/152

PROGRAM NO: 1

DATE: 14/05/2014

rite a s7ell script to find t7e greatest among n num$ers8

PROGRAM

#6$in6s7

ec7o 0nter si"e of an array0

read n

ec7o 0nter t7e num$ers0

for&&i*+;i


97/152

PROGRAM NO: 2

DATE: 14/05/2014

rite a s7ell script to concatinate two strings and find t7e lengt7 of t7e resultant

string8

PROGRAM

#6$in6s7

ec7o nter first string%

read s1

ec7o nter second string%

read s2

s4*Ws1Ws2

len*Uec7o Ws4 3 wc .cU

len*Ue/pr Wlen . 1U

ec7o Koncatinated string is Ws4 of lengt7 Wlen

OUTPUT

F


98/152

PROGRAM NO: 3

DATE: 14/05/2014

rite a s7ell script to find t7e net salary of an employee, w7o DA*Y of $asic pay,

P9A *1+Y of $asic pay and ot7er allowance* Y of $asic pay8

PROGRAM

#6$in6$as7

ec7o 0nter t7e Rasic ?ay0

read $p

7ra*Uec7o W$p ! +81 3 $cU

da*Uec7o W$p ! +8+ 3 $cU

oa*Uec7o W$p ! +8+ 3 $cU

ta*Uec7o W$p W7ra Wda Woa 3 $cU

ec7o 0Total 5alary % Wta0

OUTPUT

FC


99/152

PROGRAM NO: 4

DATE: 21/05/2014

K7ec w7et7er a file e/ist , if its reada$le display t7e contents on t7e console or if its

writa$le append contents to t7e file t7en display t7e contents on t7e console8

PROGRAM

#6$in6$as7

ec7o enter filename

read file

if ' .f Wfile (

t7en

ec7o Wfile is present in current directory

if ' .r Wfile (

t7en

ec7o Wfile is reada$le

cat Wfile

else

ec7o Wfile is not reada$le

fi

if ' .w Wfile (

t7en

ec7o Wfile is writa$le

cat >> Wfile

ec7o T7e contents of file after appending

cat Wfile

else

ec7o Wfile is not writa$le

fi

else

ec7o Wfile is not present in current directory

fi

FF


100/152

OUTPUT

1++


101/152

PROGRAM NO: 5

DATE: 21/05/2014

?rint all t7e prime no=s $etween 1 to n8 7ere n is t7e user input from ey$oard8

PROGRAM

#6$in6$as7

ec7o nter t7e limit

read n

ec7o ?rime num$ers are

for && i*2;i


102/152

PROGRAM NO: 6

DATE: 21/05/2014

Hind t7e factorial of a gien num$er as command line argument8

PROGRAM

#6$in6$as7

if ' W# .ne 1 (

t7en

ec7o no sufficient command line argument

else

i*1

f*1

w7ile ' Wi .le W1 (

do

f*Ue/pr Wf ! WiU

i*Ue/pr Wi 1U

done

ec7o 0T7e factorial of W1 is % Wf0fi

OUTPUT

1+2


103/152

PROGRAM NO: 7

DATE: 04/06/2014

?rint Hi$onacci 5eries8

PROGRAM

#6$in6$as7

ec7o 0nter t7e limit0

read num

num1*+

num2*1

ec7o 0Hi$onacci series%0

ec7o Wnum1

ec7o Wnum2

count*2

w7ile ' Wcount .lt Wnum (

do

num4*Ue/pr Wnum1 Wnum2U

ec7o Wnum4

num1*Wnum2

num2*Wnum4

count*Ue/pr Wcount 1U

done

OUTPUT

1+4


104/152

PROGRAM NO: 8

DATE: 11/06/2014

?rint Armstrong num$er $etween 1 to ++

PROGRAM

#6$in6$as7

i*1

w7ile&&i+))

do

a*W&&cY1+))

$*W&&$ a!a!a))

c*W&&c61+))

done

if&&$**d))

t7en

ec7o 0Wi0

fi

i*W&&i1))

doneOUTPUT

1+:


105/152

PROGRAM NO: 9

DATE: 11/06/2014

rite a s7ell script to create a file t7at contains t7e output of ls command and count

7ow many no8 of c and c files are aaila$le in a directory8

PROGRAM

#6$in6s7

ls>newfile

ec7o 0Eum$er of c files 0

find !8cpp < newfile 3 wc .l

ec7o 0Eum$er of c files 0

find !8c < newfile 3 wc .l

OUTPUT

1+


106/152

PROGRAM NO: 10

DATE: 11/06/2014

utput of w7o s7ould $e displayed on t7e screen wit7 alue of total no8 of users w7o

7ae logged in displayed at t7e $ottom of t7e list8

PROGRAM

#6$in6s7

w7o

w7o 3 wc .l

OUTPUT

1+@


107/152

PROGRAM NO: 11

DATE: 18/06/2014

rite a menu drien s7ell script to

a) Kreate an empty file

$) add content to an empty file

c) display file content on t7e screen

d) append content to an e/isting writa$le file8

PROGRAM

#6$in6$as7select a in KreateZanZemptyZfile AddZcontentZtoZanZemptyZfile DisplayZfileZcontent

AppendZcontentZtoZanZe/istingZwrita$leZfile

do

case Wa in

KreateZanZemptyZfile) touc7 empty;;

AddZcontentZtoZanZemptyZfile) cat >empty;;

DisplayZfileZcontent) cat empty;;

AppendZcontentZtoZanZe/istingZwrita$leZfile) cat >>empty;;

esac

done

OUTPUT

1+


108/152

PROGRAM NO: 12

DATE: 18/06/2014

rite a 57ell program to sort num$ers stored in a file in ascending order8

PROGRAM

#6$in6s7

ec7o .n 0nter Hilename % 0

read file

if ' .f Wfile (

t7en

ec7o 0Wfile not a file0

e/it 1

fi

ec7o Kontents of file

cat Wfile

ec7o 5orted order

sort .n Wfile

OUTPUT

1+C


109/152

PROGRAM NO: 13

DATE: 02/07/2014

rite a s7ell script to sort in descending order8 T7e num$ers s7ould $e gien as s7ell

arguments8

PROGRAM

#6$in6s7

if ' W# .eL + (

t7en

ec7o 0nter t7e arguments0

e/it

fi

> a

for i in W!

do

ec7o 0Wi0 >> a

done

ec7o 05orted data0

sort .nr a

OUTPUT

1+F


110/152

PROGRAM NO: 14

DATE: 02/07/2014

rite a s7ell script to sort an array of num$ers8

PROGRAM

#6$in6$as7

touc7 5orting

ec7o nter t7e limit

read n

ec7o nter t7e elements

for && i*+;i> 5orting

done

ec7o lements in sorted order

sort .n 5orting

rm 5orting

OUTPUT

11+


111/152

PROGRAM NO: 15

DATE: 02/07/2014

9ead t7e Eame and mars o$tained $y a student and calculate t7e grade6diision

o$tained8

PROGRAM

#6$in6$as7

ec7o nter your name

read name

ec7o nter mars in su$ectsread a $ c d e

tot*Ue/pr Wa W$ Wc Wd We U

ec7o Eame% Wname

ec7o Total Bar% Wtot

ec7o Xrade%

if ' Wtot .ge :+ (

t7en

ec7o A grade

elif ' Wtot .ge 4+ .a Wtot .lt :+ (

t7en

ec7o R grade

elif ' Wtot .ge 2+ .a Wtot .lt 4+ (

t7en

ec7o K grade

else

ec7o HAIOD

fi

111


112/152

OUTPUT

112


113/152

PROGRAM NO: 16

DATE: 09/07/2014

rite a program to determine w7et7er a gien year is leap year or not8 & Nse logical

operator .a and .o )

PROGRAM

#6$in6s7

ec7o nter t7e year

read year

a*Ue/pr Wyear Y :U

$*Ue/pr Wyear Y 1++U

c*Ue/pr Wyear Y :++U

if ' Wa .eL + .a W$ .ne + .o Wc .eL + (

t7en

ec7o Wyear is leap year

else

ec7o Wyear is not leap year

fi

OUTPUT

114


114/152

PROGRAM NO: 17

DATE: 09/07/2014

57ell 5cript to create a menu drien calculator

PROGRAM

#6$in6$as7

ec7o KAOKNOAT9

select ar in Add 5u$ Bul Di /it

do

case War in

Add)ec7o nter two num$ers

read a $

c*Ue/pr Wa W$U

ec7o 9esult*Wc;;

5u$)ec7o nter two num$ers

read a $

c*Ue/pr Wa . W$U

ec7o 9esult*Wc;;

Bul)ec7o nter two num$ers

read a $

c*Ue/pr Wa ! W$U

ec7o 9esult*Wc;;

Di)ec7o nter two num$ers

read a $

c*Ue/pr Wa 6 W$U

ec7o 9esult*Wc;;

/it) e/it;;

!)ec7o Inalid e/pression;;

esac

done

11:


115/152

OUTPUT

11


116/152

PROGRAM NO: 18

DATE: 10/07/2014

rite a s7ell script to sort t7e gien num$ers in descending order using Ru$$le sort8

PROGRAM

#6$in6$as7

ec7o nter t7e limit

read n

ec7o nter t7e num$ers

for && i * +; i


117/152

OUTPUT

11


118/152

PROGRAM NO: 19

DATE: 10/07/2014

rite a s7ell script to add records to a file called prisoner8dat8 T7e fields contained

are to $e separated $y . 8All t7e fields alidation are as follows %

prisoner code % s7ould $e $etween 1+++ and +++

name % s7ould not $e $lan

duration of sentence% s7ould $e greater t7an +

PROGRAM

#6$in6$as7ec7o nter prisoner code

read pc

ec7o nter t7e name

read name

ec7o nter duration of sentence

read d

if ' Wpc .ge 1+++ .a Wpc .le +++ (

t7en

if ' Wname (

t7en

if ' Wd .gt + (

t7en

ec7o Wpc>>prisoner8dat

ec7o 0.0>>prisoner8dat

ec7o Wname>>prisoner8dat


ec7o Wd>>prisoner8dat


ec7o 9K9D ADDD 5NKK55HNOO[

else

ec7o 0Duration of sentence s7ould $e >+0

11C


119/152

fi

else

ec7o 0Eame cannot $e null0

fi

else

ec7o ?risoner code must $e $etween 1+++ and 2+++

fi

OUTPUT

11F


120/152

PROGRAM NO: 20

DATE: 11/07/2014

rite a s7ell script to eep on accepting lines of te/t and write t7e te/t into a data

file until t7e user inputs 0end08 T7e script s7ould count t7e num$er of lines input and

display t7em8 'Don=t use wc(

PROGRAM

#6$in6$as7

ec7o nter a string t7en Type end to e/it

read a

count*+

w7ile ' Wa * 0end0 (

do

ec7o Wa>tempfile

cat tempfile>>file

count*Ue/pr Wcount 1U

read a

doneec7o Oinecount% Wcount

ec7o Kontents of file is

cat file

OUTPUT

12+


121/152

PROGRAM NO: 21

DATE: 11/07/2014

rite a 57ell script to generate t7e following series %

1,4,2,:,4,,:,@ 8888888881++

PROGRAM

#6$in6$as7

/*1

f*+

ec7o .n 1

w7ile ' W/ * 1++ (

do

if ' Wf ** + (

t7en

/*Ue/pr W/ 2U

ec7o .n 0 W/ 0

f*1

else

/*Ue/pr W/ . 1U

f*+

ec7o .n 0 W/ 0

fi

done

ec7o 0 0

121


122/152

OUTPUT

122


123/152

PROGRAM NO: 22

DATE: 11/07/2014

rite a Nni/ s7ell script t7at accepts an ption num$er, and t7e names of two files

as command line arguments8 Depending on t7e option t7e following option s7ould $e

taen8

ption no % Action to $e taen

1 Kopy first file to second file

2 Koncatenate t7e files

4 9ename 1st file as 2nd file

: Display t7e num$er of lines in $ot7 t7e files

PROGRAM

#6$in6$as7

c7*+

if ' W# .ne 2 (

t7en

ec7o Insufficient arguments

else

ec7o 5elect an option

select ar in K?[ KEKATIEAT 9EAB DI5?OA[ZENBR9ZHZOIE5 \IT

do

case War in

K?[)cp W1 W2

ec7o KETET5 IE HI95T HIOcat W1

ec7o 0 0

ec7o KETET5 IE 5KED HIO

cat W2 ;;

KEKATIEAT)touc7 file4

cat W1 W2 >file4

ec7o KEKATIEATD HIO I5

124


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cat file4

rm file4 ;;

9EAB)m W1 W2

ec7o HIO 9EABD ;;

DI5?OA[ZENBR9ZHZOIE5)len1*Ucat W1 3wc .lU

len2*Ucat W2 3wc .lU

ec7o Eum$er of lines in first file is Wlen1

ec7o Eum$er of lines in second file is Wlen2 ;;

\IT)e/it

esac

donefi

OUTPUT

12:


125/152

PROGRAM NO: 23

DATE: 11/07/2014

rite a menu drien s7ell program w7ic7 prints t7e following %

1) Kurrent date in BB6DD6[[ format8

2) T7e message 0Eo8 of users logged in % 0 wit7 total num$er of currently

logged in users

4) T7e message 0?ersonal 5tatus %0 wit7 your own logname, port num$er,

date and time of login8

PROGRAM#6$in6$as7

ec7o 5elect an option

select ar in KurrentZdate NsersZloggedZin ?ersonalZstatus \IT

do

case War in

KurrentZdate)ec7o Kurrent date %

DAT*Udate Ym6Yd6YyUec7o WDAT ;;

NsersZloggedZin)ec7o Eum$er of users logged in %

w7o3wc .l ;;

?ersonalZstatus)ec7o ?ersonal status %

w7o am i ;;

\IT)e/it ;;

esac

done

12


126/152

OUTPUT

12@


127/152

USER MANAGEMENT

12


128/152

DATE : 04/06/2014

1. INSTALLING LINUX OS

I!"#$$%& '()* CD/D+D

1. D),$)#- " U" ISO %$

An I5 file is a KD image file t7at will need to $e $urned $efore you can use it8

2. ( " ISO %$

3. ))" ()* " -%!

nce you 7ae finis7ed $urning t7e disc, restart your computer and c7oose to $oot from t7e

disc8

4. T( U" )( %!"#$$%&

nce you $oot from t7e disc, you will $e gien t7e option to try N$untu wit7out installing

it8 T7e operating system will run from t7e disc, and you will 7ae a c7ance to e/plore t7e layout of

t7e operating system8

12C


129/152

5. I!"#$$ U"

[our computer will need at least :8 XR of free space8

6. S" " ,%($!! )"%)

If your computer is not connected to t7e internet ia t7ernet, you can configure your

wireless connection in t7e ne/t step8

7. C))! ,#" ") -) ,%" )( %!"%& )(#"%& !!"*

If you 7ae indows installed on your system, you will $e gien a couple options on 7ow

you]d lie to install N$untu8 [ou can eit7er install it along side your preious indows

installation, or you can replace your indows installation wit7 N$untu8

8. S" )( #("%"%) !%

If you are installing N$untu alongside indows, you can use t7e slider to adust 7ow muc7

space you would lie to designate for N$untu8

12F


130/152

9. C))! )( $)#"%)

If you are connected to t7e Internet, t7is s7ould $e done automatically8 ^erify t7at t7e

time"one displayed is correct, and t7en clic t7e Kontinue $utton8

10. S" )( )#(- $#)".

[ou can c7oose from a list of options, or clic t7e Detect Vey$oard Oayout $utton to 7ae

N$untu automatically pic t7e correct

11. E"( )( $)&% %)(*#"%).

nter your name, t7e name of t7e computer &w7ic7 will $e displayed on t7e networ),

c7oose a user name, and come up wit7 a password8 [ou can c7oose to 7ae N$untu automatically

log you in, or reLuire your user name and password w7en it starts8

12. #%" )( " %!"#$$#"%) ()!! ") )*$".nce you c7oose your login info, t7e installation will $egin8 During setup, arious tips for

using N$untu will $e displayed on t7e screen8 nce it is finis7ed, you will $e prompt to restart t7e

computer and N$untu will $e reloaded8

U!%& " %-),! I!"#$$(

18 Download t7e installer from t7e N$untu we$site8

28 K7oose your user name and password8

48 Klic Install to start

:8 9estart your computer8

14+


131/152

DATE : 04/06/2014

2. CREATE A OOTALE CD 'OR UUNTU OS

5tep 1% Download I5 image of N$untu 1:8+: from Internet &42 or @: $it ersion)

5tep 2% Insert t7e KD and select Rrasero dis $urner from das7 7ome8

5tep 4% Klic on $urn as image option8

5tep :% 5elect t7e image to write and also select t7e dis

5tep % Klic create image

141


132/152

DATE : 04/06/2014

3. CREATE A INSTALLED LINUX OS USING A PENDRI+E

5tep 1% Download I5 image of N$untu 1:8+: from Internet &42 or @: $it ersion)

5tep 2% 9ig7t clic t7e pendrie and select format option

5tep 4% Install _Xparted ?artion ditor _ from N$untu software center

5tep :% pen Xparted ?artion ditor software and select N5R from t7e drop down menu at t7e

top8

5tep % Hrom partition menu select umount and umount current file system of N5R8

5tep @% 5elect new option

5tep % Hrom t7e new opened window enter new si"e&to $urn I5 image)8 5elect t7e file system

e/t26e/t46e/t:8 T7en clic add option8

5tep C% Eow mae second partition and select file system as fat42 and t7en clic add

5tep F% Hrom edit menu select _apply all operation`

5tep 1+% Ee/t download and install startup dis creator

5tep 11% pen t7e startup dis creator and select t7e source image location on t7e dis to w7ic7

t7e I5 is to $e written

5tep 12% Klic _mae startup dis`

5tep 14% 9estart t7e system and select $oot from N5R to $oot 5 from N5R

142


133/152

DATE: 04/06/2014

4. INSTALL LILO OOT LOADER 'OR ;OUR S;STEM

5tep 1% nter t7e command

< !-) #"=&" %!"#$$ $%$)

5tep 2% pen t7e configuration file 6etc6lilo8conf and edit t7e entry under perimage

%*#& > /))"/?*$% 3.2.035&(%#

$#$ > "

())" > /-?/!-#5

5tep 4% 9un t7e command

< /!%/$%$) ="

5tep :% T7en run t7e command

< /!%/$%$)

144


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DATE: 11/06/2014

5. PRO+IDE A AC@GROUND IMAGE 'OR GRU MENU 'OR ;OUR

S;STEM

5tep 1% Oogin as super user

5tep 2% Kopy a picture to 6$oot6gru$

5tep 4% 9un t7e command

< !-) -#"&(

14:


135/152

DATE: 11/06/2014

6. PRO+IDE A AC@GROUND IMAGE 'OR ;OUR LOGIN INDO

5tep 1% Oogin as super user

5tep 2% Kopy a picture to 6usr6s7are6$acgrounds

< /D!")/,#("%#$".& ,#("%#$".&

14


136/152

DATE: 11/06/2014

7. ;OUR 'A+ORITE UOTE HAS TO E DISPLA;ED IN THE TERMINAL

HENE+ER ;OU TA@E A NE TERMINAL

5tep 1% Tae 8$as7rc file

< ?%* .#!(

5tep 2% Xie an ec7o command in it t7at specifies t7e Luote8

) B H#(% O*

14@


137/152

DATE: 18/06/2014

8. GI+E AN ALTERNATI+E LOCATION 'OR MOUNTING PEN DRI+E

CD DRI+E AND D+D DRI+E

All files accessi$le in a Nni/ system are arranged in one $ig tree, t7e file 7ierarc7y, rooted

at/8 T7ese files can $e spread out oer seeral deices8 T7e *)"command seres to attac7 t7e

file system found on some deice to t7e $ig file tree8 Konersely, t7e *)" command will

detac7 it again8

T7e standard form of t7e *)"command, is *)" ="type deice dir

T7is tells t7e ernel to attac7 t7e file system found on deice &w7ic7 is of type type) at t7e

directory dir8 T7e preious contents &if any) and owner and mode of dir $ecome inisi$le, and as

long as t7is file system remains mounted, t7e pat7name dir refers to t7e root of t7e file system on

deice

Hor mounting t7e pendrie to an alternate location add t7e following line

to 6etc6fsta$ file8

Hor mounting t7e pendrie to an alternate location add t7e following line to 6etc6fsta$ file8

/-?/!-1 /)*/(#%"#/-(%? ?#" (, 0 0

After t7at run t7e mount command

!-) *)" /)*/(#%"#/-(%?

Hor mounting t7e cd to an alternate location add t7e following line to 6etc6fsta$ file8

/-?/!(0 /)*/(#%"#/- %!)9660 ())!%-)-? 0 0


!-) *)" /)*/(#%"#/-

Hor mounting t7e dd to an alternate location add t7e following line to 6etc6fsta$ file8/-?/!(0 /)*/(#%"#/-?- %!)9660 () 0 0


!-) *)" /)*/(#%"#/-?-

14


138/152


139/152

DATE: 18/06/2014

10. START XCLOC@ HEN ;OU LOG IN

'%(!" ) " /"/()%$ !(%".

sudo im 6etc6profile

T #-- " )$$),%& $% ") " !(%"

ec7o U/clocU

A"( #--%& " $% !#? " %$.

14F


140/152

DATE: 18/06/2014

11. CHEC@ THE D;NAMIC LOADED 'ILE S;STEM DRI+ERS IN ;OUR

S;STEM

T7e Oinu/ ernel modules are defined as pieces of code, w7ic7 can $e dynamically lined

to t7e ernel , een after t7e system $ootup 8 T7e command lsmod lists all modules t7at are

currently loaded 8

$!*)-command will list dynamically loaded file system driers

1:+


141/152

DATE: 18/06/2014

12. USER MANAGEMENT

1. L)&% #! ())" #- (#" &()! #! -# ,%" %- 501 F !"- ,%" %- 555

# groupadd d$a .g +1

# groupadd stud .g

2. C(#" " )$$),%& $%!" ) !(!

U!( #* UID GID )(%& S$$ S)-#( C)**"! G()

M#1 501 501 )( !$$ 555 M#1 !(

useradd u +1 g +1 .c _mac1 user` d 67ome6mac1.m s 6$in6s7 X mac1

M#2 502 501 C !$$ NULL M#2 !(

useradd u +2 .g +1 .c _mac2 user` .d67ome6mac2 m s 6$in6cs7 mac2

M#3 503 501 ASH S$$ 555 M#3 !(

useradd u +4 .g +1 c _mac4 user` d67ome6mac4 m s6$in6$as7 X mac4

U!(1 504 555 )( !$$ NULL U!(1 !(

useradd u +: g c _user1 user` d67ome6user1 m s6$in6s7 user1

U!(2 505 555 #! S$$ NULL U!(2 !(

useradd u + g c _user2 user` d67ome6user2 m s6$in6$as7 user2

3. E#*% " )"" ) " /"/#!!,- %$.

#" /"/#!!,-

T7e contents of t7is file 7ae t7e following format

#*:#!!,)(-:UID:GID:!(%)(*#"%):)*-%(")(: !$$

mac1 6$in6s7

mac2 6$in6cs7

mac4 6$in6$as7

user1 6$in6s7

user2 6$in6$as7

1:1


142/152

4. E#*% " )"" ) " /"/!#-), %$. N#* " "" "#" %! )- % " !)- %$-

)( " !(! (#"-.

#" /"/!#-),

mac1%%%

mac2%%%

mac4%%%

user1%%%

user2%%%

T7is is $ecause we 7ae not set password for t7e users mac1,mac2 and mac4

5. S" #!!,)(- )( " !(! *#1 *#2 *#3 F !".passwd Bac1

nter new NEI\ password%

9etype new NEI\ password%

passwd% password updated successfully

passwd Bac2




passwd Bac4




setting password for t7ese users

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6. S$" !(2 ()* " $%!" ) !(!. C#& " #!!,- #&%& %)(*#"%) )( !(2 !) "#"

%" *#"! " )$$),%& %)(*#"%).

M# %#"%? 2 -#!

E%( 4 -#!

N), #& " !!"* -#" %(#! 5 -#!

# usermod f 2 e +:61F6+1

Bodifying t7e users e/pired $y ne/t

7. L)&)" ) $)&% !!!%). A""*" ") $)& #! !(2. #" #!

T7e user is not a$le to login $ecause 7is account is e/pired8 nly administrator can mae

c7anges8

8. C#& " !$$ )( " !(2 ") )( !$$.

# usermod .s 6$in6s7 user2

9. D$" !(2 %$-%& %! )* -%(")( #- %! )**"!.

# userdel .r user2

10. L) " !(1 ,%" " $ ) # !%&$ )**#-.

# passwd .l user1

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DATE: 02/07/2014

13. GI+E EXAMPLE 'OR CREATING HARD LIN@S AND SO'TLIN@S

H#(- $%! :

W im a$c

W ln a$c def

T7en type t7e command

W ls .l a$c

=(,=(,(== 2 (#%"# (#%"# 10 A& 12 09:24 #

W ls .l def=(,=(,(== 2 (#%"# (#%"# 10 A& 12 09:24 -

T7us for file def t7e num$er of lin is 2

S)" $%! :

W ln .s a$c 7i

W ls .l 7i

$(,(,(, 1 (#%"# 2 A& 1 09:30 %J =K #

1::


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DATE: 02/07/2014

14. ALLOING AND DEN;ING ACCESS

U! #* ") - # !( #$$- B!(1 $)&% #!! ) #$$ "(*%#$! " )(

""1

6etc6security6access8conf%

.%N591%AOO \K?T tty1

6etc6pam8d6login%

account reLuired 6li$6security6pamZaccess8so

A$$), !( B!(1 ") $)&% -(%& ,-#! ", 7 #* #- 5 .*

6etc6security6time8conf%

login;!;N591;+++.1++

6etc6pam8d6login

account reLuired 6li$6security6pamZtime8so

D%!#$ $)&% ) #$$ !(! " ())" !( #- -%!$# " *!!#& B!!"*-( *#%"# ,?( # )(*#$ !( "(%! ") $)&%

5tep 1% Kreate a file in 6etc as nologin8 If 6etc6nologin e/ist no ot7er users is allowed to

login e/cept root8

5tep 2% nce 6etc6nologin is created, add content into t7e file as ec7o _5[5TB NED9

BAIETEAEK`8

T7en t7e message is printed w7en non root users tries to login8

A$$), !(! B!(1 F B!(2 ") $)&% ) #$$ -#! ", 8 #* #- 5*

" )( !-#

6etc6security6time8conf%

login;!;N5913N592;Al5u+C++.1++

6etc6pam8d6login


1:


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D " !(! !(1 #- !(2 !(?% #$$ ) " "%* )( $)&% ) "" #

"" -?%

6etc6security6time8conf

login;!;N5913N592;AlAl++++.2:++

6etc6pam8d6login%


L%*%" " *( ) ()!!! ") 25 )( # #("%$#( !(

6etc6security6limits8conf%

user 7ard nproc 2

6etc6pam8d6login%

session reLuired 6li$6security6pamZlimits8so

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DATE: 09/07/2014

15. CHEC@ THE CURRENT RUNLE+EL O' ;OUR S;STEM AND

CHANGE THE DE'AULT RUNLE+EL O' ;OUR S;STEM TO 3

A run leel is a software configuration of t7e system t7at represents t7e mode in w7ic7 your

computer is operating8 A runleel determines w7ic7 serices are aaila$le on t7e system at any

gien time8

T7e possi$le run leels are

0 H#$"

1 !%&$ !( *)-.

2 *$"%!( *)- ,%")" X #- ",)(%& !(?%!

3 *$"%!( *)- ,%" ",)(%& !(?%! ,%")" X

5 *$"%!( *)- ,%" X #- ",)( !(?%!

6 ())"

6etc6initta$ is t7e file associated wit7 runleel8 It is 7aing t7e format%

%-:($?$:#"%):()!!

t7e default entry is%

%-:3:%%"-#$":

To c7ec your mac7ine=s current runleel, you can run t7e 6s$in6runleel command8

< ($?$

To c7ange t7e default runleel edit t7e 6etc6initta$ files default runleel entry

9

/!%/%%" 3

/!%/"$%%" 3

1:


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DATE: 09/07/2014

16. CRON AND AT

T7e cron utility allows you to sc7edule a repetitie tas to tae place at any regular interal

desired, and t7e at command lets you specify a one.time action to tae place at some desired time8

At utility e/ecutes a command or multiple commands ust once at some future time8 T7e atd

daemon runs your command at t7e specified time and mails t7e output to you8

# U!%& ()"# (%" QH$$) ?( 5 *%"! % "(*%#$.

im mycron

!6 ! ! ! ! 6$in6ec7o _7ello` > 6de6pts61

cronta$ mycron

E" # () J)

1. ?( 5 M%"!

!6 ! ! ! ! ec7o Pello

1:C


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2. ?( 5 H)(!

+ !6 ! ! ! 6$in6ec7o _7ello` > 6de6pts61

3. ?( 5 S)-!

Kron o$ cannot $e used to sc7edule a o$ in seconds interal8 i8e [ou cannot

sc7edule a cron o$ to run eery seconds8 T7e alternatie is to write a s7ell script t7at uses bsleep

command in it8

< #" ?(5!)-!.!

#6$in6$as7

w7ile true

do

67ome6pranit7a6$acup8s7

sleep

done

4. ?( 5" ,-#

+ + ! ! 67ome6pranit7a6$acup8s7

&or)

+ + ! ! Hri 67ome6pranit7a6$acup8s7

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5. ?( 5 *)"!

+ + 1 ,1+ ! 67ome6pranit7a6$acup8s7

&or)

+ + 1 Bay,ct ! 67ome6pranit7a6$acup8s7

U!%& #" )( !""%& # R*%-( M!!#&

W at 1+%

at> ec7o today you 7ae a meeting at 11%++

- S-$ # #&()- C() ) ')( E?( 10 M%"!.

!61+ ! ! ! ! 6$in6ec7o 07ello0 > 6de6pts61

1+


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152/152

DATE: 09/07/2014

17. AC@UP AND RESTORE

S-$ # '$$ # ) # )$-( ") #)"( )$-( ) ?( S#"(-# 8:30*?%* ()

4+ 2+ ! ! @ cp 67ome6pranit7a6file16! 67ome6pranit7a6file2

()"# ()

()"# =$

)( () J) &" "- )""! ) %$1 #- %$2

3.ds&la_record

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