3d amination

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INTRODUCTION

y In 3D computer graphics, 3D modeling (also known as meshing) is the process of developing a mathematical representation of any three-dimensional surface of object.

y Rendering is the process of generating an image from a model (or models in whatcollectively could be called a scene file), by means of computer programs.

y A stencil bufferis an extra buffer, in addition to the color buffer (pixel buffer) and depth

buffer (z-buffering) found on modern computer graphics hardware.y Pixel buffer store pixel data into the buffer.y In computer graphics, z-buffering is the management of image depth coordinates in

three-dimensional (3-D) graphics

3-D film

A 3-D (three-dimensional) film or S3D (stereoscopic 3D) film

[1]

is a motion picture that enhances theillusion of depth perception. Derived from stereoscopic photography, a regular motion picture camera

system is used to record the images as seen from two perspectives (orcomputer-generated imagery

generates the two perspectives in post-production), and special projection hardware and/or eyewear

are used to provide the illusion of depth when viewing the film. 3-D films are not limited to feature film

theatrical releases; television broadcasts and direct-to-video films have also incorporated similar

methods, primarily for marketing purposes.

Techniques

Stereoscopic motion pictures can be produced through a variety of different methods. Over theyears the popularity of systems being widely employed in movie theaters has waxed and waned.3-D systems have continued to dominate the scene, though during the 60s and 70s some classicfilms which were converted to anaglyph for theaters not equipped for polarization, and wereeven shown in 3-D on TV

Anaglyph



The archetypical 3-D glasses, with modern red and cyan color filters, similar to the red/green and

red/blue lenses used to view early anaglyph films.

3D printing

3D printing is a form of additive manufacturing technology where a three dimensional object iscreated by laying down successive layers of material.[1] 3D printers are generally faster, moreaffordable and easier to use than other additive manufacturing technologies.A 3D printer works by taking a 3D computer file and using and making a series of cross-sectional slices. Each sliceis then printed one on top of the other to create the 3D object.

Methods

A large number of competing technologies are available to do 3D printing. Their maindifferences are found in the way layers are built to create parts. Some methods use melting or

softening material to produce the layers.

Resolution

Resolution is given in layer thickness and X-Y resolution in dpi. Typical layer thickness isaround 100 micrometres (0.1 mm), while X-Y resolution is comparable to that of laser printers.The particles (3D dots) are around 50 to 100 micrometres (0.05-0.1 mm) in diameter.

Stereoscopy

Stereoscopy (also called stereoscopic or 3-D imaging) refers to a technique for creating or enhancing

the illusion of depth in an image by presenting two offset images separately to the left and right eye of

the viewer. Both of these 2-D offset images are then combined in the brain to give the perception of 3-D

depth.

Characteristics

The principal advantages of side-by-side viewers is that there is no diminution of brightness soimages may be presented at very high resolution and in full spectrum color.

3D mouse A recent consumer 3D pointing device is the Wii Remote. While primarily a motion-sensingdevice.

A mouse-related controller called the S paceBall� [27] has a ball placed above the work surfacethat can easily be gripped. With spring-loaded centering, it sends both translational as well asangular displacements on all six axes, in both directions for each.



Computer graphics

The development of computer graphics has made computers easier to interact with, and better for

understanding and interpreting many types of data. Developments in computer graphics have had a

profound impact on many types of media and have revolutionized animation, movies and the videogame industry.

Initial development

The advance in computer graphics was to come from Ivan Sutherland. In 1961 Sutherlandcreated another computer drawing program called Sketchpad. Using a light pen, Sketchpadallowed one to draw simple shapes on the computer screen, save them and even recall them later.

Three-dimensional

3D computer graphics in contrast to 2D computer graphics are graphics that use a three-dimensional representation of geometric data that is stored in the computer for the purposes of performing calculations and rendering 2D images. Such images may be for later display or for real-time viewing.

3D modeling

3D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical, wireframe representation of any three-

dimensional object, called a "3D model", via specialized software. Models may be createdautomatically or manually; the manual modeling process of preparing geometric data for 3Dcomputer graphics is similar to plastic arts such as sculpting. 3D models may be created usingmultiple approaches: use of NURBS curves to generate accurate and smooth surface patches, polygonal mesh modeling (manipulation of faceted geometry), or polygonal mesh subdivision (advanced tessellation of polygons, resulting in smooth surfaces similar to NURBS models). A 3D model can be displayed as a two-dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering ,used in a computersimulation of physical phenomena, or animated directly for other purposes.The model can also be physically created using 3D Printing devices.

Blender (

sof tw

are)Blender is a free, open source3D graphics application that can be used for modeling, UV unwrapping, texturing, rigging, water and smoke simulations, skinning, animating, rendering, particle and other simulations, non-linear editing, compositing, and creating interactive 3Dapplications, including video games, animated film, or visual effects.



Blender's features include advanced simulation tools such as rigid, realistic body, fluid, cloth andsoftbody dynamics, modifier-based modeling tools, powerful character animation tools, a node- based material and compositing system and Python for embedded scripting.

Features

Blender has a relatively small installation size and runs on several popular computing platforms,including Linux, Mac OS X, and Microsoft Windows, along with FreeBSD, IRIX, NetBSD,OpenBSD and Solaris. Unofficial ports are also available for AmigaOS 4, BeOS, MorphOS ,Pocket PC and SkyOS.[6] Though it is often distributed without documentation or extensiveexample scenes, the software contains features that are characteristic of high-end modelingsoftware.[7] Among its capabilities are:

y Support for a variety of geometric primitives, including polygon meshes, fast subdivisionsurface modeling, Bezier curves, NURBS surfaces, metaballs, digital sculpting, andoutline fonts.

y Versatile internal rendering capabilities and integration with YafaRay, a free softwareraytracer .

y K eyframed animation tools including inverse kinematics, armature (skeletal), hook, curveand lattice-based deformations, shape keys (morphing), non-linear animation, constraints,vertex weighting, soft body dynamics including mesh collision detection, LBM fluiddynamics, Bullet rigid body dynamics, particle-based hair, and a particle system withcollision detection.

Google Earth

Google Earth is a virtual globe, map and geographical information program that was originallycalled EarthViewer 3D, and was created by K eyhole, Inc, a company acquired by Google in2004. It maps the Earth by the superimposition of images obtained from satellite imagery, aerial photography and GIS3D globe. It was available under three different licenses, 2 currently:Google Earth, a free version with limited functionality; Google Earth Plus (discontinued),[1][2] which included additional features; and Google Earth Pro ($399 per year), which is intended for commercial use.[3]

y Google Earth can also function as a "hub" of knowledge, pertaining to your location. Byenabling certain options, one can see the location of gas stations, restaurants, museums,and other public establishments in their area. Google Earth can also dot the map with

links to images, YouTube videos, and Wikipedia articles relevant to the area beingviewed

Blu-ray Disc



Blu-ray Disc (official abbreviation BD and official shortened name is Blu-ray) is an opticaldiscstorage medium designed to supersede the DVD format. The standard physical medium is a12 cm plastic optical disc, the same size as DVDs and CDs. Blu-ray Discs contain 25 GB per layer, with dual layer discs (50 GB) the norm for feature-length video discs and additional layers possible in the future.

The first Blu-ray Disc prototypes were unveiled in October 2000, and the first prototype player was released in A pril 2003 in Japan. After that, it continued to be developed until its officialrelease in June 2006.

The name Blu-ray Disc refers to the blue laser used to read the disc, which allows information to be stored at a greater density than is possible with the longer-wavelength red laser used for DVD

Competition from HD DVD

Main article: High definition optical disc format war

The DVD Forum, chaired by Toshiba, was split over whether to develop the more expensive blue laser technology. In March 2002, the forum approved a proposal endorsed by Warner Bros. and other motion picture studios that involved compressing HD content onto dual-layer standardDVD-9 discs.[28][29] In spite of this decision, however, the DVD Forum's Steering Committeeannounced in A pril that it was pursuing its own blue-laser high-definition solution. In August,Toshiba and NEC announced their competing standard, Advanced Optical Disc.[30] It was finallyadopted by the DVD Forum and renamed HD DVD the next year,[31] after being voted downtwice by DVD Forum members who were also Blu-ray Disc Association members²a situationthat drew preliminary investigations by the U.S. Department of Justice

Video game graphic

s

A variety of computer graphic techniques have been used to display video

game content throughout the history of video games. The predominance of

individual techniques have evolved over time, primarily due to hardware

advances and restrictions such as the processing power of central or graphics

processing units.



Vector graphics

Polygon-based graphics in Another World (1991).[2]

Vector graphics refers to the use of geometrical primitives such as points, lines, and curves (i.e.

shapes based on mathematical equations) instead of resolution-dependent bitmap graphics torepresent images in computer graphics. In video games this type of projection is somewhat rare,unless you count 3D polygonal graphics, but has become more common in recent years in browser-based gaming with the advent of Flash, since Flash supports vector graphics natively.An earlier example for the personal computer is Another World (1991).

Vector game can also refer to a video game that uses a vector graphics display capable of projecting images using an electron beam to draw images instead of with pixels, much like alaser show. Many early arcade games used such displays, as they were capable of displayingmore detailed images than raster displays on the hardware available at that time.

Full motion video (FMV) games are video games that rely upon pre-recorded television- or movie-quality recordings and animations rather than sprites, vectors or 3D models to displayaction in the game. FMV-based games were popular during the early 1990s as CD-ROMs andLaserdiscs made their way into the living rooms, providing an alternative to the low-capacitycartridges of most consoles at the time.

3D

3D accelerated graphics, video games could expand beyond the typically sprite-based 2Dgraphics of older graphics technologies to describe a view frequently more true to reality andlifelike than their predecessors. Perspective projection has also been used in some earlier titles to present a 3D view from a fixed (and thus somewhat less hardware-intensive) perspective with alimited ability to move

Fixed 3D

Fixed 3D refers to a three-dimensional representation of the game world where foregroundobjects (i.e. game characters) are typically rendered in real time against a static background. The



principal advantage of this technique is its ability to display a high level of detail on minimalhardware. The main disadvantage is that the player's frame of reference remains fixed at alltimes, preventing players from examining or moving about the environment from multipleviewpoints

Third-person perspectiveMain article: Virtual camera system

Third person refers to a graphical perspective rendered from a view that is some distance away(usually behind and slightly above) from the players character.

[4]This viewpoint allows players

to see a more strongly characterized avatar, and is most common in action and action-adventuregames.

3d amination

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