3.automotive fuel (fuel cell)

8/10/2019 3.Automotive Fuel (Fuel Cell)

1/17


2/17

%N'!(/$C'%(N:

T$e &rst &ue! #e!! 'as bu!t n %)* by Sr +!!am ,ro-e a +e!s$ /ud0e and 0ent!eman

s#entst. Serous nterest n t$e &ue! #e!! as a pra#t#a! 0enerator dd not be0n unt! t$e

%*123s '$en t$e U.S. spa#e pro0ram #$ose &ue! #e!!s o-er rs4er nu#!ear po'er and

more e5pens-e so!ar ener0y. Fue! #e!!s &urns$ed po'er &or t$e ,emn and Apo!!o

spa#e#ra&t and st!! pro-de e!e#tr#ty and 'ater &or t$e spa#e s$utt!e.

Fue! #e!!s #an promote ener0y d-ersty and a transton to rene'ab!e ener0y sour#es.

6ydro0en t$e most abundant e!ement on Eart$ #an be used dre#t!y. Fue! #e!!s #an a!so

ut!7e &ue! #ontann0 $ydro0en n#!udn0 met$ano! et$ano! natura! 0as and e-en

0aso!ne or dese! &ue!. Fue!s #ontann0 $ydro0en 0enera!!y re8ure a 9&ue! re&ormer9

t$at e5tra#ts t$e $ydro0en. Ener0y a!so #ou!d be supp!ed by bomass 'nd so!ar

po'er or ot$er rene'ab!e sour#es. Fue! #e!!s today are runnn0 on many d&&erent &ue!s

e-en 0as &rom !and&!!s and 'aste'ater treatment p!ants.

Fue! #e!! automob!es are an attra#t-e ad-an#e &rom battery:po'ered #ars. T$ey o&&er

t$e ad-anta0es o& battery:po'ered -e$#!es but #an a!so be re&ue!ed 8u#4!y and #ou!d

0o:!on0er:bet'eenre:&ue!n0.

Fue! #e!!s ut!7n0 $ydro0en as a &ue! 'ou!d be 7ero emsson -e$#!es and t$ose usn0ot$er &ue!s 'ou!d produ#e near:7ero emssons. T$ey are a!so more e&ent t$an

90rd9:po'ered battery -e$#!es. In addton &ue! #e!! #ars #ou!d produ#e &e'er

9system:'de9 re!eases o& 0reen$ouse 0ases ta4n0 nto a##ount a!! emssons

asso#ated 't$ resour#e re#o-ery &ue! pro#essn0 and use.

#rblem01ittef00ilfuelecnm3:

;urrent!y t$e Unted States and most o& t$e 'or!d s !o#4ed nto '$at #ou!d be #a!!ed

t$e f00il fuel ecnm3. Ourautomob!es trans and p!anes are &ue!ed a!moste5#!us-e!y by petro!eum produ#ts !4e 0aso!neand dese!. A $u0e per#enta0e o& our

po'er p!ants use o! natura! 0as and #oa! &or t$er &ue!.

I& t$e &!o' o& &oss! &ue!sto t$e Unted States 'ere e-er #ut o&& t$e e#onomy 'ou!d

#ome to a $a!t. T$ere 'ou!d be no 'ay to transport t$e produ#ts t$at &a#tores produ#e.

T$ere 'ou!d be no 'ay &or peop!e to dr-e to 'or4. T$e '$o!e e#onomy and n &a#t

t$e '$o!e o& 'estern so#ety #urrent!y depends on &oss! &ue!s. +$!e &oss! &ue!s $a-e


3/17

p!ayed an mportant ro!e n 0ettn0 so#ety to t$e pont t s at today t$ere are &our b0

prob!ems t$at

&oss! &ue!s #reate=

-.Air llutin:+$en #ars burn 0aso!ne t$ey 'ou!d dea!!y burn t per&e#t!y and

#reate not$n0 but #arbon do5de and 'ater n t$er e5$aust. Un&ortunate!y t$e

internal cmbu0tin en5ine s not per&e#t. In t$e pro#ess o& burnn0 t$e 0aso!ne t

a!so produ#es=

;arbon mono5de a posonous 0as

Ntro0en o5des t$e man sour#e o& urban smo0

Unburned $ydro#arbons t$e man sour#e o& urban 6ne

Catal3tic cnverter0 e!mnate mu#$ o& t$s po!!uton but t$ey aren3t per&e#t. Ar

po!!uton &rom #ars and po'er p!ants s a rea! prob!em n b0 #tes.

It s bad enou0$ no' t$at n t$e summer many #tes $a-e dan0erous !e-e!s o&

o7one n t$e ar.

Envirnmental llutin:T$e pro#ess o& transportn0 and storn0 o! $as a b0

mpa#t on t$e en-ronment '$ene-er somet$n0 0oes 'ron0.

&uertan7er0 bein5 laded 1it il in &audi Arabian o! sp!! ppe!ne e5p!oson or

'e!! &re #an #reate a $u0e mess. T$e E55on >a!de7 sp!!s t$e best 4no'n e5amp!e o&

t$e prob!em but mnor sp!!s $appen #onstant!y.

2.+lbal 1armin5:+$en you burn a 0a!!on o& 0as n your #ar you emt about ?

pounds (


4/17

out as an n-sb!e 0as #arbon do5de most o& us are ob!-ous to t. T$e #arbon

do5de #omn0 out o& e-ery #ar3s ta!ppe s a 5reenu0e 5a0t$at s s!o'!y rasn0 t$e

temperature o& t$e p!anet. T$e u!tmate e&&e#ts are un4no'n but t s a stron0

possb!ty t$at e-entua!!y t$ere '!! be dramat# #!mate #$an0es t$at a&&e#t e-eryone

on t$e p!anet. For e5amp!e if te ice ca0 melt sea !e-e! '!! rse s0nant!y

&!oodn0 and destroyn0 a!! #oasta! #tes n e5sten#e today. T$at3s a b0 sde e&&e#t.

8./eendence: T$e Unted States and most ot$er #ountres #annot produ#e

enou0$ o! to meet demand so t$ey mport t &rom o!:r#$ #ountres. T$at #reates

an e#onom# dependen#e. +$en Mdd!e East o! produ#ers de#de to rase t$e rice

f il t$e rest o& t$e 'or!d $as !tt!e #$o#e but to pay t$e $0$er pr#e.

Hi0tr3:

In %)* Sr +!!am Robert ,ro-e a +e!s$ /ud0e n-entor and p$ys#st #on#e-ed

t$e &rst &ue! #e!!. 6e m5ed $ydro0en and o5y0en n t$e presen#e o& an e!e#tro!yte and

produ#ed e!e#tr#ty and 'ater. T$e n-enton '$#$ !ater be#ame 4no'n as a &ue! #e!!

ddn3t produ#e enou0$ e!e#tr#ty to be use&u!.

In %* t$e term @fuel cell 'as &rst #oned by Lud'0 Mond and ;$ar!es Lan0er

'$o attempted to bu!d a 'or4n0 &ue! #e!! usn0 ar and ndustra! #oa! 0as. Anot$er

sour#e states t$at t 'as +!!am +$te a8ues '$o &rst #oned t$e term 9&ue! #e!!.9

a8ues 'as a!so t$e &rst resear#$er to use p$osp$or# a#d n t$e e!e#tro!yte bat$.

In t$e %*


5/17

on t$e e5pens-e p!atnum #ata!ysts 't$ a $ydro0en and o5y0en #e!! usn0 a !ess

#orros-e a!4a!ne e!e#tro!yte and ne5pens-e n#4e! e!e#trodes.

It too4 Ba#on unt! %*?* to per&e#t $s des0n '$en $e demonstrated a &-e:4!o'att

&ue! #e!! t$at #ou!d po'er a 'e!dn0 ma#$ne. Fran#s T. Ba#on a dre#t des#endent o&

t$e ot$er 'e!! 4no'n Fran#s Ba#on named $s &amous &ue! #e!! des0n t$e 9Ba#on

;e!!.9

In O#tober o& %*?* 6arry ar! I$r0 an en0neer &or t$e A!!s : ;$a!mers

Manu&a#turn0 ;ompany demonstrated a


6/17

A &ue! #e!! system '$#$ n#!udes a @&ue! re&ormer #an ut!7e t$e $ydro0en &rom any

$ydro#arbon &ue! : &rom natura! 0as to met$ano! and e-en 0aso!ne. Sn#e t$e &ue! #e!!

re!es on #$emstry and not #ombuston emssons &rom t$s type o& a system 'ou!d

st!! be mu#$ sma!!er t$an emssons &rom t$e #!eanest &ue! #ombuston pro#esses.

'3e0 f )uel cell0:

A!4a!ne Fue! ;e!! (AF;"

P$osp$or# A#d Fue! ;e!! (PAF;"

Mo!ten ;arbonate Fue! ;e!! (M;F;"

So!d O5de Fue! ;e!!s

Proton E5#$an0e Membranes

Dre#t Met$ano!

Dre#t ;arbon Fue! ;e!!s

-.Al7aline)uelCellA)C;=

A!4a! &ue! #e!!s operate on #ompressed $ydro0en and o5y0en and 0enera!!y use a

so!uton o& potassum $ydro5de n 'ater as t$er e!e#tro!yte. Operatn0 temperatures

nsde a!4a! #e!!s are around %?2 to


7/17

#ata!yst to speed up t$e rea#ton.. Most o& t$ese a!4a! &ue! #e!!s are ben0 des0ned &or

transport app!#atons.

2.#0ricAcid)uelCell#A)C;:

T$e P$osp$or# A#d Fue! ;e!! s t$e most mature &ue! #e!! te#$no!o0y n terms o&

system de-e!opment and #ommer#a!7aton a#t-tes. It $as been under de-e!opment

&or more t$an


8/17

dsad-anta0e #ompared to so!d o5de #e!!s. One s t$e #omp!e5ty o& 'or4n0 't$ a

!8ud e!e#tro!yte rat$er t$an a so!d. T$e ot$er stems &rom t$e #$em#a! rea#ton nsde

a mo!ten #arbonate #e!!. ;arbonate ons &rom t$e e!e#tro!yte are used up n t$e rea#tons

at t$e anode ma4n0 t ne#essary to #ompensate by n/e#tn0 #arbon do5de at t$e

#at$ode.

In addton t$e e!e#tro!yte used n mo!ten #arbonate &ue! #e!!s s $0$!y #orros-e

!mtn0 some o& t potenta! app!#atons.

4.A.&lid(#e!! at about


9/17

and #arbon mono5de &ue! nsde t$e #e!! t$ey #an read!y operate on $ydro#arbon &ue!s

su#$ as #oa! 0as 0aso!ne dese! &ue! /et &ue! a!#o$o! and natura! 0as.

4.B.&lid(


10/17

.B. !e5enerative #rtn E


11/17

T$s -ery ne' type o& &ue! #e!! s based on a pro#ess #a!!ed dre#t #arbon #on-erson n

'$#$ #arbon part#!es are /oned n an e!e#tro#$em#a! pro#ess 't$ o5y0en mo!e#u!es

to produ#e ;O< and e!e#tr#ty. T$e sour#e o& #arbon &ue! #an be any type o&

$ydro#arbon n#!udn0 #oa! !0nte natura! 0as petro!eum petro!eum #o4e and

bomass. Be#ause t s #arbon and not $ydro0en t$at &ue!s t$s #e!! $ydro0en s

re!eased as a byprodu#t o& t$e #e!! rea#ton and #ou!d potenta!!y be #aptured &or use n

a separate $ydro0en:po'ered &ue! #e!!.

Tota! #e!! e&en#es are pro/e#ted to be 2:2G 't$ po'er 0eneraton n t$e %

4+m< ran0e su&ent &or pra#t#a! app!#atons. T$e #arbon &ue! part#!es #an be

produ#ed t$rou0$ pyro!yss o& $ydro#arbons a t$erma! de#omposton met$od 'e!!

4no'n as t$e sour#e o& #arbon b!a#4 &or tres n4 and ot$er app!#atons n

manu&a#turn0 ndustres. +$!e t$e #on#ept $as been su##ess&u!!y demonstrated 't$ a

) + #e!! t$s te#$no!o0y s st!! n t$e e5permenta! p$ase o& de-e!opment. Be#ause t$s

s a $0$:temperature #e!! t 'ou!d be best suted &or statonary app!#atons

part#u!ar!y n #ombnaton 't$ ;6P ut!7n0 t$e 'aste $eat ener0y.

'ecnical %nfrmatin:

&C%EN'%&'&are sear#$n0 &or #!eaner 'ays to po'er -e$#!es and to ma4e better use

o& domest# ener0y resour#es. T$e &ue! #e!! an e!e#tro#$em#a! de-#e t$at #on-erts t$e

#$em#a! ener0y o& a &ue! dre#t!y to usab!e ener0y 't$out #ombuston s one o& t$e

most promsn0 o& t$ese ne' te#$no!o0es. Runnn0 on $ydro0en &ue! and o5y0en &rom

t$e ar a ?2:4!o'att &ue! #e!! #an po'er a !0$t'e0$t #ar 't$out #reatn0 any

undesrab!eta!ppeemssons.I& t$e &ue! #e!! s des0ned to operate a!so n re-erse as an

e!e#tro!y7er t$en e!e#tr#ty #an be used to #on-ert t$e 'ater ba#4 nto $ydro0en and

o5y0en. T$s dua!:&un#ton system s 4no'n as a re-ersb!e or unt7ed re0enerat-e

&ue! #e!! (URF;". L0$ter t$an a separate e!e#tro!y7er and 0enerator a URF; s an

e5#e!!ent ener0y sour#e n stuatons '$ere 'e0$t s a #on#ern.

+e0$t 'as a #rt#a! ssue n %**% '$en s#entsts at La'ren#e L-ermore Natona!

Laboratory and Aero>ronment o& Monro-a ;a!&orna be0an !oo4n0 at ener0y

stora0e optons &or an unmanned so!ar:po'ered ar#ra&t to be used &or $0$:a!ttude

sur-e!!an#e #ommun#atons and atmosp$er# sensn0 as part o& t$e Strate0# De&ense

Intat-e. ;a!!ed Pat$&nder t$e ar#ra&t set an a!ttude re#ord &or so!ar:po'ered &!0$t

n %**? &!yn0 to %?C22 meters (?2?22 &eet" and remann0 a!o&t &or about %% $ours.

%%


12/17

Pat$&nder3s su##essor 6e!os '!! reman a!o&t &or many days and n0$ts. For t$at

ar#ra&t stora0e de-#es 'ere studed t$at 'ou!d pro-de t$e most ener0y at t$e !o'est

'e0$t .e. t$e $0$est ener0y densty. T$e team !oo4ed at &!y'$ee!s super#apa#tors

-arous #$em#a! batteres and $ydro0en: o5y0en re0enerat-e &ue! #e!!s. T$e

re0enerat-e &ue! #e!! #oup!ed 't$ !0$t'e0$t $ydro0en stora0e $ad by &ar t$e

$0$est ener0y densty::about C?2 'att:$ours per 4!o0ram ten tmes t$at o& !ead:a#d

batteres and more t$an t'#e t$at &ore#ast &or any #$em#a! batteres.

'ecnl5ical Hurdle0:

T$e b0 8ueston 't$ t$e $ydro0en e#onomy s frm 1ere 1e 5et te 3dr5en.

A&ter t$at #omes t$e 8ueston o& tran0rtin5, di0tributin5 and 0trin5 3dr5en.

6ydro0en tends to be bu!4y and tr#4y n ts natura! 0aseous &orm.

On#e bot$ o& t$ese 8uestons are ans'ered n an e#onom#a! 'ay t$e $ydro0en

e#onomy '!! be n p!a#e.

&urce0 f 3dr5en:

One o& t$e more nterestn0 prob!ems 't$ t$e $ydro0en e#onomy s t$e $ydro0en

tse!&. +$ere '!! t #ome &rom +t$ t$e &oss! &ue! e#onomy you smp!y pump t$e

&oss! &ue! out o& t$e 0round and re&ne t. T$en you burn t as an ener0y sour#e.

Most o& us ta4e o! 0aso!ne #oa! and natura! 0as &or 0ranted but t$ey are a#tua!!y

8ute mra#u!ous. T$ese &oss! &ue!s represent 0tred 0lar ener53 &rom m!!ons o&

years a0o. M!!ons o& years a0o p!ants 0re' usn0 so!ar ener0y to po'er t$er 0ro't$.

T$ey ded and e-entua!!y turned nto o! #oa! and natura! 0as. +$en 'e pump o! &rom

t$e 0round 'e tap nto t$at $u0e so!ar ener0y store$ouse 9&or &ree.9 +$ene-er 'e burn

a 0a!!on o& 0aso!ne'e re!ease t$at stored so!ar ener0y.

In t$e $ydro0en e#onomy t$ere s no store$ouse to tap nto. +e $a-e to a#tua!!y #reate

t$e ener0y n rea!:tme.

T$ere are t'o 00ible 0urce0 fr te 3dr5en:

-.Electrl30i0 f 1ater: Usn0 e!e#tr#ty t s easy to sp!t 'ater mo!e#u!es to #reate

pure $ydro0en and o5y0en. One b0 ad-anta0e o& t$s pro#ess s t$at you #an do t

any'$ere. For e5amp!e you #ou!d $a-e a bo5 n your 0ara0e produ#n0 $ydro0en &rom

tap 'ater and you #ou!d &ue! your #ar 't$ t$at $ydro0en.

2.!efrmin5 f00il fuel0 : O! and natura! 0as #ontan $ydro#arbons :: mo!e#u!es

#onsstn0 o& $ydro0en and #arbon. Usn0 a de-#e #a!!ed a &ue! pro#essor or a

%


13/17

refrmer you #an sp!t t$e $ydro0en o&& t$e #arbon n a $ydro#arbon re!at-e!y eas!y

and t$en use t$e $ydro0en. ou ds#ard t$e !e&to-er #arbon to t$e atmosp$ere as #arbon

do5de.

T$e se#ond opton s o& #ourse s!0$t!y per-erse. ou are usn0 &oss! &ue! as t$e

sour#e o& $ydro0en &or t$e $ydro0en e#onomy. T$s approa#$ redu#es ar po!!uton but

t doesn3t so!-e et$er t$e 0reen$ouse 0as prob!em (be#ause t$ere s st!! #arbon 0on0

nto t$e atmosp$ere" or t$e dependen#e prob!em (you st!! need o!". 6o'e-er t may

be a 0ood temporary step to ta4e durn0 t$e transton to t$e $ydro0en e#onomy. +$en

you $ear about 9&ue!:#e!!:po'ered -e$#!es9 ben0 de-e!oped by t$e #ar #ompanes

r0$t no' a!most a!! o& t$em p!an to 0et t$e $ydro0en &or t$e &ue! #e!!s &rom 0aso!ne

usn0 a re&ormer. T$e reason s be#ause 0aso!ne s an eas!y a-a!ab!e sour#e o&

$ydro0en. Unt! t$ere are 9$ydro0en statons9 on e-ery #orner !4e 'e $a-e 0as statons

no' t$s s t$e easest 'ay to obtan $ydro0en to po'er a -e$#!e3s &ue! #e!!.

T$e nterestn0 t$n0 about t$e &rst opton s t$at t s t$e #ore o& t$e rea! $ydro0en

e#onomy. To $a-e a ure 3dr5en ecnm3 t$e $ydro0en must be der-ed &rom

rene1able 0urce0rat$er t$an &oss! &ue!s so t$at 'e stop re!easn0 #arbon nto t$e

atmosp$ere.

&tra5e and 'ran0rtatin f H3dr5en:

6ydro0en &ue! may be #arred o t$ -e$#!e n t$e &orm o&=

%.;omresse 0as


14/17

On#e t$e stora0e prob!em s so!-ed and standard7ed t$en a net'or4 o& $ydro0en

statons and t$e transportaton n&rastru#ture '!! $a-e to de-e!op around t. T$e man

barrer to t$s m0$t be t$e te#$no!o0#a! sortn0:out pro#ess. Statons '!! not de-e!op

8u#4!y unt! t$ere s a stora0e te#$no!o0y t$at #!ear!y domnates t$e mar4etp!a#e. For

nstan#e & a!! $ydro0en:po'ered #ars &rom a!! manu&a#turers used sodum

boro$ydrde t$en a staton net'or4 #ou!d de-e!op 8u#4!y t$at sort o&

0tandardi6atins un!4e!y to $appen rapd!y & $story s any 0ude.

T$ere m0$t a!so be a te#$no!o0#a! brea4t$rou0$ t$at #ou!d rapd!y #$an0e t$e p!ayn0

&e!d. For e5amp!e & someone #ou!d de-e!op an ne5pens-e re#$ar0eab!ebattery't$

$0$ #apa#ty and a 8u#4 re#$ar0e tme e!e#tr# #ars 'ou!d not need &ue! #e!!s and

t$ere 'ou!d be no need &or $ydro0en on t$e road. ;ars 'ou!d re#$ar0e usn0 e!e#tr#ty

dre#t!y.

Cmbu0tin rertie0 f H3dr5en, Metane and +a0line:

Sr.No. Propertes 6ydro0en Met$ane ,aso!ne

%. Auto 0nton Temp.o ? %) %)


15/17


16/17

8.Ecnmic +r1t: Fue! #e!!s #ou!d #reate ne' mar4ets &or stee! e!e#tron#s

e!e#tr#a! and #ontro! ndustres and ot$er e8upment supp!ers. T$ey #ou!d pro-de tens

o& t$ousands o& $0$:8ua!ty /obs and redu#e trade dets. T$e #onsu!tn0 &rm Art$ur

D. Ltt!e pro/e#ts t$at &ue! #e!! sa!es #ou!d rea#$ J) b!!on by t$e year


17/17

&!as$ ba#4 past t$e nta4e -a!-e pre0nton durn0 #ompresson stro4e 't$ #onse8uent

rou0$ runnn0 and o-er$eatn0 o& t$e en0nes et#. n t$e use o& $ydro0en n I.;. En0ne.

!eference0:

%. F. Mt!ts4y B. Myers and A. 6. +esber0 L0$t'e0$t Pressure >esse!s and

Unt7ed Re0enerat-e Fue! ;e!!s LLNL L-ermore ;a!&orna U;RL:;:%

3.automotive fuel (fuel cell)

Documents