39 - optical networking fundamentals
TRANSCRIPT
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CCNA 4 Chapter 17
Optical Networking Fundamentals
By
PRAVEENKUMAR P.J
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Objectives
• Basics of optical networks
• Optical fibers
• Optical transmission and multiplexing
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Optical Business Drivers
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Fiber-Optic Transmission System
• All communication systems have three things in common:
– A signal source– A medium for the signal to travel through– A receiver
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Optical Transmitter
• An optical transmitter is simply a source of light, like a light bulb.
• The optical receiver is a semiconductor that changes light into a corresponding electrical signal.– It is generically called an optical-to-electrical
converter.
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Optical Transmission
• In fiber optics, information is carried by modulating the light power, not the wavelength or frequency of the light.
• Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), allows more than one wavelength to be sent over a single fiber, thereby increasing the capacity of the fiber.
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Reflection and Refraction
• Reflection is a light ray that bounces off the interface of two materials at the same angle it hits.
• Refraction is the bending of the light ray as it changes speed going from one material to another.
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IOR
• IOR is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a fiber.
• IOR is a measure of the density of a fiber because denser materials (higher IOR) cause light to travel more slowly.
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Optical Fibers
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Fiber Types• A fiber-optic cable has three
components:– Protective outer coating — Also known as
buffer coating.– Inner cladding — The cladding is of a
different density than the core, so the light bounces against it.
– Fiber core — The core is doped with chemicals that enhance its transmission properties.
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Multimode
• Multimode fiber is used to transmit many signals per fiber.
• Multimode allows many paths or modes for the light.
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Single Mode
• Single-mode fiber is used to transmit one signal per fiber.
• Single-mode fiber allows only one path for the signal to travel down the middle of the fiber.
• The entire signal travels the length of the fiber at the same rate, allowing for much higher data rates.
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Loss Factors
• Connector loss• Macrobending• Microbending• Absorption
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Attenuation
• Attenuation refers to the decrease in the strength of a signal during transmission.
• Attenuation is a natural consequence of signal transmission over long distance.
• Two primary factors affect attenuation in optical fibers:– Length of the fiber– Wavelength of the light
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Optical Filters
• Optical filters are used to identify different wavelengths or lambdas.
• Fiber bragg grating and the dielectric filter are examples of optical filters.
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Optical Amplifier
• The optical amplifier (OA) is a device that amplifies an input optical signal terahertz (THz) of optical bandwidth near 1550 nm.
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Optical Transmission and Multiplexing
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SONET
• SONET is the standard for synchronous data transmission on optical media used in North America. SDH is the international equivalent of SONET.
• Service providers who are using a ring topology primarily deploy SONET.
• The two prevalent types of rings in networks today are unidirectional path-switched rings (UPSRs) and bidirectional line-switch rings (BLSRs).
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DWDM
• DWDM is a technology that transmits multiple signals simultaneously at different wavelengths, allowing a single fiber to operate as if it were multiple fibers.
• DWDM works in conjunction with optical networks to make data transmission fast and cost effective.
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SONET Overhead Hierarchy
• Section overhead (SOH)• Line overhead (LOH)• Path overhead (POH)
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SONET Rings
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SONET/SDH–Based TDM Transport
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SONET Multiplexing Hierarchy
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E/O/E Conversion
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DWDM Data Transmission
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DWDM Advantages
• Flexibility• Transparency• Scalability• Dynamic provisioning
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Metro Versus Long-Haul DWDM