36670186 lock industry
TRANSCRIPT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Objective
Scope
Introduction
Security in the 14th and 15th Century
Safecracking under seas
Elegance in The metal
The Mystique of the key
National Programme for the development of Indian Lock
Industry
Aligarh Lock Industry
Aligarh Riots: Lock on the lock industry in Aligarh
Research Methodology
Data Analysis
Findings
Suggestion
Limitation
Conclusion
Questionnaire
Bibliography
An Introduction to the History of Locks
Locks and keys were known long before the birth of Christ. They are
mentioned frequently in the Old Testament and in mythology. In the
Book of Nehemiah, chapter 3, it is stated that when repairing the old
gates of the City of Jerusalem - probably in 445 B.C. - they "set up the
doors thereof, and the locks thereof, and the bars thereof." At this
time, locks were made of wood. They were large and crude in design;
yet their principle of operation was the forerunner of the modern pin-
tumbler locks of today.
As locksmiths and metal workers became proficient in their craft, they
were invited to make locks and keys for the Royal Courts and for the
churches and cathedrals of Europe. They excelled in elaborate and
high and highly detailed ornamentation - often adapted to the religious
theme.
Security was a Guardian Angel
In India, in the days of the Emperor of Annam, valuables were sealed
into large blocks of wood, which were placed on small islands or
submerged into surrounding pools of the inner courts of the palace.
Here, they were protected by the royal "guardian angels," a number of
crocodiles kept on starvation rations so they were always hungry. To
venture into the water meant certain death for the intruder. The
legitimate approach to the treasure was to drug or kill the crocodiles.
Security was a Knotted Rope
For many hundreds of years, cords of ropes made of rush and fiber
were used to "lock" doors and tie up walls. The legend goes, a knotted
rope became a famous symbol of security. Intricately tied by Gordius,
King of Phrygia, and known by his name, the Gordian Knot, secured the
yoke to the shaft of his chariot. Its untying was pronounced by oracles
to be possible only by the man destined to conquer Asia. However,
when Alexander the Great failed to undo the Gordian Knot, he cut it
swiftly with his sword, giving us the expression, "to cut the Gordian
Knot," meaning a bold, decisive action, effective when milder
measures fail.
Locks from the Orient
Brass and iron padlocks found in Europe and the Far East were
popularized by the Romans and the Chinese. They were particularly
favored because they were portable. They operated by keys that
turned, screwed, and pushed. The push-key padlock was of simple
construction, the bolt kept in locked position by the projection of a
spring or springs. To unlock, the springs were compressed or flattened
by the key, which freed the bolt and permitted it to slide back.
Padlocks of this type are most universally used in the Orient today. The
decoration reflects the arts of the countries, and shapes often took the
form of animals - dragons, horses, dogs, even elephants and
hippopotamuses. Padlocks were often presented in pairs as gifts, with
congratulatory messages in cuneiform characters.
"Firsts" in Development of Locks
The first mechanical locks, made of wood, were probably created by a
number of civilizations at the same time. Records show them in use
some 4,000 years ago in Egypt. Fastened vertically on the door post,
the wooden lock contained moveable pins or "pin tumblers," that
dropped by gravity into openings in the cross piece or "bolt," and
locked the door. It was operated by a wooden key with pegs or prongs
that raised the number of tumblers sufficiently to clear the bolt so that
it could be pulled back. This method of locking was the forerunner of
modern pin tumbler locks.
The first all-metal lock appeared between the years 870 and 900,
and are attributed to the English craftsmen. They were simple bolts,
made of iron with wards (obstructions) fitted around the keyholes to
prevent tampering.
The first use of wards (fixed projections in a lock) was introduced
by the Romans who devised obstructions to "ward off" the entry or
turning of the wrong key. Wards were notched and cut into decorative
designs, and warding became a basic locking mechanism for more
than a thousand years. The first padlocks were "convenient" locks as
they could be carried and used where necessary. They were known in
early times to merchants traveling ancient trade routes to Asia and
Europe.
New concepts for locking devices were developed in Europe in the 17th
century. Early Bramah locks utilized a series of sliders in a circular
pattern to provide exceptional security. Bramah is the oldest lock
company in the world and is continuing to manufacture its famous
mechanism 200 years later.
Primitives
The first wooden lock was discovered in Persia as Khorsabad in security
gate in the palace of Sargon II, who reigned from 722 to 705 B.C. In
appearance and operation, it was very similar to this wooden cane-
tumbler locks. The pegs at the bit end of the key correspond to the
bars, or the tumblers, in the bolt. When inserted, the pegs lifted the
tumblers so that the bolt could be retracted and the door or gate could
opened.
Locks from the Old World
Designs of locks and keys were notably influenced by gothic
architecture with evermore elaborate ornamentation continuing into
the period of the Renaissance. Master locksmiths were invited to make
locks for noblemen throughout Europe. Because of this practice, it is
difficult to document an antique lock as having been produced
specifically in the country where it was in use centuries ago.
German Castle Locks
The period from the 14th through the 17th century was one of artistic
accomplishment by superb craftsmen. Locksmiths were skilled
metalworkers who were becoming internationally famous. They were
invited to construct special locks for noblemen throughout Europe.
Using designs of coats-of-arms and symbolic shapes, they devised
intricate wards and bits for locks and keys and were inspired to
produce increasingly ornamental locks to harmonize with the
architecture of their clients' estates or castles. However, there were
few improvements in locking mechanisms. Security depended upon
intricacies such as hidden keyholes, trick devices, and complicated
warding.
Security in the 14th and 15th Centuries
There was little significant improvement in locking mechanisms in the
14th and 15th centuries. However, ornamentation became increasingly
elaborate. Craftsmen excelled in metal work and designed and
produced locks for gates, doors, chests, and cupboards. A
"Masterpiece" lock was never used on a door. It was designed and
produced as a one-of-a-kind by a journeyman locksmith, or iron
monger as a "test" to qualify him as a Master. Masterpiece locks were
often displayed without covers to show the component parts of the
mechanisms, their functions, the decorative designs of lockcases, and
method of assembly.
Padlocks
Padlocks were known early in time to the Greeks, Romans, Egyptians,
and other cultures of the Near East, including the Chinese. It was
believed that the padlock was first used as a "travel" lock to protect
merchandise from brigands along ancient trade routes and seaboards
and waterways where commerce was centered. Made in small sizes to
those of tremendous proportions, they represented various geometric
shapes, religious symbols, animals, fish, birds, hearts. They were
operated by keys that turned, screwed, pushed, and pulled. For better
efficiency, letter locks, or combination padlocks, were developed,
which eliminated keys and operated by alignment of letters or
numbers on revolving disks. Shown here is an American padlock dating
back to the turn-of-the-century. In the popular circular shape, this lock
was probably used on a huge strongbox. It has a single ward
(obstruction) which the key bypasses to project the bolt.
Locking In
Padlocks were used throughout the centuries to lock prisoners and
possessions. They were usually made of iron, bronze, or brass, and
were rugged in construction. However, internal locking mechanisms
were often fairly simple and easy to defuse.
This massive Russian padlock shown here was meticulously hand-
forged early in the reign of the last Czar, Nicholas II (1895-1918). The
large circular ring on the top is the "handle" or bow of a threaded key
which is rotated into the keyhole to disengage the locking mechanism.
When the shackle is in the locking position, the key is removed, and
the plug is inserted to give the illusion that there is no keyhole. The
threaded portion of the key is then screwed into its protective cover.
Inventive Ingenuity
As lock-picking became an art in the 18th century, the inventor met
the challenge of the burglar with increasingly complicated locking
mechanisms. Among the new improvements were keys with
changeable bits, "curtain closed-out" around keyholes to prevent
tampering, alarm bells combined with the action of the bolt, and
"puzzle" or ring padlocks, with this principle developing into dial face
and bank vault locks, operating without keys and known as
combination locks.
The early puzzle padlocks were Oriental with from three to seven rings
of characters or letters which released the hasp when properly aligned.
The dial locks were similar in operation, and both types were
combinated to unlock to words or patterns of numbers known only to
the owners or responsible persons.
At the left is the Eureka, a manipulation-proof combination lock with
five tumblers. For a faithful bank vault used at one time in the U.S.
Treasury Department. Patented in 1862 by Dodds, MacNeal, and Urban
of Canton, Ohio. The operating dial is a combination of letters and
numbers and affords 1,073,741,824 combinations; to run through them
all without interruption would take 2,042 years, 324 days, and 1 hour.
Castle and Chest Locks
During the gothic era, followed by the exuberant influence of the
Renaissance, master locksmiths were inspired to product the most
intricate and the finest ornamental locks of all time. This was the
period when iron craftsmen and lock artisans became internationally
famous. They excelled in the forging, embossing, engraving, chafing,
and etching of metals, and were invited to make locks and keys for the
courts of Europe.
Shown here is a spring latch lock for a castle door. Its working
mechanism is concealed in the classic dome, or ward house, that
shows the Moorish influence. Ornamented in the style of the period
with mythical figures and scrolls, it is particularly noteworthy as it
illustrates the coloring of metal, similar to the "niello" process. As the
craftsman lacked color, he created various stains for metal, which he
used for backgrounds to highlight his design.
Locks for Treasure Chests
Since the earliest times, chests were secured with strong and
frequently very large locks. They were used to protect precious metals,
money, jewels, to store clothing, and church vestments, archives and
arms, linens and other household articles, bridal finery, and even for
burial of important people. Chest locks were ornamented for household
use, or were very plain and sturdy for chests that were to be
transported. Generally, they were mounted inside the chest, in a
vertical position, with bolts spreading to slide into the lid keeper.
The Key was a Latchstring
In pioneering days of Colonial America, the "key" to the lock of the
house often hung on the outside of the door. It was a length of string.
Doors were latched on the inside with a pivoted wooded bar or bolt,
one end dropping into a slot in the jamb. Attached was a piece of string
that was threaded through a small hole to the outside. To the visitor,
the dangling string was an immediate welcome, as pulling on it, raised
the bolt and opened the door. This lock and key became the origin of
our expression of hospitality, "the latch string is always out."
There were No Secrets in Madrid
Several centuries ago, in Spain, there was a great distrust of locks. To
be safe, the householders of a block hired a watchman to patrol the
neighborhood and carry the keys to their dwellings. To enter or leave a
house, the resident clapped his hands vigorously to summon the
watchman with his key, so, all comings and goings became a matter of
public record and there was little chance for "hanky panky" in old
Madrid.
Marie Antoinette's Husband was a Locksmith
His name was Louis, Louis XVI, King of France. Louis didn't particularly
like the business of being a king, but he had an extraordinary interest
in mechanical labor. He spent many happy hours in his house
workshop forging metal and making locks, skills taught to him by a
locksmith named Gamin. He was particularly proud of an iron security
cabinet which we concealed in a wall to protect his private papers.
Unfortunately, Louis didn't reckon with the Revolutionists, as his secret
hiding place was revealed by Gamin, and his papers incriminated him.
History says, poor Louis, he was as good a locksmith as he was a bad
king.
Safecracking Under Seas
As a child, Charles Courtney was intrigued with everything mechanical
that he could fix or take apart. He was especially fascinated with locks,
and so began his lifelong career as a lock expert. However, he had
resolved to become a diver and do all the things his great, great uncle,
Jules Verne, a novelist, had described in his famous book, Twenty
Thousand Leagues Under The Sea. Years later, Charles Courtney
realized his dream. Because of his talent for picking locks, he was hired
as a diver to open safes on sunken ships. He was the first to do a
locksmithing job 400 feet under water, and he recovered many millions
of dollars for the salvage companies. Charles Courtney achieved
international fame as a Master Locksmith, also known as a collector of
antique locks, many of them now a part of the Schlage collection.
The Safemakers and the Yeggs
Country banks, in the early 1800s were housed in crude buildings.
Safes were simple wooden shafts or strongboxes reinforced with sheet
iron and secured with padlocks. It was "easy money" for criminal to
break in and smash the safe, or carry it away for "cracking" in privacy.
So began the race between safemakers and safe breakers, or "yeggs"
as they were called. Manufacturers started to build solid iron safes with
key-operated deadbolt locks; yeggs soon defeated them by pouring
explosives into the keyholes and blowing the doors off their hinges. For
better protection, lock makers developed combination locks without
keyholes, later combining them with tiny mechanism. Vaults of steel
and concrete were built into the structures of banks. Multiple locking
procedures were devised and so passed the era of the yegg.
To Please a Lady
Catherine the Great, Czarina of Russia from 1762 to 1796, had one of
the most notable lock collections of her time. She admired the fine
workmanship of artisans who designed ornamental faceplates for locks
and created padlocks in fanciful forms to please a lady or a favored
child. It is said that a famous Russian locksmith gained his freedom
from banishment to Siberia my making a chain for Catherine. She was
so impressed with his craftsmanship that she pardoned him. As the
story goes, this incident is credited with the origin of a saying that "it
takes 89 keys to unlock a prison."
Americana
In the mid 1700s, locks were few in the
Colonies and most were copies of European
mechanisms. With the founding of the
Republic and the new prosperity, there was a
growing demand for sturdy door locks, padlocks, and locks for safes
and vaults, and so the American lock industry had its start. Each native
craftsman had his own ideas about security, and between 1774 and
1920, American lockmakers patented some 3,000 varieties of lock
devices. Among was the patent for a "domestic lock," by Linus Yale, Sr.
This lock was a modification of an old Egyptian pin-tumbler principle
that utilized a revolving cylinder.
In the early 1920s, Walter Schlage advanced the concept of a
cylindrical pin-tumbler lock by placing a push-button locking
mechanism between the two knobs. Emphasis was on security; yet
equally important to the modern architect and decorator, the lock
became an intricate part of the door design. It was now possible to
select complimentary styles of locks, metals, and finishes. Shown here
is a rim lock from Fort Sumter at Charleston Harbor, South Carolina.
The Fort was the site of the start of the Civil War. On April 12, 1861,
the Confederate forces opened fire on Fort Sumter, a federal garrison.
After a bombardment of 36 hours, the Fort surrendered on April 14.
The lock was found by Captain James Kelly, formerly a blockade
runner, when he was delivering materials for the rebuilding of Fort
Sumter at the close of the Civil War.
The revolutionary Schlage lock is a completely different concept of a
cylindrical lock with the button-in-the-knob mechanism placed between
the knobs, introduced by Walter Schlage in the early 1920s.
Elegance in Metal
During the Middle Ages, locks and keys were highly ornate. Iron began
to be worked cold. It was no longer necessary for the smith to work
quickly at the forge; he now used a file, a cold chisel, and a saw with
extraordinary dexterity. The master locksmith designed special locks
for cathedrals and churches in the shape of a cross and embellished
them with elaborate decorations. He acquired expert skills in
repoussé , ornametations, overlays, embossing, chaffing, piercing, and
created delicate fretwork in the popular scroll and leaf patterns of the
period.
Above is a Spanish chuck lock and key with hinged hasp and rim
or lockplate with pairs of facing animals. Belonging to Queen Isabella,
this lock was probably used to secure a storage chest that may have
contained her royal robe
and personal fortune.
The Mystique of the
Key
For many centuries, keys represented authority, security, and power.
Gods, goddesses, and saints are described as holders of the keys to
the Kingdom of Heaven, to Bottomless Pit, to Gates of Earth and Sea.
Kings, emperors, nobles of the court, and cities and towns incorporated
the symbol of the key into banners, coats of arms and official seals.
The delivery of keys to a castle, fortress, or city was a ceremonial
event, as is the presentation of the Key-To-The-City today to a visiting
dignitary.
Shown here is a large Roman key.
Keys from the Time of Nero to Queen Victoria
The key was a symbol of man's status, his authority.
Many centuries ago in Egypt, the importance of the
"head of the household" was determined by the number
of keys he owned; they were large and were carried by
slaves on their shoulders. Should he have several slaves,
or key bearers, he was considered to be a man of great
wealth and distinction. So, through
the ages, the lock and its key have
become an intricate part of our
culture. Locking up personal
property, the key symbolizes our
desire for privacy and security for our
possessions. This emblem of keys from the early Roman period to the
19th century may include a master key or two, but there are no
duplicates.
The Ceremony of the Keys
If you have visited the Tower of London, you will remember the warder,
dressed in a red tunic and wearing a Tudor hat and ruff. Familiarly, he
is called a Beefeater. Specifically, he is an Honorary Yeoman of the
Guards, a member of the Queen's bodyguard. If you spoke to him, you
may have heard the story of the Ceremony of the Keys. Every night,
the Chief Warder locks the Tower gates and brings the keys to
headquarters in the ancient fortress. The sentry calls out "Halt! Who
comes there?" "The Keys." "Whose keys?" "Queen Elizabeth's keys."
Everyone presents arms and the warder calls out, "God preserve
Queen Elizabeth." The guard responds, "Amen." Tonight and every
night, this traditional ceremony of Britain continues. The yeoman
repeats the same words that have never been changed in 450 years.
NATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN
LOCK INDUSTRY
KEY PLAYERS: O/o DC (SSI), UNIDO(TDSP), SIDBI.,
National Small Industries Corporation
All India Lock Manufacturers Association - Aligarh
(UP).Dindigul Lock Workers Industrial Cooperative
Society, Dindigul.(AP).
PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES:
1. Technological upgradation of Indian Lock Industry.
2. Upgradation of NSIC Technical Services Extension
Centre, Aligarh to the level of the advanced tool Room &
Training & Testing Centre, wherein the current processes
and technology used by the Lock industry will be upgraded
to that of international levels.
3. (a) Setting up of SPM at the Aligarh center as per
Indian requirements for development of Pin Cylinder
Mechanism.
(b) Creation of common facility Center for the Lock artisan
at Dindigul, Tamil Nadu.
4. Establishing a marketing network by participating in
International and National Fairs and conducting vendor
development programmes. Sourcing of lock components
by leading Lock manufactures (Godrej etc.).
BUDGET:
US$
(Million)(in Rs.)
Govt. of India 0.60 2,76,00,000
ICAMT/UNIDO 0.12 55,20,000
SIDBI 0.10 46,00,000
Donors/partners including
State Govt.
0.38 1,74,80,000
(to be arranged by ICAMT-
UNIDO)------------- ------------------
1.20
5,52,00,00
CURRENT STATUS:
1. The Project Document and the trust Fund Agreement
with UNIDO have been signed in 21st September 2001.
2. NSIC has been designated as the implementing
agency.
3. The Central Manufacturing Technology Instt.,
Bangalore has agreed to provide necessary design /
technical inputs.
4. 25 artisans from Dindigul Lock Workers Industrial
Cooperative Society Ltd. Dindigul trained on lock smithy
technology at NSIC Technical Services Center, Aligarh .
5. Participation of the Small Scale Lock Manufacturers
in the Codecia Fair Coimbatore.
6. Till date two meetings of the Steering Committee of
NPDLI have been held under the Chairmanship of AS&DC
(SSI).
7. Step initiated for formation of core group of units
who have already adopted Pin- Cylinder Technology
8. Participation of Lock manufacturing units in building
material exhibition at Venezuela organized by Building
Material and Technology Up gradation Council, New Delhi.
9. Specialized Entrepreneurial Development
Programme organized by Dindigul Lock artisans at Dindigul
by SISI Chennai, ICAMT.
10. Organized training on Good manufacturing Practices
for Small Scale Lock manufacturing units at Technical
Services Extension Centre NSIC Aligarh .
11. Work pertaining to the upgradation of NSIC Technical
Services Centre at Aligarh and Common Facility Centre at
Dindigul are in progress.
12. Training Programme on Tool & Die making organised
at NSIC, Aligarh from 3rd to 28th March 2003 for small-
scale lock manufacturers.
13. A Business Delegation to Cologne (Germany)
comprising of 11 small-scale lock manufacturers was
sponsored from March 9th to 12th 2003.
14. Small scale lock manufacturers from Aligarh and
Dindigul participated in the Techmart Nov 2002 and 2003
at Pragati Maidan, New Delhi. Organized one day workshop
on Lock Technology Trends at Aligarh on 17th April 2003.
15. Dr. P.A. Joshi, Lock Expert guided small scale lock
manufacturers at Aligarh on Lock Technology mapping.
16. Organised Workshop on Lock Standardization at
NSIC, Aligarh on 16th June 2003.
17. TDSP (UNIDO) arranged Senior Expert Services (SES)
from Germany Dr. Norbert Grabosch on developing pin
cylinder technology at selected 5 SSI lock-manufacturing
units from 5th August 2003 to 20th August 2003.
PRODUCTS
Security for our homes has become mandatory since threats like break-in,
kidnapping, burglary are common these days. To protect ourselves, its better we
equip our home with appropriate home security systems. Door security devices
are one among them which guards us from such threats. Their advanced
features ensure safety, allowing access only to authenticated users. The
increased rate of door lock manufacturing proves the importance of the Indian
users preferring on electronic door security devices.
The different types of door locks are:
Pad Locks
Deadbolts
Digital door locks
Fingerprint locks
Door phones
While the first 2 types come under mechanical (traditional) door locks, the other
3 are classified under electronic (advanced) door locks. Here’s an overview of
the various types of door security devices suitable for Indian users.
Types of Door Security Devices in India
These are the common door security devices for home. They are also the
traditional lock system used in India for over the decades.
1. Padlocks
Padlocks are one of the most basic door locks in India. They are portable and
usually come along with a key. But nowadays, padlocks come in automatic
version which can lock even without a key.
2. Deadbolts
Deadbolts are available in varied sizes ranging from smaller ones to the bulk
kind. Its durability depends on the strength of the inbuilt plates. We use these
latches to lock our rooms from inside and outside, as well.
3. Digital keypad door locks
It is an electronic password protected access system. These systems are highly
recommended for bigger entities like hotels as they require high power back up.
4. Fingerprint locks
With increasing doubts over trustworthy security, fingerprint authenticated locks
can be one viable option for solving the purpose. The primary advantage of this
type of digital door locks is that, only valid users can access them. These types
of locks are mostly used in banks and for safety lockers. But with the alarming
rise in thefts and insecurity, even apartment residents and individual house
owners have started using fingerprint locks.
5. Door Phones
Door phones are security systems that are fitted on your doors to enable
communication with the visitor. You can also look at them when video access is
provided in the device.You can closely watch visitors’ activities by activating the
camera through the indoor unit. So you can easily communicate with any
outsider from inside.
There are also different types of door phones for you to choose from:
a) ID Card Access Color Video Door phone –password accessed devices that
needs ID card to release the door lock. You can see the visitor with the help of
the built-in camera.
b) Hand Free B/W Video Doorphone–black and white model that consists of
two cameras with multi-monitors. This can be panned, tilted as per the need of
the user to take a closer look of the visitor.
c) Video Door Phones-It provides 2 way communications with its dual camera,
inside and outside. It also comes with high resolution camera and excellent night
vision. It generates an alarm sound in case of emergency.
Some Popular Indian Brands Dealing with Door Security Systems
Eureka Forbes
Eldorado Technologies Limited
Nesttech India Pvt. Ltd
Honeywell International India Pvt. Ltd
With professional assistance from the home security systems dealers you can
avail the necessary door security devices suiting your needs. The increasing
number of criminal activities today, leaves people with no option but do
everything to protect their home and families. By the advancement of the door
locks in India you will be assured of a happy and secured life.
Industry
Aligarh City is famous as an industrial city. It is also known as
Taala Nagari (Locks City of India). The second Largest Lock
Manufacturer of Locks in India Link Locks is based in the City. An
approximation puts the total number of industries at 25,000 which
constitute of both Small scale & Large Scale Industries. Aligarh is
having a boom in the construction business at this point of time, many
new multi level buildings, shopping complexes and apartments have
come up. Many malls are recently being constructed by major
developers from Delhi & Aligarh . Malls in the city include Great
Shopping Mall at Ramghat Road, Many more are under construction
like The Landmark Mall at Marris Road, Sharda Mall at Center Point,
Ozone Mall at Ring Road, Great Value Mall at Ramghat Road.
There are many popular showrooms of several internationally known
clothing and sports brands in Aligarh . Uttar Pradesh State Industrial
Development Corporation (UPSIDC) has developed Taala Nagri
Industrial Area at Ramghat Road.
There are three Industrial Areas like Industrial Estate, Pala Road
and Taala Nagari. Ahlampur Industrial Area has been proposed by
UPSIDC at Delhi G.T Road. Dakshinanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd.
provides unrestricted power at Taala Nagari.
Aligarh is amongst the largest manufacturers and suppliers of
locks and hardware goods in India and is also one of the largest
manufacturers of brass fittings. It also a manufacturer of plastic and
iron toy pistols, handcuffs, belts, badges for schools and government
supply. It also has an artware and sculpture products Industry. It
supplies products all over the world. Brass market of Aligarh is one of
the largest in India, which employs thousands of skilled laborers. About
100 tonnes of brass and 50 tonnes of zinc is processed daily. Iron,
aluminum, bronze, and zinc products are also manufactured in the city.
Aligarh is also a bulk producer of zinc die cast parts by hot
chamber die casting process. These products are consumed in low end
domestic market. Consumption of Zinc alloy in Aligarh is more than
the consumption of zinc alloy in rest of India. Made in Aligarh Zinc die
cast parts can get broken after 2 to 4 years as Aligarh uses recycled
zinc alloy, which contains lot of impurities, specially lead.
Aligarh also has automobile parts industries which supply their
products in India and abroad. It has four fruit ripening plants which
ripens/preserves fruits, dry fruits and vegetables.
Mar 10, 2000 - Vic: Building industry divided over lock out ...
find AAP General News ( Australia) articles. AAP General News
(Australia) 03-10-2000 Vic: ... Industry divided over fallout of rise in
rupee New Delhi, Apr 8 (PTI) India Inc is divided whether the Reserve
Bank should take steps to protect ...
Aligarh Riots : Lock on the lock industry in Aligarh
Aligarh continues to be tense even after over two months.
Indefinite curfew is enforced there since April 6 following the eruption
of communal riots. It has claimed 12 lives so far.
It all started with a dispute over hanging decorations outside a
temple constructed on the land of Masjid Memaran in Dahi Wali Gali of
the Old City. Half a dozen persons were killed and dozens injured in the
subsequent riots. Triloki, son of BJP MLA Deoki Nandan Kori was also
found dead in the riots and then mistaken as a Muslim and buried by
the local Police as an unidentified Muslim. Later, after demand his body
was exhumed, identified and cremated.
Local Muslims got registered FIR in the Police Station concerned.
A few persons, including those associated with the BJP were named in
it. The time rolled by but the Police remained inactive despite the
continued tension. Meanwhile, curfew relaxed in parts and rotation in
seven Police Stations of Aligarh in the first week of May.
Later, two unidentified motorcyclists shot dead two persons---
Raju Kumar, a Samosewaala and Raman Gupta, a chemist---in two
separate incidents on May 19 and 22. Later, again on May 28 O P
Gupta, a local BJP leader, too became a victim to the bullets of the
unidentified motorcyclists. Incidentally, all the three killed were
accused in the April 6 riot FIR for instigating the communal riots.
Then in the subsequent riots two persons belonging to the
minority community was lynched by the agitating mob on the same
night of May 28. Since then the curfew that was relaxed but not lifted,
was full-fledged enforced again there.
Till date there is neither reduction of tension, nor relaxation in
curfew. As a result, the tension is growing and the number of those
being detained by the Police is increasing. It is causing harassment to
the weaker sections, particularly Muslims. Some are arrested for
violating the norms of Curfew by going to the streets in search of some
work. They all are labourers and depend upon daily wages.
As is well known, Aligarh is famous for its locks, besides the
internationally renowned Aligarh Muslim University (AMU). Over 6,000
manufacturing units of locks are found here. Even after the entry of the
Chinese locks into India, they are more or less in demand in different
parts of the country.
Incidentally, all these units are located in the Curfew-bound
areas of Kotwali, Banna Devi, Gandhi Park, Delhi Gate and Sansi Gate.
Therefore, they all are locked since April 6. About 25,000 employees
work in these 6,000 units. Almost 30 per cent of the products are
exported. The annual turnover of the lock industry in Aligarh is Rs 200
crore.
Says Bua Singh, Dirctor General Police, UP: "We will only lift the
curfew after the motorcycle shooters are caught. Our Special Task
Force team is on the run and we expect a quick result."
The motorcyclists must be identified and caught so that the
culprits might be punished. But so far as the matter of bringing Aligarh
to normalcy is concerned, it may not serve the purpose fully. The
continuing tension has got its roots in the construction of a temple on
the land of a mosque.
The local senior citizens belonging to both the communities
would have to come forward. In this context, some Muslim
organizations like the All India Milli Council, having credibility and
confidence in the society, can play a role in coordinating them.
So far as the local Police is concerned, it could not take up the
case properly. That’s why the case is still
pending since the incident of April 6. The state government can shirk
its responsibility just by suspending the Aligarh city SP S K Verma and
Additional District Magistrate Satya Bhan and terming the shooting
down of the three accused persons in the April 6 riots FIR as the
retaliatory killing.
Apart from these facts, it can be denied that the Sangh Parivar
has again begun spreading its tentacles in raising issues that have
potential in widening the gap and creating tension and mistrust in the
two communities. The alleged involvement of a few local BJP men
confirms this.
It is quite clear that the BJP has its eyes concentrated upon the
ensuing assembly polls in Uttar Pradesh next year. Its main aim is how
to polarise the Hindu votes. But surprisingly, the Mulayam Singh
government doesn seem to be serious in countering the Sangh s
moves.
2001 May 14, 2001 - ... ''We are preparing a case to file our
petition with the Directorate General of Anti-Dumping
and Allied Duties to probe dumping of locks by China
which is threatening the very fabric of our established
industry'', Vice-President of All India Lock
Manufacturers Association Vijay Kumar ...
From INDIAN LOCK INDUSTRY TO MOVE AGAINST
CHINESE IMPORTS. - Related web pages
www.accessmylibrary.com/premium/0286/0286 ...
2002 Jan 25, 2002 - "There's a very heavy bias for songs from
India ... the Malay music industry doesn't face this
situation. ... The situation with the competition from
Bollywood movie soundtracks, however, took a sharp
turn recently when Lock Up created history for the
local Indian music scene when Ole ...
From Article: `Locking' Indian pop music to Malaysian
taste, BUSINESS TIMES - … - Related web pages
www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-49758495.html?refid ...
2003 Jun 3, 2003 - Although this famous lock manufacturing
unit, famous in India and abroad, has closed down due
to family dispute, inept government policies and ... The
famous lock industry of Aligarh , encompassing
nearly one and a half century of long history, is today
struggling hard to compete with ...
From Locked out - Lucknow - City - The Times of India -
Related web pages
timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow ...
3.
2004 Dec 7, 2004 - The Government of India announced that
it would push for regional trade agreements (RTAs)
though it gave importance to the multilateral system.
The Minister for Commerce and Industry, Government
of India, has said that 60-70 percent of world trade
would come through RTAs in the next 10 ...
From INDIA, WTO LOCK HORNS OVER FTAs
(Government of India to push for … - Related web
pages
www.accessmylibrary.com/premium/0286/0286 ...
4.
2005 Apr 1, 2005 - This lock-in effect has hindered its
development of innovative capacity, which the
industry must foster in order to move up in the value
chain. ... Chapter seven is a lucid and candid account of
what is missing for the further development of the IT
industry in India that ought to be ...
From India in the Global Software Industry:
Innovations, Firm Strategies and … - Related web pages
www.accessmylibrary.com/premium/0286/0286 ...
5.
2006 Jun 23, 2006 - Even after the entry of the Chinese locks
into India, they are more or less in demand in different
parts of the country. ... The annual turnover of the lock
industry in Aligarh is Rs 200 crore. Says Bua Singh,
Dirctor General Police, UP: "We will only lift the curfew
after the ...
From Aligarh Riots : Lock on the lock industry in
Aligarh - Related web pages
www.indianmuslims.info/book/export/html/1863
6.
2007 Jan 19, 2007 - United Nations Industrial Development
Organisation (UNIDO) along with the ministry of small
scale industries, Government of India, had agreed to
implement the National Programme for the
Development of the Indian Lock Industry in 2001, with
a budget of Rs 5.52 crore spread over two ...
From China locks out Aligarh units - Related web pages
www.business-standard.com/india/news/china ...
7.
2008 Dec 15, 2008 - “The idea (behind talent management)
is that you lock in talent and exploit it,” said Smita Jha,
associate director of the media and ... “Bollywood and
Indian classical music dominate maybe 98% of the
music industry in India and we launched the label to
give musicians who don't play ...
From Music labels plan to float agency to promote, lock
in artistes - Related web pages
www.livemint.com/2008/12/15221823/Music-labels ...
8.
2009 Jan 21, 2009 - New Delhi, Jan 21 (IANS) The telecom
regulator Wednesday extended the last date for
receiving the industry's views on the proposed lock-in
period on equity sale in new licence holding companies
to Jan 27. On Jan 9, the Telecom Regulatory Authority of
India (TRAI) had sought the ...
From Date for receiving telecom industry's views on
lock-in period extended - Related web pages
Objective of report
To study the causes of the employees turnover in lack industry
To evaluate the present condition of the lock industry
To counter the problem faced by the industry.
To study the impact of lock of govt. aid and infrastructure in lock
industry.
Findings
Lock of remuneration to employees
Low wages given to employees
The increasing rate of completion
Lack of Govt. aid given to the industry.
Suggestions
The govt. aid should be increased to increase the structure of
wages.
A employees satisfaction should be developed into the industry
so as to decrease the ratio of employees turnover ratio
Scope of the study
The project report deeply examines the cause and effect of the
employee’s turnover in the lock industry.
The report also deals with the study of the current condition of
the lock industry.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research
problem. It may be understood as a science of studying how
research is done scientifically.
When, we talk of research methodology we not only talk of the
research methods but also consider the logic behind the methods
we use in the context of the research study and explain why we are
using a particular method or technique and why we are not using
others so that research results are capable of being evaluated
either by the researcher himself or by others.
This method of data collection is quite popular in case of big
enquiries. Questionnaire is considered as the heart of the survey
operation. It is low cost even the universe is large and is widely
spread geographically. It is free from the bias of the interviewer;
answers are in respondent’s own words. It is the best method to
collect quantitative as well as qualitative data. The questionnaire
contains a set of employee’s survey report, and present service
provider. The questionnaire is prepared with the help of company
guide.
The questionnaire are provided to respondents (employees) who are
expected to read and understand the questions and write down the
reply in the space meant for the purpose in the questionnaire itself.
The respondents (employees) have to answer the questions on their
own.
ANALYSIS OF DATA
The task of data collection is very wide. Basically data is divided
into two categories-
A) Primary data
B) Secondary data
The primary data are those which are collected afresh and for
the first time, and thus happen to be original in character.
The secondary data on the other hand, are those which have
already been collected by someone else and which have already
been passed through the statistical process.
Questionnaire
Name:………………………………..
Address:…………………………….
Q.1 Are you satisfied with you wages in this industry?
(a) Yes
(b) No
Q.2 The increasing conditions is suitable?
(a) Yes
(b) No
Q.3 Do you want to leave for a better opportunity?
(a) Yes
(b) No
Q.4 Are you satisfied with your work?
(a) Yes
(b) No
Q.5 Do you feel to have an requirement for the development of the
industry?
(a) Yes
(b) No
Data Analysis
Q.1 Are you satisfied with you wages in this industry?
(a) Yes
(b) No
Q.2 The increasing conditions is suitable?
(a) Yes
(b) No
Yes90%
No10%
Yes No
Yes60%
No40%
Yes No
Q.3 Do you want to leave for a better opportunity?
(a) Yes
(b) No
Yes85%
No15%
Yes No
Q.4 Are you satisfied with your work?
(a) Yes
(b) No
Yes70%
No30%
Yes No
Q.5 Do you feel to have an requirement for the development of the
industry?
(a) Yes
(b) No
Yes90%
No10%
Yes No
Bibliography
www.gogle.com
www.Aligarh lockindustry.com
www.indianlock.com
Conclusion
The problem before the small scale producers of the lock industry
relating to the increasing rate of the labour turnover as a problematic
situation towards the industry.
The report clearly shows the condition and problem of the lock
industry.
Limitations
Despite all possible efforts in conducting the research there were some
unavoidable situations, which limited the scope of this project. The
limitations of the project fall under the following :-
1. This research is confined to the lock industry sector of the
Aligarh
2. The study focuses mainly on the lock industry, but only a
brief on the labour welfare, problems of lock industries and its
effect upon the business.
3. The sample taken for the survey confined to a limited in
industrial area.
4. Limitation of time & resources were a major factor influencing
the research study.
5. The industrialist related with lock industry gave less time to
entertain the project, as they were busy in dealing with their job.