34827456 simple apprehension
TRANSCRIPT
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SIMPLE APPREHENSION
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FormationofIdeaor Concept
1. Perception the process by which we make
use of our material sense organ (sense of
sight, smell, hearing, taste and touch) to form
a sense perception in our brain center.
Product: Phantasm the formed object of the
memory and imagination
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FormationofIdeaor Concept
2. Abstraction the mental process by whichwe draw orgrasp the universaland essentialcharacteristics
Product: Idea or Concept t he intellectualrepresentation of things of the same kind
Term- sensible, conventional sign, expressiveof an idea
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Properties ofa Term
Comprehension sum total of all elementsexpressive of an idea (also called implication orconnotation)
Extension sum total of all individuals and groupof classes to which an idea can be applied(denotation)
*the greater comprehension, the lesser extension
*the lesser comprehension, the greater extension
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Comprehensionand Extension
Comprehension
Rational, sentient,living,material substance
Sentient,living,material substance
Living,material substance
Material substance
Substance
Dominican, Catholic, Private UniversityCatholic, Private university
Private University
University
Extension
Man
Animals, Man
Plants, Animals, Man
Minerals, Plants, Animals, Man
Spirits, Minerals, Plants, Animals, Man
USTUST, La Salle, Ateneo, etc.
UST, La Salle, Ateneo, Siliman, etc.
UST, La Salle, Ateneo, Siliman, UP, etc.
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ClassificationofTerms
1. Accordingto Extension
1.1. SINGULAR when applied to one single objector subject
1.1.1 Proper Noun Maria Clara, Ana Hulaton
1.1.2 Superlatives First Place, most beautiful
1.1.3 Demonstratives This class, That wall
1.1.4 modified byarticle the the pale moon, theman
1.1.5 personal pronoun I, you, he, she, it, they, we
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ClassificationofTerms
1.2 PARTICULAR whenthe termrepresents a
partor portionofthe whole
1.2.1IndefinitePr
onouns Some children,Severalmen,few,many,most
1.2.2Use ofnumbers Nine planets, Seven
dwarfs,12apostles
1.2.3article aor an an employee,alogic
student
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ClassificationofTerms
1.3 UNIVERSAL when the term representsthe whole
1.3.1 Universal Expressions All, Every,whichever, whatever, No one, none etc.
1.3.2 Universal Idea Man is a rationalanimal., Apple is a fruit bearing tree.
1.3.3 a, anor theif the idea is universal-The lion is a carnivorous animal. A moment oftruth is a moment of freedom.
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ClassificationofTerms
2. Accordingto Definition
2.1.First Intention understandingofaterm
accordingtoreality. God is a Supreme being. All women belongtothe female
specie. Ghosts are spirits
Second Intention understandingofaterm
accordingto particular situations. Thatman is a womanizer. Perfumes are the products ofhis
company. A movie is sometimes boring.
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ClassificationofTerms
3. Accordingto Comprehension
3.1 Concrete one that presents to the mind a
form as inherent in a subject (woman, book,priest, musician, dog, bag)
3.2 Abstract one that presents to the mind a
form as separated from its subject (goodness,
rationality, beauty, freedom, tableness,
sweetness)
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ClassificationofTerms
4. According Quality
4.1 Positive signifies what a being possesses
(alive, beautiful, wise, tall, sunny, happy)
4.2 Negative signifies the non-existence or
non-possession of something (blind, dirty,irrational, dark, dead, foolish)
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ClassificationofTerms
5. Accordingtothe mannerofmeaning
5.1 Univocal /homologous if a term signifies one andsingle meaning
3 Instances ofunivocity
1. when the term has no other possible meaningother than itself (Proton, Electron, NaCl2, classicalphysics)
2. if the term used is defined
(Man is a rational being composed ofbody and soul.A king is the head of state in a monarchical form of
government.)
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ClassificationofTerms
3. Whenthe terms used are takento signify
one meaninginatleasttwoinstances
Wateris heavierthanair. The airis fresh.
A bookis a usefultoolfor education. It would be
good toread a bookonce ina while.
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ClassificationofTerms
5.2 Equivocal if the term expresses two or moretotally unrelated and different meanings
3 instances ofEquivocity
1. Equivocal in pronunciation only
sun-son, flair-flair, pail-pale
2. Equivocal in writing only
bow (of an arrow) bow (inclination)
live (life) live (actual)
3. Equivocal in writing and pronunciation
bark (of a tree)- bark (of a dog)
pen (for writing)- pen (cage)
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ClassificationofTerms
5.3 Analogous if a term expresses similarly dissimilarmeaning
Analogy by attribution if a term can be applied todifferent things because of an intrinsic relation
Good- life,job, health, day, man, book
Healthy- body, food, exercise, athletes
Analogy by proportion if a term can be applied todifferent things because ofsome resemblance
Head- of a body, of the familyfoot- of a body, of mountain
mountain- mass of land, mountain ofpaper/work
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ClassificationofTerms
6. Accordingto Relation
Contradictory terms expressing opposition to oneanother
living non-living, white- non-white, male-non-male
Contrary terms expressing extremes among objectsof a series
black white, large small, rich-poor
Privative two ideas, one of which signifies perfectionand the other denies the perfection
sight-blindness, sanity-insanity, light-darkness
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ClassificationofTerms
Correlative two incompatible ideas that bear
mutual relationship with one another in such
a way that one cannot be understood without
the other.
husband-wife, ruler subject, master-
servant, mother-child, bride-groom
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ClassificationofTerms
7. Accordingto Meaning
7.1 Absolute Terms- terms that signify a
concept of the meaning of a completesubstance endowed with its independent
reality.
7.2 Connotative Terms terms that signify a
concept as an existing accident in a substance.
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SuppositionofTerms
Supposition sub (under) + ponere (to put or
to place)
-the precise meaning that a term bears in a
sentence
-the meaning of a term in a proposition
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ClassificationofSupposition
A. Proper Supposition stands forthe properobjectinthe realorder.
1. Material Supposition stands forthe termitselfas either writtenor spoken.
Cu
rtain is a sevenletter word.
Torunis averb.
Lionis a two syllable
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ClassificationofSupposition
2.Formal Supposition stand foraconceptor
a universal
2.a. Logical stands foramere concept
Man is a specie.
Man is a universalidea.Corruption was the topicofthe
seminar.
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ClassificationofSupposition
2.b. Real Supposition stands forthe thing
itself
Allmen are mortal.Allmen are bodily substances.
Allmen are twolegged individuals.
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ClassificationofSupposition
B. Improper Supposition- stands for another
term that it suggests. (metaphorical or
figurative)
Lion is the national emblem of Great
Britain.
The Board of Directors adjourned the
meeting at 5pm.
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Definition
Definition definire to set the limits
- is a process ofsimplifying the meaning of
the word at hand through the use of othersigns or words
- a statement which explains what a thing
is
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Elements ofa Definition
1. Definiendum refers to the thing or
expression to be defined
2. Definiens- refers to the defining expression
Philosophy came from two Greek wordsphilos and sophia.
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Rules ofa Good Definition
The definitionmust be clearerthanthe thingsdefined
The definitionmustnotcontainthe ideaor
termto be defined
Itmustnot be circular
The definitionmust be convertible withthe
idea defined The definition should whenever possible be
expressed in positive terms
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Types ofDefinition
1. Nominal Definition expresses what a
name means not what the thing is.
Etymological Definition definition derived
from the meaning of the original word or
words from which the definiendum is defined.
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Types ofDefinition
Synonymous Definition gives the same
connotation of the term
Definition by Description Definition by Example
Definition by Illustration
Ostensive definition by simple identification
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Types ofDefinition
2. Real Definition definitionthat explains the
essential properties ofthe objectrepresented
by the definiendum
Essential Definition definition by genus and
specific difference
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Types ofDefinition
Definition by genus that whichmakes a
thing similartoothers
Definition by specific difference that which
makes athing differentfromthe others
A square is a polygon withfour equal sides.
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Types ofDefinition
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