34058468 bank of england and the british empire

8/3/2019 34058468 Bank of England and the British Empire

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BANK OF ENGLAND& THE BRITISH EMPIRE

BEHIND THE SCENES

By William P. Litynski


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THE BANK OF ENGLAND

The Bank of England, officially known as The Governor and Company of the Bank of England, was established in 1694 when members ofEnglish Parliament passed the Tonnage Act of 1694. The United Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the union of England and Scotlawas established by an act of Parliament in London on May 1, 1707. (Photo: Flickr)

King William III of England (left) and his wife Queen Mary II of England (right) ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland beginning in 1689, afterKing James II of England was deposed in the Glorious Revolution in 1688. King William III of England was formerly Prince William of Ora

and a monarch from the Netherlands.
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The Sealing of the Bank of England Charter in 1694. (Source: Alice Archer Houblon, The Houblon Family, vol. 1, 1907)(Painting: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bank_of_England_Charter_sealing_1694.jpg)

Left: Oliver Cromwell, who once served as a Member of Parliament, served as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland areland (1653-1658) after overthrowing King Charles I of England in 1649 during the English Civil War (1642-1651). Oliver Cromwell

collaborated with Jewish bankers and allowed Jewish bankers from Amsterdam to immigrate to London after Jewish merchants wereprohibited from immigrating to England centuries earlier.

Right: Battle of Marston Moor during the English Civil War in 1644 (Painting by John Barker)
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The trial of King Charles I of England on January 4, 1649. From Nalson's Record of the Trial of Charles I, 1688" in the British Museum. Taby J. Nalson, L. L. D., Jan.4th, 1683 London, 1684, folio. (Source: The Phelps Family of America and their English Ancestors (EaglePublishing Company of Pittsfield, Massachusetts) 1899)


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Dam Square in Amsterdam, Holland [Netherlands] in the late 1600s. Dutch moneychangers [primarily Spanish Jews] in Amsterdam providoans to English and Scottish moneychangers prior to the establishment of the Bank of England in 1694.

The moneychangers of Venice, Europes ancient bankers


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William Paterson, founder of the Bank of England

Bank Note produced by the Bank of England


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The Act of Parliament by which the Bank was established is called An Act for granting to their Majesties several Rates and Dutiesupon Tunnages of Ships and Vessels, and upon Beer, Ale, and other Liquors; for securing certain Recompenses and Advantages, ithe said Act mentioned, to such persons as shall voluntarily advance the Sum of Fifteen hundred thousand Pounds towards carryingthe war against France. After various articles referring to the imposition of taxes, the Act authorised the raising of 1,200,000 bysubscription, the subscribers forming a corporation to be called, The Governor and Company of the Bank of England. No personmight subscribe more than 10,000 before the 1st of July following, and even after this date no individual subscription might exceed20,000. The corporation was to lend the whole of its capital to the Government, and in return it was to be paid interest at the rate oper cent., and 4,000 for expenses of management, in all 100,000 per annum. The corporation was to have the privileges of a banfor twelve years, then the Government reserved the right of annulling the charter after giving one year's notice to the company. Thecorporation were not authorised to borrow or owe more than their capital; if they did so, the members became personally liable inproportion to the amount of their stock. The corporation were forbidden to trade in any merchandise whatever, but they were alloweto deal in bills of exchange, gold or silver bullion, and to sell any wares or merchandise upon which they had advanced money, andwhich had not been redeemed within three months after the time agreed upon. The subscription list was opened at the MercersChapel, then the headquarters of the corporation, on Thursday, June 21, 1694After this great success the Charter of Incorporationwas granted on July 27, 1694. History of the Bank of England: 1640 to 1903 by Dr. A. Andreades, p. 72-74

Excerpts from Taxation in Colonial America by Alvin Rabushka, Chapter 10 (p. 297-299)

The mechanism of credit established through the Bank of England merits explanation. In May 1694, the Ways and Means Act grana charter to the Bank of England. The bank was to lend the government 1,200,000 at 8 percent interest, a moderate rate given thegovernments dire financial straits. In return, the bank was to be given the privilege of registering as a joint-stock company. This waan enormous concession because all other banks were required to operate as individuals or partnerships on the basis of unlimitediability to their individual proprietors. The proprietors of the Bank of England, in contrast, did not face personal liability on their priva

funds. Their risk was limited to the capital invested in the bank . The bank enjoyed this advantage for more than a century. The nechartered bank was empowered to do ordinary banking business of receiving deposits and creating a credit currency.

The bank was both a bank of issue and a bank of deposit. The original plan put before a parliamentary committee in 1693 containean explicit reference to the right of note issue, but this was a point of contention. As a result, the act of 1694 contains no reference bank notes and only one to bank bills. It envisaged that the bank would accept deposits and borrow on bills, but that borrowing shonever exceed the sum of 1,200,000 at any one time, the amount the bank would raise and lend to the government, unless it be by act of Parliament upon funds agreed in Parliament. In this restriction, the act appears to limit the bill liabilities of the bank to1,200,000. It was not clear if the bank could legally owe more than 1,200,000 upon its notes. Other provisions forbade the purchaof crown lands or lending to the Crown without parliamentary consent. A perpetual fund of interest, 8 percent on the 1,200,000,payable to the subscribers from the ships tonnage and liquor duties levied under the act, was set at 100,000, tax free. No individuwas permitted to subscribe more than 20,000, and a quarter of all subscriptions was to be paid in prompt cash. Individuals were tbe personally liable for any debts of the bank exceeding its capital of 1,200,000.

The banks capital of 1,200,000 was subscribed within twelve days. The subscribers became a corporation called the Governor anCompany of the Bank of England. Only 60 percent of the scubscription, 720,000, was called up immeiately by the governors of thebank. The bank made its loan to the government in installments. On August 1, 1694, it gave the government 720,000 in cash, in acombination of drafts on other banks and 480,000 in notes under the seal of the bank, which became known as sealed bank bills.return, the bank took the governments promise to repay in the form of interest-bearing tallies (bonds, or government stock). FromAugust 22, treasury orders for the spending of the money began. By years end, the full sum had been advanced to the governmenHowever, as of January 1, 1695, the remaining 480,000 of shareholders subscriptions had not beeen called in and remainedavailable for future banking activities. Moreover, even some of the 720,000 existed in the form of subscribers bonds that the bankreckoned, optimistically, as cash.

On receipt of the loan, the government used the banks notes to purchase supplies for the armyBank of England sealed bank billsassured the king of purchasing power. The bank, in turn, was guaranteed interest by a specific act of Parliament. For 100,000 inearmarked tax revenue, the government of England could spend 1,200,000. For their part, the banks shareholders received a

dividend of 6 percent in the first half year, a double-digit return on an annualized basis.

The bank raised additional capital from its acceptance of deposits and the circulation of sealed bills in addition to those it gave thegovernment as part of the original 1,200,000. More important to the profitabilty of the bank and its ability to create additional credithe government and private commerce was if its total borrowing was limited to 1,200,000 as stated in the act of 1694. The governoof the bank tried but failed in 1695 to negotiate a clause in the act that would permit an issue of sealed bills in excess of 1,200,000court ruling declared that new bills could be issued only as old bills were retired. Howevver, the court ruled that the limit applied onlsealed bills, not to the less formal running cash notes of the bank, which lacked the corporate seal and were merely signed by thecashier. Excluding running cash notes from the limit amounted to a license to print money, literally cash, subject to the prudentialudgement of the banks managers. Forms were printed with blanks for names, amounts, and the cashiers signature. These cashnotes, nicknamed Speeds notes from the name of the cashier, were issued, circulated freely, and were accepted at full face valueThey were deemed as secure as the sealed bills backed by the banks share cpatial and government tallies or loans. The combinedssue of sealed bills and cash notes quickly exceeded the authorized subscribed capital and borrowing on bills. Credit could be creato the extent that the public accepted bank paper as good currency.


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Excerpts from Taxation in Colonial America by Alvin Rabushka, Chapter 10 (p. 286-287):

In January 1672 the Crown faced bankruptcy, which prompted a stop of the Exchequer, the freezing of all repayment for a yeafrom January 1, 1672, on Orders issued before December 18, 1671. Orders amounting to 1,100,000 rested on the ordinaryrevenue. Repayment of Orders would have reduced the Crowns disposable income in 1672 to 400,000, an intolerably lowevel. The stop temporarily relieved repayment of 1,200,000. The memory of the stop, which ruined several goldsmiths andother small lenders, was not quickly forgotten. Its damage constrained government credit operations during the remainder ofCharless reign and the brief rule of his brother, James.

Williams expenditures in Ireland and far greater military outlays in Europe as he involved England in what became more thancentury-long struggle against France on the continent and in America required funds above and beyond grants of Parliament.This circumstance provided an opportunity for a group of men who proposed the creation of a private, joint-stock bank that wohave some of the powers of a national bank, especially the issue of bank notes. After discussions between the founders of thproposed bank, the Privy Council in the presence of Queen Mary, and a committee of Parliament, an agreement was eventuareached in the Ways and Means Act of 1694 that authorized the creation of the Bank of England.

The previous system of granting credit directly to the monarch was replaced with loans made to the state, with debt serviceguaranteed by specific taxes on acts of Parliament. Parliament, not the kings tax collectors, guaranteed public debt. It passethe Tonnage Act of 1694 to guarantee annual interest of 100,000 on a loan of 1,200,000 to the government made by the neBank of England. Parliaments approval of earmarked taxes to guarantee payment of interest on loans to the state created abond market in which individuals could securely invest in government stock, the English term for long-term government bondsThe Bank of England in conjunction with the Tonnage Act marked the beginning of an official national debt, which would grow

eaps and bounds in the eighteenth century. Crown acquiescence in the supremacy of Parliament with Parliaments statutoryguarantee of interest and capital redemption transformed the previous insecurity of lending to the government through personoans, tallies, and Orders with the generally safe investment of purchasing government bonds.

The credit revolution of 1694 allowed the government of England to live beyond its means to spend more than it collected intaxes each year. The creation of credit at low rates of interest enabled the government to engage in lengthy wars costingmillions of pounds without having to subject English taxpayers at once to their full cost. As debt and debt service piled up, theconsequences of steadily rising taxes would lead England into war with its American colonies later in the eighteenth century.

Excerpts fromHistory of the Bank of Englandby Dr. A. Andreades (p. 65-67)

The plan now was to raise 1,200,000 to be lent to the Government in return for a yearly interest of 100,000. The subscribeto the loan were to form a corporation with the right to issue notes up to the value of its total capital. The corporation was to bcalled, The Governor and Company of the Bank of England.

Paterson wrote a pamphlet demonstrating the economic principles on which the future Bank of England was to rest.

He notes the old mistake that the stamp or denomination gives or adds to the value of money. The fallacy contained in thiswas pointed out by those who had suggested the foundation of the Bank some years earlier. Its promoters had seen that thenstitution ought to be based on the following principles:

1. That all money or credit not having an intrinsic value, to answer the contents or denomination thereof, is false and counterand the loss must fall one where or other.

2. That the species of gold and silver being accepted, and chosen by the commercial world for the standard, or measure, ofother effects, everything else is only accounted valuable as compared with these.

3.Wherefore all credit not founded on the universal species of gold and silver is impracticable, and can never subsist neithersafely nor long, at least till some other species of credit be found out and chosen by the trading part of mankind over and abor in lieu thereof.

After describing the strong position of the Bank and its prospects of success, and stating that no dividend would be paid withoseveral months' notice, in order to give the shareholders the choice of selling or retaining their shares, Paterson remarks thatThe politicians distinguish between the interest ofland and trade, as they have lately done between that of a king and hispeople, but if the proprietors of the Bank can circulate their own fundation [sic] of twelve hundred thousand pounds withouthaving more than two or three hundred thousand pounds lying dead at one time with another, this Bank will be in effect as ninhundred thousand pounds or a million of fresh money brought into the nation.


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Excerpts fromHistory of the Bank of Englandby Dr. A. Andreades (p. 28-32)

There had been an interval of seven years between the two publications, and during this time an event had occurred which, to judge

other countries, must have exercised considerable influence on the development of banks in England. I refer to the return of the Jew

The return of the Jews to England. Its influence on banking. The effect of the influx of Spanish Jews on the development of

Dutch commerce is well known. The influence of the Jews at Venice was no less marked. It was two Jews who first (in 1400)

obtained the authority of the Senate to found a bank in the strict sense of the word. Their success was so great that many Venetian

nobles established rival institutions. Abuses followed which, combined with monetary difficulties, determined the Government to

establish the Bank of Venice.

The same influence must have made itself felt in England. But at what date? In other words, when and for what reason were the Je

authorised to return to England? We will proceed to consider this question; it is not altogether easy to answer it.

It is certain that as soon as Charles I. was dead, the Jews attempted to return to England. Public opinion was not unfavourable to the

partly on account of the biblical spirit which then prevailed, and partly because of the services rendered by them in Holland, a coun

which the English of this period constantly set before them as a model. Thus Gardiner mentions the publication of a pamphlet abou

this time, in which in order to prove the importance of Dunkirk, it is stated that the Jews were prepared to give 60,000 to 80,000 i

return for the toleration of a synagogue there, and that such permission would attract all the Portuguese merchants from Amsterdam

from which a still greater benefit would result. The Amsterdam merchants had not expected such demonstrations of sympathy. Th

took the initiative, and two of them presented a petition in 1649 to Fairfax and the Council, for the revocation of the banishment of

Jews.

Another petition is referred to by some historians. Certain Jews had asked for the repeal of the laws passed against them, and oncondition that the Bodleian Library was made over to them, together with permission to convert St. Pauls Cathedral into a synagog

they undertook to pay "six millions of livres" according to some, 500,000 according to others. It is stated that negotiations were

broken off because the parties could not agree as to the price, the English Government asking eight millions or 800,000. It is

unfortunate as far as concerns the authenticity of this tale, that the references given by the historians are inadequate or erroneous,

hence we only refer to it as a curiosity. These negotiations came to nothing. Mr. Wolf proves however, that notwithstanding this

rebuff a number of Jews established themselves secretly in London in the time of the Commonwealth.

The situation improved still more during the Protectorate. Cromwells ideas were in advance of his times, and as Mr. F. Harrison

remarks, Noble were the efforts of the Protector to impress his own spirit of toleration on the intolerance of his age; He effectiv

protected the Quakers; he admitted the Jews, after an expulsion of three centuries; and he satisfied Mazarin that he had given to

Catholics all the protection that he dared. Cromwell was particularly well-disposed towards the Jews, with whom he had, accordin

M. Guizot, fairly frequent dealings. They seem to have done him numerous services. The Jews for their part were not unaware of th

Protector's feeling towards them, and did their best to profit by it.

Rabbi Manasseh Ben Israel took the initiative in the matter. This Rabbi was a remarkable character. He was born in Portugal about

1604, but while still a child he emigrated with his family to Holland. There he became a brilliant student, wrote books, and even

established the first Jewish printing press at Amsterdam. But his chief efforts were devoted to improving the lot of his co-religionist

and to securing their admission into the different European countries. In particular he tried by various means, such as petitions to th

Protector, and even the dedication of his book, Spes Israelis, to the British Parliament, to obtain permission for the Jews to return to

England.

A commission, presided over by Cromwell, was appointed to consider the question. It was composed of lawyers, priests and

merchants. The debates were long-winded and threatened to be interminable. Cromwell consequently dissolved the assembly,

remarking that the matter, complicated enough to start with, now appeared more intricate than ever, and that, although he wished n

more reasoning, he yet begged an interest in their prayers.

The conference was thus without result and Manasseh's hopes were apparently vain. As a matter of fact however, the Jews were tac

allowed to live in England. Manasseh received a pension of 100 to console him for his disappointment. And three years later, on

February 15th 1658, at a reception at Whitehall, Cromwell seems to have given an assurance of his protection to Carvajal and his

coreligionists.

Whatever may be the truth about this fatter point, it is probable that Cromwell took no legislative action with regard to the Jews, bu

is certain that he tolerated their return, and that at the end of the Protectorate a number of them were living in England. They must h

taken an active part in trade, for shortly afterwards a petition was signed by numerous merchants complaining that the Jews were no

subject to the alien law, and that in consequence the Treasury suffered a yearly loss of 10,000.


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Mervyn King, the Governor of the Bank of England, attend an inflation meeting in London.(Photo:http://seeker401.wordpress.com/2010/02/25/sterling-falls-on-boe-governors-speech/)

Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain greets the Governor of the Bank of England Mervyn King during a meeting at Buckingham Palace inLondon on March 24, 2009. Mervyn King became the first Governor of the Bank of England to hold private talks with the Queen at her officresidence. The Monarch and Governor met to discuss the economy following a hike in the United Kingdom's annual rate of inflation inFebruary. (Getty Images)
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Britain's Chancellor of the Exchequer Alistair Darling (L) walks with (left to right) Governor of the Bank of England Mervyn King, French

Finance Minister Christine Lagarde and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner during the G20 meeting in Horsham, England on March 2009. Ministers from the G20 group of wealthy and emerging countries are meeting for a second day ahead of the G20 summit in April. (Pby Peter Macdiarmid/Getty Images)

Chairman of the Federal Reserve Ben Bernanke (left) and Governor of the Bank of England Mervyn King arrive for the dinner of the G20Finance Ministers' meeting at the Guildhall in the City of London on September 4, 2009. World finance leaders shifted their focus from crisisfighting to banking reform on Friday as evidence mounted that the worst global recession in decades was finally drawing to a close.(Photo by Pool/Getty Images Europe)


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Britains Treasury Secretary Danny Alexander (L), Bank of England Governor Mervyn King (C) and Chancellor of the Exchequer GeorgeOsborne pose for a photograph at the Lord Mayor's dinner to the Bankers and Merchants of the City of London at Mansion House in Londoon June 16, 2010. The Bank of England will gain new powers to curb credit binges and prevent another crisis as it takes over control offinancial regulation in Britain, Osborne announced on Wednesday. (Reuters)

Bank of England Governor Mervyn King speaks at the Lord Mayor's dinner to the Bankers and Merchants of the City of London at MansionHouse in London on June 16, 2010. (Reuters)


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Hjalmar Schacht (left), President of The Reichsbank, confers with Montagu Norman, Governor of the Bank of England, during the Germanfinancier's visit to London in February 1938 to expound his Scheme for the evacuation of the Jewish population of Germany under a "goodsvoucher" system. Refugees received by other nations would receive vouchers from the German government representing the value of part their German possessions. The value of these vouchers would be taken out in German trade. The proposal was turned down. Manycommentators called it a "ransom Scheme." (Bettmann/CORBIS)

Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan (center) meets with the President of the European Central Bank Jean-Claude Trichet (right) anGovernor of the Bank of England Mervyn King at the beginning of the G20 finance ministers and central bank governors' meeting in Berlin o

November 19, 2004. All three men have attended the Bilderberg Meetings at least once. (Photo by Sean Gallup/Getty Images)


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THE CITY OF LONDON

The City of London, with the Bank of England (left) and the Old London Stock Exchange (right)


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Mansion House is the official residence of the Lord Mayor of the City of London in London, England. (Photo: Flickr)

British Jewish financiers Sir Moses Montefiore (left) and Nathan Mayer Rothschild (right)
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The Guildhall in the City of London (Photo: Flickr)
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The Bank of England, the central bank of Great Britain, located in the City of London. (Photo: Flickr)

Paternoster Square in the City of London the new home of the London Stock Exchange and next door to St Paul's Cathed
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Paternoster Square in the City of London


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Britains Prime Minister Gordon Brown (second from right), his wife Sarah (left), City of London Lord Mayor Alderman Ian Luder (second froeft), and his wife Lady Mayoress Lin Luder (right) pose for a picture during Lord Mayor's banquet in central London on November 10, 2008The banquet is held in honor of the immediate past Lord Mayor and is the first to be hosted by the new Lord Mayor of the City of LondonAlderman Ian Luder. (AFP/Getty Images)

Prime Minister of Great Britain Gordon Brown (center) and his wife Sarah attend the Lord Mayor's banquet in central London on November2008. (AFP/Getty Images)
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(From L to R) Sheriff Roger Gifford, Sheriff's Escort Clare Taylor, Sarah Brown, the wife of Gordon Brown, Lord Mayor AldermIan Luder, Britains Prime Minister Gordon Brown, Lady Mayoress Lin Luder, Sheriff's Escort Delva Patman and Sheriff GeorgGillon pose for a picture at the Guildhall during the Lord Mayor's banquet in central London on November 10, 2008. The banqs held in honor of the immediate past Lord Mayor and is the first to be hosted by the new Lord Mayor of the City of LondonAlderman Ian Luder (left). (AFP/Getty Images)

Britain's Prime Minister Gordon Brown (center) follows City of London Lord Mayor Alderman Ian Luder (R) during a processiothe Guildhall during the Lord Mayor's banquet in central London on November 10, 2008. (AFP/Getty Images)
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Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain leaves the new London Stock Exchange building after her visit in the City of London on July 27, 2004.(Peoples Daily Online)

Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain walks with the Lord Mayor of London, Sir Robin Gillett, on the occasion of her Silver Jubilee on June 7,1977. (Photo by Fox Photos/Getty Images)
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Gryphon (Griffin) at City of London (Photo:Flickr)
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This is the Temple Bar Memorial on Fleet Street that marks the boundary between the City of London and the City of Westminster. It was oof the traditional gateways to the City of London. (Photo: Flickr)
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THE FABIAN SOCIETY & LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS

George Soros (BSc '52) speaks to the London School of Economics Alumni Society of Malaysia. (Photo taken by Jeff Ooi)

(Source: Wikipedia)

Founders of the Fabian Society (from left to right): Sidney Webb, George Bernard Shaw (awarded Nobel Prize for Literature),and George Wallas. The Fabian Society is a communist society that promotes communism and socialism through peaceful ademocratic methods.
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The London School of Economics was founded in 1895 by Fabian Society members Sidney Webb, Graham Wallas, and GeoBernard Shaw. Notable London School of Economics students and graduates include David Rockefeller, George Soros, RobRubin, Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, Elliott Abrams, former Prime Minister of Italy Romano Prodi, and former President JoF. Kennedy.


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Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke speaks to an audience at the London School of Economics in London on January 2009. Employment levels in the United States will see "continued weakness" in the coming months, Federal Reserve Chairm

Ben Bernanke warned in London on Tuesday. "We're currently in a very bad stage of the contraction as far as employment isconcerned, and I would expect to see continued weakness in the first quarter," he said, replying to an audience questionfollowing a speech at the London School of Economics. (AFP/Getty Images)
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THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OFINTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (RIIA) is nothing but the Milner Group writ large. It was

founded by the Group, has been consistently controlled by the Group, and to this day is the Milner Group in its widest aspect.

is the legitimate child of the Round Table organization, just as the latter was the legitimate child of the Closer Union

movement organized in South Africa in 1907. All three of these organizations were formed by the same small group of person

all three received their initial financial backing from Sir Abe Bailey, and all three used the same methods for working out and

propagating their ideas (the so-called Round Table method of discussion groups plus a journal). This similarity is not anaccident. The new organization was intended to be a wider aspect of the Milner Group, the plan being to influence the leaders

thought through The Round Table and to influence a wider group through the RIIA. The real founder of the Institute was LioCurtis, although this fact was concealed for many years and he was presented to the public as merely one among a number of

founders. In more recent years, however, the fact that Curtis was the real founder of the Institute has been publicly stated by

members of the Institute and by the Institute itself on many occasions, and never denied. One example will suffice. In the

Annual Report of the Institute for 1942-1943 we read the following sentence: When the Institute was founded through the

inspiration of Mr. Lionel Curtis during the Peace Conference of Paris in 1919, those associated with him in laying the

foundations were a group of comparatively young men and women.

Carroll Quigley, The Anglo-American Establishment, p. 182


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The Institute was organized at a joint conference of British and American experts at the Hotel Majestic on 30 May 1919. At

suggestion of Lord Robert Cecil, the chair was given to General Tasker Bliss of the American delegation. We have already

indicated that the experts of the British delegation at the Peace Conference were almost exclusively from the Milner Group an

Cecil Bloc. The American group of experts, the Inquiry, was manned almost as completely by persons from institutions

(including universities) dominated by J. P. Morgan and Company. This was not an accident. Moreover, the Milner Group has

always had very close relationships with the associates of J. P. Morgan and with the various branches of the Carnegie Trust.

These relationships, which are merely examples of the closely knit ramifications of international financial capitalism, wereprobably based on the financial holdings controlled by the Milner Group through the Rhodes Trust. The term international

financier can be applied with full justice to several members of the Milner Group inner circle, such as Brand, Hichens, and

above all, Milner himself. At the meeting at the Hotel Majestic, the British group included Lionel Curtis, Philip Kerr, Lord

Robert Cecil, Lord Eustace Percy, Sir Eyre Crowe, Sir Cecil Hurst, J. W. Headlam-Morley, Geoffrey Dawson, HaroldTemperley, and G. M. Gathorne-Hardy. It was decided to found a permanent organization for the study of international affair

and to begin by writing a history of the Peace Conference. A committee was set up to supervise the writing of this work. It h

Lord Meston as chairman, Lionel Curtis as secretary, and was financed by a gift of 2000 from Thomas W. Lamont of J. P.

Morgan and Company. This group picked Harold Temperley as editor of the work. It appeared in six large volumes in the yea

1920-1924, under the auspices of the RIIA. The British organization was set up by a committee of which Lord Robert Cecil w

chairman, Lionel Curtis was honorary secretary and the following were members: Lord Eustace Percy, J. A. C. (later Sir John

Tilley, Philip Noel-Baker, Clement Jones, Harold Temperley, A. L. Smith (classmate of Milner and Master of Balliol), Georg

W. Prothero, and Geoffrey Dawson. This group drew up a constitution and made a list of prospective members. Lionel Curtis

and Gathorne Hardy drew up the by-laws. The above description is based on the official history of the RIIA published by the

Institute itself in 1937 and written by Stephen King-Hall.

Carroll Quigley, The Anglo-American Establishment, p. 182-183

This point of view was supported by the second group, which was known in those days as the Round Table Group, and came

later to be called, somewhat inaccurately, the Cliveden Set, after the country estate of Lord and Lady Astor. It included LordMilner, Leopold Amery, and Edward Grigg (Lord Altrincham), as well as Lord Lothian, [Jan] Smuts, Lord Astor, Lord Brand

(brother-in-law of Lady Astor and managing director of Lazard Brothers, the international bankers), Lionel Curtis, Geoffrey

Dawson (editor ofThe Times), and their associates. This group wielded great influence because it controlled the Rhodes Trusthe Beit Trust, The Times of London, The Observer, the influential and highly anonymous quarterly review known as The RouTable (founded in 1910 with money supplied by Sir Abe Bailey and the Rhodes Trust, and with Lothian as editor), and it

dominated the Royal Institute of International Affairs, called Chatham House (of which Sir Abe Bailey and the Astors were

the chief financial supporters, while Lionel Curtis was the actual founder), the Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, and All Souls

College, Oxford. Carroll Quigley, Tragedy and Hope, p. 581

The more moderate Round Table group, including Lionel Curtis, Leopold Amery (who was the shadow of Lord Milner), LorLothian, Lord Brand, and Lord Astor, sought to weaken the League of Nations and destroy all possibility of collective securit

order to strengthen Germany in respect to both France and the Soviet Union, and above all to free Britain from Europe in orde

to build up an Atlantic bloc of Great Britain and the British Dominions, and the United States. They prepared the way for t

Union through the Rhodes Scholarship organization (of which Lord Milner was the head in 1905-1925 and Lord Lothian w

secretary in 1925-1940), through the Round Table groups (which had been set up in the United States, India, and the British

Dominions in 1910-1917), through the Chatham House organization, and a Council on Foreign Relations in New York, as we

as through Unofficial Commonwealth Relations Conferences held irregularly, and the Institutes of Pacific Relations set up

various countries as autonomous branches of the Royal Institutes of International Affairs. This influential group sought tochange the League of Nations from an instrument of collective security to an international conference for nonpolitical matte

like drug control or international postal services, to rebuild Germany as a buffer against the Soviet Union and a counterpoise t

France, and to build up an Atlantic bloc of Britain, the Dominions, the United States, and, if possible, the Scandinavian

countries. Carroll Quigley, Tragedy and Hope, p. 582


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Chatham House History

Chatham House, also known as the Royal Institute of International Affairs, is based in the heart of London. As a measure of itsmportance in the world of international relations, the name 'Chatham House' - the building - is now commonly used to refer to theorganization.

The House has given its name to the famous Chatham House Rule, first established here in 1927 and revised twice since. The Ruleused around the world to ensure free and open debate.

Background

In 1919 British and American delegates to the Paris Peace Conference, under the leadership of Lionel Curtis, conceived the idea of Anglo-American Institute of foreign affairs to study international problems with a view to preventing future wars. In the event, the BritInstitute of International Affairs was founded separately in London in July 1920 and received its Royal Charter in 1926 to become Th

Royal Institute of International Affairs. The American delegates developed the Council on Foreign Relations in New York as a sisternstitute. Both are now among the world's leading international affairs think-tanks.

The Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House) is an independent international affairs think-tank and membershiporganization. It is precluded by its Charter from expressing any institutional view or policy on any aspect of international affairs. It donot receive any statutory government funding and is not a government organization, although some government departments arecorporate members of Chatham House and may fund specific projects.

More about membership >>

Based inSt James' Square in London, the listed building was home to three Prime Ministers (William Pitt the Elder, Edward Stanleyand William Gladstone) before being gifted to what was then the Institute of International Affairs in 1923. The book, Chatham HouseHistory and Inhabitants, published in July 2004, is available to order.

(Source: http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/history/)
http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/chathamhouserule/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/membership/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/contact/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/contact/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/contact/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/books/view/-/id/950/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/books/view/-/id/950/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/history/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/chathamhouserule/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/membership/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/contact/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/books/view/-/id/950/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/books/view/-/id/950/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/history/


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Chatham House Rule

The Chatham House Rule reads as follows:

"When a meeting, or part thereof, is held under the Chatham House Rule, participants are free to usethe information received, but neither the identity nor the affiliation of the speaker(s), nor that ofany other participant, may be revealed".

The world-famous Chatham House Rule may be invoked at meetings to encourage openness and the sharing of information.

EXPLANATION of the Rule

The Chatham House Rule originated at Chatham House with the aim of providing anonymity to speakers and to encourage opennesand the sharing of information. It is now used throughout the world as an aid to free discussion. Meetings do not have to take place Chatham House, or be organized by Chatham House, to be held under the Rule.

Meetings, events and discussions held at Chatham House are normally conducted 'on the record' with the Rule occasionally invokedthe speaker's request. In cases where the Rule is not considered sufficiently strict, an event may be held 'off the record'.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS:

Q.When was the Rule devised?A. In 1927 and refined in 1992 and 2002.

Q.Should one refer to the Chatham House Rule or the Chatham House Rules?A. There is only one Rule.

Q.What are the benefits of using the Rule?A. It allows people to speak as individuals, and to express views that may not be those of their organizations, and therefore itencourages free discussion. People usually feel more relaxed if they don't have to worry about their reputation or the implications ifthey are publicly quoted.

Q.How is the Rule enforced?A. Chatham House can take disciplinary action against one of its members who breaks the Rule. Not all organizations that use the Rhave sanctions. The Rule then depends for its success on being seen as morally binding.

Q.Is the Rule used for all meetings at Chatham House?A. Not often forMembers Events; more frequently for smaller research meetings, for example where work in progress is discussed owhen subject matter is politically sensitive. MostChatham House conferencesare under the Rule.

Q.Who uses the Rule these days?A. It is widely used in the English-speaking world - by local government and commercial organizations as well as researchorganizations.

(Source: http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/chathamhouserule/)
http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/events/members/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/events/conferences/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/events/conferences/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/events/conferences/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/chathamhouserule/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/events/members/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/events/conferences/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/chathamhouserule/


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Patron, Presidents, Council and Directors of the Royal Institute of International Affairs

Patron

Her Majesty The Queen

Presidents

Chatham House has Presidents from each of the three major political parties at Westminster - a reflection of our independence fromgovernment:

The Rt Hon Lord Ashdown of Norton-Sub-Hamdon

The Rt Hon Lord Hurd of Westwell

The Rt Hon Lord Robertson of Port Ellen

Council

The governance of Chatham House is overseen by its Council.

The Council is elected by members of Chatham House, in a secret ballot. Council members serve for three years with the possibilityre-election for a further three years. There are three Committees of Council with delegated authority; the Executive Committee, theFinance Committee and the Investment Committee.

Communications to the Council should be addressed to The Secretary to the CouncilPaul Curtin.

Dr DeAnne Julius CBE, Chairman E,F

Sir Brian Crowe, Deputy Chairman E

Ed Smith, Hon Treasurerex-officioE,F,I

Tony Baldry MP

Lyse Doucet

Andrew Fraser CMG E

Ryan Gawn

Martin Giles

Claudia Hamill F

Dr John Llewellyn Raj Loomba, CBE F

The Rt Hon Dr Denis MacShane MP

Michael Moore MP F

Elizabeth Padmore E

Alpesh Patel I

Stuart Popham F

Trisha Rogers

Divya Seshamani F

Jonathan Steele E

Seth Thomas F

E = Member of the Executive Committee

F = Member of the Finance CommitteeI = Member of the Investment Committee

Directors

Dr Robin Niblett, Director

Paul Curtin, Finance Director

(Source: http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/)
http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/lord_ashdown/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/lord_hurd/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/lord_hurd/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/lord_robertson/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/contact/email/-/cid/12/sn/1/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/contact/email/-/cid/12/sn/1/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/contact/email/-/cid/12/sn/1/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/deanne_julius/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/brian_crowe/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/ed_smith/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/tony_baldry/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/lyse_doucet/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/lyse_doucet/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/andrew_fraser/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/ryan_gawn/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/martin_giles/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/claudia_hamill/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/claudia_hamill/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/dr_john_llewellyn/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/raj_loomba/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/denis_macshane/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/michael_moore/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/elizabeth_padmore/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/alpesh_patel/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/alpesh_patel/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/stuart_popham/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/trisha_rogers/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/divya_seshamani/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/divya_seshamani/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/jonathan_steele/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/seth_thomas/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/robin_niblett/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/robin_niblett/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/contact/email/-/cid/12/sn/1/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/lord_ashdown/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/lord_hurd/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/lord_robertson/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/contact/email/-/cid/12/sn/1/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/deanne_julius/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/brian_crowe/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/ed_smith/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/tony_baldry/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/lyse_doucet/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/andrew_fraser/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/ryan_gawn/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/martin_giles/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/claudia_hamill/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/dr_john_llewellyn/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/raj_loomba/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/denis_macshane/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/michael_moore/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/elizabeth_padmore/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/alpesh_patel/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/stuart_popham/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/trisha_rogers/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/divya_seshamani/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/jonathan_steele/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/seth_thomas/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/robin_niblett/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/contact/email/-/cid/12/sn/1/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/council/


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Panel of Senior Advisers

The Panel of Senior Advisers was founded in 2008 to provide Chatham House with an experienced sounding board for our policyconclusions and help communicate our ideas at the highest levels in the UK and abroad.

Lord Browne of MadingleyPresident, Royal Academy of Engineering; and Chief Executive, BP (1995-2007)

Arzuhan Doan-YalindaBoard Member, Doan Sirketler Grubu Holding SA, Turkey

Mary Francis CBENon-Executive Director, Centrica, Arriva and St Modwen; Director, Bank of England (2001-07)

Andr HoffmannVice-Chairman, Board of Roche Holding Ltd

Lord Hurd of WestwellPresident, Chatham House; UK Foreign Secretary (1989-95)

Lord Jay of EwelmePermanent Under-Secretary, Foreign Office (2002-06)

Sir Paul JudgeChairman, Schroder Income Growth Fund plc; Deputy Chairman, Royal Society of Arts

Lord Kerr of KinlochardPermanent Under-Secretary, Foreign Office (1997-2002); Vice-Chairman, Royal Dutch Shell

Nemir KirdarFounder, Executive Chairman and CEO, Investcorp

Mark Leland

President, Marc E. Leland and Associates, USA; Co-Chairman, German Marshall Fund of the United States Rachel LomaxDeputy Governor, Monetary Policy, the Bank of England (2003-08)

Sir David ManningBritish Ambassador to the United States (2003-07); foreign affairs and defence adviser to Prime Minister Tony Blair (2001-0

Baron Marshall of KnightsbridgeChairman, Nomura International plc and Pirelli UK

David MottChief Executive and President, MedImmune, USA

Sir Michael RakeChairman, BT

Lord Robertson of Port EllenPresident, Chatham House, Secretary General, NATO (1999-2003)

John C WhiteheadFounding Chairman, Lower Manhattan Development Corporation, USA; former Co-Chairman of Goldman Sachs

(Source: http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/psa/)
http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/psa/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/psa/


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Corporate Members List of the Royal Institute of International Affairs

A list of current Corporate Members of Chatham House.

More about Corporate Membership of Chatham House >>

ABC NEWS INTERCONTINENTAL INC

AEGIS DEFENCE SERVICES LTD

AKE LTD

AL-HAYAT (LONDON)

ALLEN & OVERYALULBAYT FOUNDATION

AMERICAN EXPRESSAMNESTY INTERNATIONAL

ANGLO AMERICAN PLC

ANGLO-ARAB ORGANISATION

ARAB ACADEMY FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ARCELORMITTAL

ASAHI SHIMBUN (EUROPE)

ASPEN INSURANCE UK LTD

ASTRAZENECA PLCBANK OF ENGLAND

BANK OF ITALY

BANK OF JAPANBANK OF TOKYO-MITSUBISHI UFJ, LTD

BLAND GROUP LTD

BREVAN HOWARD

BRITISH COUNCIL

C13 ASSOCIATES LTDCABINET OFFICE

CBI

CBS NEWS

CCC GROUP COMPANIES

CENTRE FOR GLOBAL ENERGY STUDIES

CHIVAS BROTHERS

CHUBB INVESTMENT SERVICES LTD

CHUBU ELECTRIC POWER CO., INCCHURCH OF ENGLAND

CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS LTDCLEARY GOTTLIEB STEEN & HAMILTON

COMMONWEALTH PARLIAMENTARY ASSOCIATION

COMMONWEALTH SECRETARIAT

CONOCOPHILLIPS (UK) LIMITED

CROWN AGENTS

CRU INTERNATIONAL LTD

DAILY MAIL AND GENERAL TRUST

DE BEERS GROUP SERVICES UK LTDDE LA RUE

DEFENCE ACADEMY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM

DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENTERPRISE & REGULATORY REFORM

DIPLOMATIC COUNCIL, THE

E.ON UK

EADS UK LTD

EDS

EMBASSY OF ALGERIAEMBASSY OF ARGENTINA

EMBASSY OF ARMENIA

EMBASSY OF AUSTRIA

EMBASSY OF AZERBAIJAN

EMBASSY OF BAHRAIN

EMBASSY OF BELGIUM

EMBASSY OF BOLIVIA

EMBASSY OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/membership/corporate/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/membership/corporate/


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EMBASSY OF BRAZIL

EMBASSY OF CHILE

EMBASSY OF COSTA RICA

EMBASSY OF ESTONIA

EMBASSY OF ETHIOPIA

EMBASSY OF FINLAND

EMBASSY OF FRANCE

EMBASSY OF GERMANY

EMBASSY OF GREECEEMBASSY OF INDONESIA

EMBASSY OF IRELAND

EMBASSY OF ISRAELEMBASSY OF ITALY

EMBASSY OF JAPAN

EMBASSY OF KUWAIT

EMBASSY OF LATVIA

EMBASSY OF LUXEMBOURGEMBASSY OF MEXICO

EMBASSY OF MOROCCO

EMBASSY OF PORTUGAL

EMBASSY OF ROMANIA

EMBASSY OF RUSSIA (London)

EMBASSY OF SPAIN

EMBASSY OF SWEDEN

EMBASSY OF SWITZERLANDEMBASSY OF THAILAND

EMBASSY OF THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT

EMBASSY OF THE BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA

EMBASSY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC

EMBASSY OF THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

EMBASSY OF THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN

EMBASSY OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN

EMBASSY OF THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS

EMBASSY OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIAEMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA

EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF HUNGARY

EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF IRAQEMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA

EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA

EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLANDEMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA

EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE SUDAN

EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY

EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF YEMEN

EMBASSY OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC

EMBASSY OF THE STATE OF QATAREMBASSY OF THE SULTANATE OF OMAN

EMBASSY OF THE SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC

EMBASSY OF THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

EMBASSY OF UKRAINE

EMBASSY, OF THE ROYAL KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA

EMBASSY, ROYAL DANISH

EMBASSY, ROYAL NORWEGIAN

ENERGY INTELLIGENCE GROUP

ES-KO INTERNATIONAL INC

EUROPEAN BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION & DEVELOPMENTEUROPEAN COMMISSION

EUROPEAN INVESTMENT BANK

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT UK OFFICE


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FINANCIAL SERVICES AUTHORITY

FINANCIAL TIMES

FINMECCANICA UK LTD

FUJISANKEI COMMUNICATIONS INTL

FUJITSU

GARDA

GCHQ

GOOD GOVERNANCE GROUP

GROUP 4 SECURICORGUARDIAN, THE

HERMITAGE CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

HESS LTDHIGH COMMISSION FOR THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN

HIGH COMMISSION FOR THE REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE

HIGH COMMISSION FOR THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

HIGH COMMISSION FOR THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

HIGH COMMISSION OF AUSTRALIAHIGH COMMISSION OF BELIZE

HIGH COMMISSION OF BRUNEI DARUSSALAM

HIGH COMMISSION OF CANADA

HIGH COMMISSION OF CYPRUS

HIGH COMMISSION OF INDIA

HIGH COMMISSION OF MALTA

HIGH COMMISSION OF NEW ZEALAND

HIGH COMMISSION OF ZAMBIAHILL AND KNOWLTON

HM TREASURY

HOGAN & HARTSON LLP

HONG KONG ECONOMIC & TRADE OFFICE

HOUSE OF COMMONS LIBRARY

HOUSE OF LORDS LIBRARY

HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH

HUNGARIAN DEFENCE ATTACHE OFFICE

IIED

INDEPENDENT TELEVISION NEWSINSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS IN ENGLAND AND WALES

INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS

INTERNATIONAL SOSINVESTCORP INTERNATIONAL LTD

JAPAN CENTRE FOR INTERNATIONAL FINANCE

JAPAN OIL, GAS AND METALS NATIONAL CORPORATION

JARDINE LLOYD THOMPSON

JICA UK OFFICEJKX OIL & GAS

JOHN SWIRE & SONS LTD

KANSAI ELECTRIC POWER CO INC

KOKUSAI ASSET MANAGEMENT CO., LTD

KROLL

KUWAIT INVESTMENT OFFICE

KYODO NEWS

LEAGUE OF ARAB STATESLINKLATERS

LLOYD'S OF LONDON

LLOYDS TSB GROUP PLC

MAPLECROFT

MARATHON OIL UK LTD

MARUBENI EUROPE PLC

MATHESON & CO LTD

MBDA

MCKINSEY & COMPANY

MERRILL LYNCH EUROPE PLCMITSUI & CO EUROPE PLC

MO IBRAHIM FOUNDATION

MORGAN STANLEY & CO INTERNATIONAL LTD


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NATIONAL SCHOOL OF GOVERNMENT

NEXEN PETROLEUM UK LTD

NHK JAPAN BROADCAST CORPORATION

NIKKEI INC

OFFICE FOR EUROPEAN AFFAIRS

OXFORD ANALYTICA LTD

PAPUA NEW GUINEA ECO-FORESTRY FORUM

PETRO-CANADA UK LTD

PETROFAC ENERGY DEVELOPMENTSQUAKER PEACE AND SOCIAL WITNESS

QUEBEC GOVERNMENT OFFICE

REFUGEE LEGAL CENTREREGAL PETROLEUM PLC

RELIANCE EUROPE LTD

RISK ADVISORY GROUP

ROLLS-ROYCE PLC

SCHLUMBERGERSMITHS GROUP PLC

SPECIALIST SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES TRUST

STANDARD LIFE GROUP

STATOIL (UK) LTD

STEPHENSON HARWOOD

STREET CHILD AFRICA

SUMITOMO MITSUI BANKING CORPORATION

TAIPEI REPRESENTATIVE OFFICETAPESTRY NETWORKS LTD

TATA LTD

TELEGRAPH MEDIA GROUP

THE MCGRAW-HILL COMPANIES

TIMES NEWSPAPERS LTD

TOKYO ELECTRIC POWER COMPANY

UBS

UNIVERSITIES SUPERANNUATION SCHEME LTD

VTB EUROPE

WILMER CUTLER PICKERING HALE & DORRWILTON PARK

WORLD BANK

YOMIURI SHIMBUN

(Source: http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/membership/corporate/corporate_members_list/)
http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/membership/corporate/corporate_members_list/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/membership/corporate/corporate_members_list/


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Major Corporate Members List of the Royal Institute of International Affairs

A list of Major Corporate Members of Chatham House.

More about Major Corporate Membership >>

ACCENTUREAVIVA PLCBARCLAYS CAPITALBBC

BG GROUPBHP BILLITON INTERNATIONAL SERVICES LTDBLOOMBERGBOOZ & COBP PLCBRITISH AMERICAN TOBACCOBT GROUP PLCCHEVRON LTDCITY OF LONDON, THECLIFFORD CHANCE LLPCONTROL RISKS GROUPDEPARTMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTDETICADLA PIPER UK LLP

ECONOMIST, THEEMBASSY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICAEXXONMOBILFOREIGN AND COMMONWEALTH OFFICEGLAXOSMITHKLINE PLCGOLDMAN SACHS INTERNATIONALHOME OFFICEHSBC HOLDINGS PLCITOCHU EUROPE PLCJAPAN BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIONJETRO LONDONKPMGKUWAIT PETROLEUM CORPORATIONLEHMAN BROTHERS

MERCK & CO., INCMINISTRY OF DEFENCEMITSUBISHI CORPORATIONNATIONAL INTELLIGENCE COUNCILNESTLE (UK)PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERSREUTERS GROUP PLCRINKU OF LONDON PLCRIO TINTO PLCROYAL BANK OF SCOTLANDSAUDI PETROLEUM OVERSEAS LTDSERCOSHELL INTERNATIONAL LTDSTANDARD CHARTERED BANK

STATE STREETTHALESTNK - BPTOTAL HOLDINGS UK LTDUNILEVER PLCVIRGIN ATLANTICVODAFONE GROUP PLCWARBURG PINCUS

(Source: http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/membership/corporate/major_corporate_members_list/)
http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/membership/corporate/major_corporate_membership/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/membership/corporate/major_corporate_members_list/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/membership/corporate/major_corporate_membership/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/membership/corporate/major_corporate_members_list/


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President Ronald Reagan gives a speech to members of the Royal Institute of International Affairs at the Guildhall in London

United Kingdom on June 3, 1988. (Photo: Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, Photo C47546-14)


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Robert S. Mueller III, Director of Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) [United States of America], speaks at Chatham House London on Monday, April 7, 2008. Mueller gave a speech entitled Global Terrorism Today and the Challenges of Tomorrow.(Associated Press/Kirsty Wigglesworth)

United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon delivers a speech at Chatham House in London on July 11, 2007. Ban Ki-Mos making his first official visit to Britain since he replaced Kofi Annan as the United Nations chief at the start of this year.(Associated Press/Matt Dunham)
http://www.daylife.com/photo/0dc3fjkgtqaAK/chatham_househttp://www.daylife.com/photo/0gMge9ncqmazEhttp://www.daylife.com/photo/0dc3fjkgtqaAK/chatham_househttp://www.daylife.com/photo/0gMge9ncqmazE


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President of the European Central Bank Jean-Claude Trichet gives a lecture entitled "Central banks and the public: themportance of communication" at Chatham House in London on November 18, 2008. (Reuters)

Rwandas President Paul Kagame delivers a speech on "Evolution of Conflict: Prospects for Peace and Development in Africaat Chatham House in London on December 6, 2006. (Photo: Government of Rwanda)
http://www.daylife.com/photo/0e3SaVB3DL90V/chatham_househttp://www.gov.rw/government/president/photo/london3.htmlhttp://www.daylife.com/photo/0e3SaVB3DL90V/chatham_househttp://www.gov.rw/government/president/photo/london3.html


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Yang Jiechi, the Chinese Communist Minister of Foreign Affairs, addresses guests at Chatham House in central London onDecember 5, 2007. (AFP/Getty Images)

Former President of Iran Mohammad Khatami gives a press conference at Chatham House in London on November 1, 2006. Khatami facenoisy protests from pro-democracy groups today ahead of an address to a foreign affairs think-tank in London. More than 100 demonstratogathered outside Chatham House in central London, protesting against the cleric's record during his time in office between 1997 and 2005.(Leon Neal/AFP/Getty Images)
http://www.daylife.com/photo/07Yz4ZXd5j3Ip/chatham_househttp://www.daylife.com/photo/0c8j23afnvgwphttp://www.daylife.com/photo/0c8j23afnvgwphttp://www.daylife.com/photo/07Yz4ZXd5j3Ip/chatham_househttp://www.daylife.com/photo/0c8j23afnvgwp


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European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso delivers a speech at Chatham House. (Photo: Chatham House 2007 Annual Revie

(Left and right photos: Chatham House 2003 Annual Report)

(Source: Chatham House 2003 Annual Report)


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Royal Institute of International Affairs and its sister organization

Council on Foreign Relations (United States of America) founded on July 29, 1921

Canadian Institute of International Affairs founded on 1 January 1928

Australian Institute of International Affairs founded on 20 February 1933

New Zealand Institute of International Affairs founded on 17 July 1931

South African Institute of International Affairs founded on 26 May 1934

Indian Council of World Affairs founded on 21 November 1943

Pakistan Institute of International Affairs founded on 30 March 1948


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Page 13 of the 1952 edition of the Royal Institute of International Affairs annual report


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1947 edition of the Royal Institute of International Affairs annual report


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Page 40 of the 1965 edition of the Royal Institute of International Affairs report


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Sir Maurice Hankey is shown here in civilian clothing, top row center, with the Imperial War Cabinet of 1917-1918. Canadian

Prime Minister Robert Borden is seated beside British Prime Minister Lloyd George (front row, third and fourth from left

respectively). At the far right of the same row is the South African General Jan Christian Smuts, a key proponent of liberal

internationalism and a champion of the soon-to-be-established League of Nations. David Lloyd George was a member of the

Royal Institute of International Affairs.

The Dominion Prime Ministers meet in London in 1944. Standing from left to right: Jan Christian Smuts (Prime Minister of

South Africa) and Peter Fraser (Prime Minister of New Zealand). Sitting from left to right: W. McKenzie-King (Prime Minis

of Canada), Winston Churchill (Prime Minister of the United Kingdom), and John Curtin (Prime Minister of Australia). All fmen served as honorary presidents of the Royal Institute of International Affairs during World War II.


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Librarian of Congress Archibald MacLeish, a member of Skull & Bones, shakes hands with British Ambassador to the UnitedStates the Marquess of Lothian (Philip H. Kerr), a member of Alfred Milners Kindergarten, on November 28, 1939. MacLeishwas the founder of UNESCO; Kerr was the Secretary of Rhodes Trust at Oxford University (1925-1939).

The Chatham House in London, headquarters of the Royal Institute of International Affairs


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NOTABLE MEMBERS OF THE

ROYAL INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

King George VI, Viscount Astor, Lionel Curtis, Sir Abe Bailey, Queen Elizabeth II

Clement Attlee, Winston S. Churchill, David Lloyd George, Anthony Eden

Herbert Samuel, Robert Cecil, Denis Healey, Ernest Bevin


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THE ROUND TABLE:CECIL RHODES & HIS AFRIKA KORPS

Cecil Rhodes, who established the diamond corporation DeBeers and founded the Rhodes Scholarship, is flanked by the flags

the apartheid states of South Africa (left) and Rhodesia (right).


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[Lord Alfred] Milner took over the two defeated Boer republics and administered them as occupied territory until 1905, usin

civil service of young men recruited for the purpose. This group, known as Milners Kindergarten, reorganized the

government and administration of the Transvaal and Orange River Colony and played a major role in South African life

generally. When Milner left public in 1905 to devote himself to international finance and the Rhodes enterprises, Lord Selbo

his successor as high commissioner, took over the Kindergarten and continued to use it. In 1906 a new Liberal government in

London granted self-government to the two Boer states. The Kindergarten spent the next four years in a successful effort to

create a South African Federation. Carroll Quigley, Tragedy and Hope, p. 138

As soon as South Africa was united in 1910, the Kindergarten returned to London to try to federate the whole empire by the

same methods. They were in a hurry to achieve this before the war with Germany which they believed to be approaching. W

Abe Bailey money they founded The Round Table under Kerrs (Lothians) editorship, met in formal conclaves presided overMilner to decide the fate of the empire, and recruited new members to their group, chiefly from New College, of which Milne

was a fellow. The new recruits included a historian, F. S. Oliver, (Sir) Alfred Zimmern, (Sir) Reginald Coupland, Lord Lova

and Waldorf (Lord) Astor. Curtis and others were sent around the world to organize Round Table groups n the chief British

dependencies. For several years (1910-1916) the Round Table groups worked desperately trying to find an acceptable formul

for federating the empire. Three books and many articles emerged from these discussions, but gradually it became clear that

federation was not acceptable to the English-speaking dependencies. Gradually, it was decided to dissolve all formal bonds

between these dependencies, except, perhaps, allegiance to the Crown, and depend on the common outlook of Englishmen to

keep the empire together. This involved changing the name British Empire to Commonwealth of Nations, as in the title o

Curtiss book of 1916, giving the chief dependencies, including India and Ireland, their complete independence (but gradually

and by free gift rather than under duress), working to bring the United States more closely into this same orientation, and seek

to solidify the intangible links of sentiment by propaganda among financial, educational, and political leaders in each country

Carroll Quigley, Tragedy and Hope, p. 144

Cecil John Rhodes (left) and Alfred Beit, South African mining magnates, were instrumental in launching the Jameson Raid


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Confession of Faith

An essay written by Cecil Rhodes, 1877

Rhodes originally wrote this on June 2, 1877, in Oxford. Later, that year in Kimberley [South Africa], he made some additions and chang

What follows is that amended statement. The spelling and grammar errors were in the original.

It often strikes a man to inquire what is the chief good in life; to one the thought comes that it is a happy marriage, to another

great wealth, and as each seizes on his idea, for that he more or less works for the rest of his existence. To myself thinking ov

the same question the wish came to render myself useful to my country. I then asked myself how could I and after reviewing t

various methods I have felt that at the present day we are actually limiting our children and perhaps bringing into the world ha

the human beings we might owing to the lack of country for them to inhabit that if we had retained America there would at th

moment be millions more of English living. I contend that we are the finest race in the world and that the more of the world w

inhabit the better it is for the human race. Just fancy those parts that are at present inhabited by the most despicable specimen

human beings what an alteration there would be if they were brought under Anglo-Saxon influence, look again at the extra

employment a new country added to our dominions gives. I contend that every acre added to our territory means in the future

birth to some more of the English race who otherwise would not be brought into existence. Added to this the absorption of the

greater portion of the world under our rule simply means the end of all wars, at this moment had we not lost America I believ

we could have stopped the Russian-Turkish war by merely refusing money and supplies. Having these ideas what scheme cou

we think of to forward this object. I look into history and I read the story of the Jesuits I see what they were able to do in a ba

cause and I might say under bad leaders.

At the present day I become a member of the Masonic order I see the wealth and power they possess the influence they hold a

I think over their ceremonies and I wonder that a large body of men can devote themselves to what at times appear the mostridiculous and absurd rites without an object and without an end.

The idea gleaming and dancing before ones eyes like a will-of-the-wisp at last frames itself into a plan. Why should we not fo

a secret society with but one object the furtherance of the British Empire and the bringing of the whole uncivilised world und

British rule for the recovery of the United States for the making the Anglo-Saxon race but one Empire. What a dream, but yet

is probable, it is possible. I once heard it argued by a fellow in my own college, I am sorry to own it by an Englishman, that it

was good thing for us that we have lost the United States. There are some subjects on which there can be no arguments, and to

an Englishman this is one of them, but even from an Americans point of view just picture what they have lost, look at their

government, are not the frauds that yearly come before the public view a disgrace to any country and especially theirs which

the finest in the world. Would they have occurred had they remained under English rule great as they have become how

infinitely greater they would have been with the softening and elevating influences of English rule, think of those countless000s of Englishmen that during the last 100 years would have crossed the Atlantic and settled and populated the United State

Would they have not made without any prejudice a finer country of it than the low class Irish and German emigrants? All this

have lost and that country loses owing to whom? Owing to two or three ignorant pig-headed statesmen of the last century, at

their door lies the blame. Do you ever feel mad? do you ever feel murderous. I think I do with those men. I bring facts to prov

my assertion. Does an English father when his sons wish to emigrate ever think of suggesting emigration to a country under

another flag, neverit would seem a disgrace to suggest such a thing I think that we all think that poverty is better under our

own flag than wealth under a foreign one.

Put your mind into another train of thought. Fancy Australia discovered and colonised under the French flag, what would it

mean merely several millions of English unborn that at present exist we learn from the past and to form our future. We learn

from having lost to cling to what we possess. We know the size of the world we know the total extent. Africa is still lying rea

for us it is our duty to take it. It is our duty to seize every opportunity of acquiring more territory and we should keep this oneidea steadily before our eyes that more territory simply means more of the Anglo-Saxon race more of the best the most human

most honourable race the world possesses.

To forward such a scheme what a splendid help a secret society would be a society not openly acknowledged but who would

work in secret for such an object.

I contend that there are at the present moment numbers of the ablest men in the world who would devote their whole lives to i

often think what a loss to the English nation in some respects the abolition of the Rotten Borough System has been. What

thought strikes a man entering the house of commons, the assembly that rule the whole world? I think it is the mediocrity of tmen but what is the cause. It is simplyan assembly of wealth of men whose lives have been spent in the accumulation of

money and whose time has been too much engaged to be able to spare any for the study of past history. And yet in hands of su


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men rest our destinies. Do men like the great Pitt, and Burke and Sheridan not now to exist. I contend they do. There are men

now living with I know no other term the [Greek term] of Aristotle but there are not ways for enabling them to serve their

Country. They live and die unused unemployed. What has the main cause of the success of the Romish Church? The fact that

every enthusiast, call it if you like every madman finds employment in it. Let us form the same kind of society a Church for th

extension of the British Empire. A society which should have members in every part of the British Empire working with one

object and one idea we should have its members placed at our universities and our schools and should watch the English yout

passing through their hands just one perhaps in every thousand would have the mind and feelings for such an object, he shoulbe tried in every way, he should be tested whether he is endurant, possessed of eloquence, disregardful of the petty details of l

and if found to be such, then elected and bound by oath to serve for the rest of his life in his County. He should then be

supported if without means by the Society and sent to that part of the Empire where it was felt he was needed.

Take another case, let us fancy a man who finds himself his own master with ample means of attaining his majority whether h

puts the question directly to himself or not, still like the old story of virtue and vice in the Memorabilia a fight goes on in him

to what he should do. Take if he plunges into dissipation there is nothing too reckless he does not attempt but after a time his

palls on him, he mentally says this is not good enough, he changes his life, he reforms, he travels, he thinks now I have found

chief good in life, the novelty wears off, and he tires, to change again, he goes into the far interior after the wild game he think

at last Ive found that in life of which I cannot tire, again he is disappointed. He returns he thinks is there nothing I can do in

life? Here I am with means, with a good house, with everything that is to be envied and yet I am not happy I am tired of life h

possesses within him a portion of the [Greek term] of Aristotle but he knows it not, to such a man the Society should go, shou

test, and should finally show him the greatness of the scheme and list him as a member.

Take one more case of the younger son with high thoughts, high aspirations, endowed by nature with all the faculties to make

great man, and with the sole wish in life to serve his Country but he lacks two things the means and the opportunity, evertroubled by a sort of inward deity urging him on to high and noble deeds, he is compelled to pass his time in some occupation

which furnishes him with mere existence, he lives unhappily and dies miserably. Such men as these the Society should searchout and use for the furtherance of their object.

(In every Colonial legislature the Society should attempt to have its members prepared at all times to vote or speak and advoc

the closer union of England and the colonies, to crush all disloyalty and every movement for the severance of our Empire. Th

Society should inspire and even own portions of the press for the press rules the mind of the people. The Society should alway

be searching for members who might by their position in the world by their energies or character forward the object but the

ballot and test for admittance should be severe)

Once make it common and it fails. Take a man of great wealth who is bereft of his children perhaps having his mind soured b

some bitter disappointment who shuts himself up separate from his neighbours and makes up his mind to a miserable existencTo such men as these the society should go gradually disclose the greatness of their scheme and entreat him to throw in his lif

and property with them for this object. I think that there are thousands now existing who would eagerly grasp at the opportuni

Such are the heads of my scheme.

For fear that death might cut me off before the time for attempting its development I leave all my worldly goods in trust to S.

Shippard and the Secretary for the Colonies at the time of my death to try to form such a Society with such an object.

(Source: http://www.uoregon.edu/~kimball/Rhodes-Confession.htm)
http://www.uoregon.edu/~kimball/Rhodes-Confession.htmhttp://www.uoregon.edu/~kimball/Rhodes-Confession.htm


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The Circle of Initiates and Round Table Groups: Part 1

Excerpts from Carroll Quigleys bookTragedy and Hope, p. 130-133

The new imperialism after 1870 was quite different in tone from that which the Little Englanders had opposed earlier. The ch

changes were that it was justified on grounds of moral duty and of social reform and not, as earlier, on grounds of missionary

activity and material advantage. The man most responsible for this change was John Ruskin.

Until 1870 there was no professorship of fine arts at Oxford, but in that year, thanks to the Slade bequest, John Ruskin was

named to such a chair. He hit Oxford like an earthquake, not so much because he talked about fine arts, but because he talked

also about the empire and England's downtrodden masses, and above all because he talked about all three of these things asmoral issues. Until the end of the nineteenth century the poverty-stricken masses in the cities of England lived in want, ig-

norance, and crime very much as they have been described by Charles Dickens. Ruskin spoke to the Oxford undergraduates a

members of the privileged, ruling class. He told them that they were the possessors of a magnificent tradition of education,

beauty, rule of law, freedom, decency, and self-discipline but that this tradition could not be saved, and did not deserve to be

saved, unless it could be extended to the lower classes in England itself and to the non-English masses throughout the world.

this precious tradition were not extended to these two great majorities, the minority of upper-class Englishmen would ultimat

be submerged by these majorities and the tradition lost. To prevent this, the tradition must be extended to the masses and to th

empire.

Ruskins message had a sensational impact. His inaugural lecture was copied out in longhand by one undergraduate, Cecil

Rhodes, who kept it with him for thirty years. Rhodes (1853-1902) feverishly exploited the diamond and goldfields of South

Africa, rose to be prime minister of the Cape Colony (1890-1896), contributed money to political parties, controlledparliamentary seats both in England and in South Africa, and sought to win a strip of British territory across Africa from the

Cape of Good Hope to Egypt and to join these two extremes together with a telegraph line and ultimately with a Cape-to-Cair

Railway. Rhodes inspired devoted support for his goals from others in South Africa and in England. With financial support fr

Lord Rothschild and Alfred Beit, he was able to monopolize the diamond mines of South Africa as De Beers Consolidated

Mines and to build up a great gold mining enterprise as Consolidated Gold Fields. In the middle 1890's Rhodes had a persona

income of at least a million pounds sterling a year (then about five million dollars) which was spent so freely for his mysterio

purposes that he was usually overdrawn on his account. These purposes centered on his desire to federate the English-speakin

peoples and to bring all the habitable portions of the world under their control. For this purpose Rhodes left part of his great

fortune to found the Rhodes Scholarships at Oxford in order to spread the English ruling class tradition throughout the Englis

speaking world as Ruskin had wanted.

Among Ruskins most devoted disciples at Oxford were a group of intimate friends including Arnold Toynbee, Alfred (laterLord) Milner, Arthur Glazebrook, George (later Sir George) Parkin, Philip Lyttelton Gell, and Henry (later Sir Henry)

Birchenough. These were so moved by Ruskin that they devoted the rest of their lives to carrying out his ideas. A similar grou

of Cambridge men including Reginald Baliol Brett (Lord Esher), Sir John B. Seeley, Albert (Lord) Grey, and Edmund Garret

were also aroused by Ruskin's message and devoted their lives to extension of the British Empire and uplift of England's urba

masses as two parts of one project which they called extension of the English-speaking idea. They were remarkably successin these aims because England's most sensational journalist William T. Stead (1849-1912), an ardent social reformer and

imperialist, brought them into association with Rhodes. This association was formally established on February 5, 1891, when

Rhodes and Stead organized a secret society of which Rhodes had been dreaming for sixteen years. In this secret society Rhod

was to be leader; Stead, Brett (Lord Esher), and Milner were to form an executive committee; Arthur (Lord) Balfour, (Sir) Ha

Johnston, Lord Rothschild, Albert (Lord) Grey, and others were listed as potential members of a Circle of Initiates; while th

was to be an outer circle known as the Association of Helpers (later organized by Milner as the Round Table organization).

Brett was invited to join this organization the same day and Milner a couple of weeks later, on his return from Egypt. Both

accepted with enthusiasm. Thus the central part of the secret society was established by March 1891. It continued to function

a formal group, although the outer circle was, apparently, not organized until 1909-1913. This group was able to get access to

Rhodes's money after his death in 1902 and also to the funds of loyal Rhodes supporters like Alfred Beit (1853-1906) and Sir

Abe Bailey (1864-1940). With this backing they sought to extend and execute the ideals that Rhodes had obtained from Rusk

and Stead. Milner was the chief Rhodes Trustee and Parkin was Organizing Secretary of the Rhodes Trust after 1902, while G

and Birchenough, as well as others with similar ideas, became officials of the British South Africa Company. They were joine

in their efforts by other Ruskinite friends of Steads like Lord Grey, Lord Esher, and Flora Shaw (later Lady Lugard). In 1890

by a stratagem too elaborate to describe here, Miss Shaw became Head of the Colonial Department ofThe Times while stillremaining on the p

34058468 bank of england and the british empire

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