3.4 guidelines-for-port-environmental-management now.pdf

Managing the Environmental Sustainability of Ports

for a durable development

Roadmap on Sustainability Criteria:

Guidelines for Port Environmental Management

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Executive summary The protection of the environment and the prevention of pollution scenarios are

important competitive features for the whole Mediterranean basin.

According to the general objectives of the ENPI CBC MED Programme, MESP project

(Managing the Environmental Sustainability of Ports for a durable development) aims

to reduce air, noise and water pollution in ports and nearby areas ensuring

environmental -both natural and urban- sustainability of harbor activities and high

level of life quality in surrounding territories.

In this way, MESP aims to reach the identification of best practice and of procedures

which can help the management authorities and the users of the port areas and

infrastructures to reach an higher level of sustainability and to decrease the pollution

level for what concern air and noise and water. The project aim is also the

reproducibility of its results in order to create practices and procedure easily

applicable in both side of the Mediterranean Sea.

The following document Roadmap on Sustainability Criteria: Guidelines for Port

Environmental Management represents the synthesis of this selection process and is

intended to provide directions and advices for correct use and application of

improvement methods to all Mediterranean Ports wanting to ensure a higher

environmental impact of port activities and significantly improve life quality of the

local populations.

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Table of contents

MESP project .............................................................................................................................. 4

Aim of the document .................................................................................................................. 7

Pollution in ports and surrounding areas ................................................................................... 9

Approach criteria ...................................................................................................................... 12

Law and standard regulations. ............................................................................................. 13

Methodologies: general approach ........................................................................................... 15

Methods, skills and procedures ............................................................................................ 15

Approach to pollution problems .......................................................................................... 16

Methodologies: specific sector approach................................................................................. 18

................................................................................ 19

Definitions ............................................................................................................................. 22

Basic measurement equipment ............................................................................................ 24

Technical standards of measurements ................................................................................. 24

Measurement methodologies .............................................................................................. 26

Individuation of most critical sources ................................................................................... 29

Reports.................................................................................................................................. 30

............................................. 32

Definitions ............................................................................................................................. 35


Technical standards of measurements ................................................................................. 41

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Measurement methodologies .............................................................................................. 44

Individuation of most critical sources ................................................................................... 45

Reports.................................................................................................................................. 45

...................... 47

Definitions ............................................................................................................................. 50


Technical standards and methodology of the measurements ............................................. 51

Reports.................................................................................................................................. 56

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MESP project Managing the Environmental Sustainability of Ports for a durable development

ENPI CBC MED Cross-border cooperation in the Mediterranean Mediterranean Sea Basin Programme 2007-2013 Priority 2 Promotion of environmental sustainability at the basin level Measure 2.1 Prevention and reduction of risk factors for the environment and enhancement of natural common heritage Project in brief The intensification of maritime traffic, both in terms of goods and passengers, needs

to be accompanied by an environmentally sustainable management of port areas so

to reduce harmful consequences for local populations.

MESP addresses the reduction of water, air and noise pollution deriving from port

activities through the implementation of a multidisciplinary approach, which

encompasses technological, regulatory and administrative solutions. The

reinforcement of cooperation between port authorities, scientific organizations and

public administrations will foster the diffusion and transfer in the Mediterranean area

of sustainable management model of port areas developed by MESP project.

Partnership

Beneficiary University of Genoa - CRUIE Research Centre in Town planning and Ecological Engineering (Genoa, Italy)

Physical Oceanography Marine Science Station (Jordan, Al-Aqaba)

La Spezia Port Authority (Italy, Liguria)

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Al-Manar University of Tripoli (Lebanon)

Municipal Enterprise For Planning & Development of Patras (Greece, Peloponnisos)

Exploitation Office of the Port of Tripoli (Lebanon)

Associated Partners

Jordan Environment Society

Urban Community Al-Fayhaa

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Specific objectives

To reduce pollution in concerned ports and nearby urban areas

To reinforce the skills of public-decision makers and local administrators

To develop certification tools, which allow to assess the level of environmental sustainability of port areas

Expected results

Identification of technologies for reducing and monitoring air, water and noise pollution due to port activities

Definition of a standard model to improve the sustainable management of ports and application in 4 pilot areas

Reduction of water, air and noise pollution in selected ports

Improvement of the life quality of port users and local populations

Harmonisation of procedures, methodologies and approaches in the Mediterranean Basin

Target groups

Public administrations staff

Port authorities managers

Scientific community

Final beneficiaries

Local populations

Port operators

Tourists Duration 36 months (starting from June 1st 2012)

Total budget: 1.388.695,72

Programme contribution: 1.249.826,15 (90%)

Project co-financing: 138.869,57 (10%)

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Aim of the document

Many ports, especially in the Mediterranean area, are in very close proximity to the

urban populated area and, often, are integral part of the city.

It is well known that port areas contain sources of pollutants in different sectors (spill

operation of large ships, merchandise handling to and from the port, cargo and

passengers transport, large ships powering, sludge and sewage, goods handling inside

the port) strongly impacting the environment of the surrounding area and, as a

consequence, local population, port workers and tourists as well as both terrestrial

and marine ecosystems.

To contrast the poor knowledge about existing technology and procedures applied

outside each partner territorial contest, preventing an homogeneous development of

port infrastructures in Mediterranean basin and, above all, hampering the entry of

new methodology and technologies which can absolve works with a large savings of

energy and a substantial environmental pollution abatement, MESP project propose

a roadmap on methodologies, good practices and measurements assessment for the

environmental sustainability of ports.

These guidelines aim to:

Provide regulatory systems and procedures for environmental local port

governance processes

Offer simple and best-practice approaches to a sustainable management of

harbors, especially in the Air, Noise and Water sectors

Offer efficient methodologies and technologies for the environmental

pollution reduction;

Identify suitable criteria and indicators for verifying the environmental

sustainability of Mediterranean ports

They are addresses to:

professional figures of Mediterranean basin port public administrations or

responsible of harbor territorial management,

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scientific, operative and technical expertise on environmental pollution, in the

specific about Air, Noise and Water

scientific experts of the territorys governance and common development

strategies.

The document describes:

The approach criteria of the proposed methodologies aimed to the

environmental sustainability

The basic principles to be followed for the pollution management of in port

areas

Specific procedures for the use of indicators, technical equipment and monitoring methods within the three sectors: Air, Noise and Water.

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Pollution in ports and

surrounding areas European ports represent today the main door of access to enter Europe and Middle-

East territories for transports from all over the world. The strengthening of the

motorway of the sea strategy by the EU aims to consider them not only as the main

commercial platform, but also the main communication hub of the near future.

In this sense, ports areas and authorities have to manage a situation more and more

critical both from the point of view of sea and land traffic flows. Besides, the

increasing of commercial traffics induces to a consequent implementation of land

processing on goods while the increase of people traffics brings to several problems

concerning with the parking of big cruise boats.

The growth of sea traffic introduces critical points in terms of environmental

sustainability concerning harbors as central location of import/export traffic removed

from the road. Ports represent in this sense the most important and critical transit

area between the sea and the city. The impacts of trade, industrial and construction

activities as well as the auxiliary services concentrated in coastal areas, often on the

border of a town center, can produce negative effects both to the natural eco-system

and to the near resident urban population.

Ports are characterized by a higher degree of complexity and variety of operations in

comparison with other logistic nodes. The diversity of cargo types, the large range of

activities, products and services taking place within the port zone, the multiple use of

the areas and infrastructure have a deep impact on the urban and natural

environment. In fact, in several cases port areas are situated in close juxtaposition to

urban areas and may even be bounded by, or include, areas of special environmental

significance due to the presence of protected habitats and ecosystems.

All the activities carried out in harbors (industrial, trade, passengers and pleasure

crafts) are actually relevant sources of pollution strongly affecting port areas and

their users as well as bounding urban areas, which mostly in the Mediterranean basin

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result to be extremely close. Different fields are involved such as air, noise, water,

lighting pollution, land use and landscape impact. Air, noise and water are the

environmental components resulting most affected by the pollution caused by port

activities and need to be strongly taken into consideration for a sustainable

development of harbors.

Concerning air sector, fine particles, fumes and gases from ship drains, auxiliary

engines, truck emissions, harbor craft, terminal equipment are released in the

atmosphere and carried inland by the wind. This affects the health of port workers

and people living nearby causing health disease such as respiratory and

cardiovascular issues.

About noise pollution, the analysis results complicated due to the presence in the

same area of several types of sound sources with different characteristics from each

other, such as ferries, ships and trade operations, industrial and shipyards activities

and well auxiliary services. In this way, noise pollution can produce negative effects

both to the natural eco-system and to the urban population, causing negative effects

and damages on human health (effect on hearing, cardiovascular disturbances, high

blood pressure, sleep disturbance, reduction in efficiency, annoyance, mental stress,

lack of concentration).

Regarding water, port activities can have a strongly negative impact on the marine

environment, causing long term significant damage and a critical effect both on

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marine wildlife and human health. Quality of sea water is affected form ballast and

industrial wastewater, waste from ships, leaking oil from machinery and other toxic

substances from vessels, litter, gaseous air pollutants, dust, hazardous materials,

devastating to the aquatic ecosystems.

In this sense, through these guidelines, MESP project aims to provide procedures and

tools allowing objectively to value the sustainability of ports in order to reduce

pollution sources in the Air, Noise and Water sectors and give back to citizen, tourist

and workers an healthier and usable environment.

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Approach criteria In building the document Roadmap on Sustainability Criteria: Guidelines for Port

Environmental Management specific cross-cutting criteria have been chosen in

order to approach the environmental and sustainable improvement and

management suitable for all ports areas.

In fact, beyond the peculiarities of the different pollution fields, there are actually

some essential key concepts at the basis of the procedures in common among all.

These criteria, indeed, relate to the general approach to the pollution issue and can

be applied a priori to any port context.

The selected criteria are listed as follows:

1. Simple attitude. As a first approach to the environmental issue,

especially in a complex environment such as a port area, the vision

to face the problem must be particularly simple in order to

straightly focus on the target goal and achieve it in the clearest

way.

2. Simple methodologies. Similarly to the previous point, the

methodologies should be simple as well, by following the use of a

simplified EMS (Environmental Management System), limiting the

staff involvement, the time consumption and the budget

resources. In-depth technical activities may be useful in an

advanced stage of the analysis, namely if the pollution scenarios

cannot be solved otherwise or environmental issues are originated

by particular contexts.

3. Simple indicators. The indicators, which are the means by which

the level of environmental pollution assessment can be evaluated

and the strategies for the analysis and the control of pollution can

be estimated, in the first steps do not have to be complex and

must show a general scenario snapshot of the port context.

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4. Effective examples. Methodologies, technologies and practices

will have to be based on a database and a catalogue of examples

and best practices concerning pollution values abatement and

port environment management.

5. Interference within the port area. Measurements or interventions

for the environmental pollution reduction must not disturb and/or

interfere with the normal operation of port activities.

6. Identification of dominant environment issues. Before defining

any kind of method and procedures it is necessary to identify all

the environmental problems affecting the port area. The

evaluation process should face the effects induced both globally

and on each single environmental component (i.e. air, noise and

water) identifying the main sources as well as the main areas

exposed and the responsible subjects for priority actions. For a

more accurate environmental analysis, it could be useful

considering additional information for the evaluation of the

environmental impact concerning the characteristics of nearby

areas (urban, peri-urban, sub-urban, etc.) and the frequency

and/or periodicity of certain specific activities as tourism

(passenger cruise) and pleasure crafts use which strongly depend

on the season.

Laws and standard regulations. The methodologies to be applied in the assessment of the environment pollution

impact should first of all respect the national laws scenario. The regulatory

background in which the monitoring activities have to take place is essential to obtain

an holistic approach in the evaluation and management of environment quality in

order to:

identify the objectives for environment quality designed to avoid, prevent,

reduce harmful effects on human health and the environment as a whole;

assess environment quality on the basis of common methods and criteria;

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collect information on environmental quality as a basis for identifying the

measures to be taken to fight pollution and the harmful effects of it on human

health and the environment and to monitor long-term trends;

maintain of environment quality if itis good;

guarantee to provide public opinion with accurate information on ambient air

quality.

In pollution monitoring, first of all local or national laws and

standards need to be identified and selected in order to clearly

define the limits of pollutants and measurement procedures.

If the subjects country is an EU member state, specific EC

requirement are needed either for measurement methods or

for the equipment needed.

If the subjects country is not an EU member state, the

standards of reference are represented by the available

worldwide regulations from international standards

organizations (e.g. US-EPA in case of air, ISO standards in case

of noise, etc.).

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Methodologies: general

approach

Methods, skills and procedures As for the criteria previously described, some common method, skill and procedure

features for the environmental improvement of port contexts have been identified

for the three topics and, eventually, have been analyzed in a unique way, as

described as follows:

Assessment of current pollution context within the harbor

area -and in the surrounding urban territory- including land-

based and vessel operations through measurements campaign

(see below), site visits and interviews with port officials, port

operation managers, on-site inspection of the port area,

interviews with the local involved institutions (Port Authority,

Municipality, Government, etc.), stakeholders and ship

captains.

Collection of useful information such as GIS map of the area,

geographical boundaries of the project, proximity of residential

and industrial areas from harbour pollution sources, historical

meteorological data, complaints from population and harbour

workers, medical records (e.g. health issues, diseases, etc.),

companies and other noise sources like transport, ship moored,

installations, etc.

Identification of different pollution sources and their

generation mechanism, in order to better focus on the

reduction actions trough environmental monitoring actions

allowing at the same time.

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Environmental monitoring actions as an essential tool for a

sustainable development of ports and other productive urban

areas by evaluating the respect of fixed normative limitations.

In addition, they could give constant and update information on

pollution level values concerning all different components (air,

noise, water, etc.). Monitoring activities have a crucial role in

the success of an action or process especially in the long-term

period, as a key point for the sustainable development.

Operator skills. Measurement for the evaluation of the

pollution level of the port scenario have to be carried out by

environment specialists with a complete knowledge of the use,

measurement procedures and calibration of the equipment in

order to ensure the accuracy of the results.

Approach to pollution problems In the same way, a common approach to the pollution problems can be followed

within the different sectors. In fact, the line methodology for Air, Noise or Water

sectors generally includes the following steps:

Scope: Evaluation of the goals and purpose.

Methodology: Planning and development of the approach in the pollution reduction.

Action: Implementation of activities.

Check: Verification of target achievements and/or correction if needed.

Particularly, the pollution reduction procedures contain multiple steps:

Identification of the pollution problems within the port area

and determination of indicators limits according to national

and international standards.

Pollution assessment through monitoring campaigns, in order

to identify pollution sources, detect pollution trends and find

out critical areas exposed to pollution levels higher than

standard values.

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Evaluation of the sensitive objects (hospital, school, etc.) and

number of exposed people.

Priorities establishment, by ranking pollution sources taking

also into consideration the risk on human health, aquatic life

and wildlife, the public interest and the importance of the port.

Pollution abatement action plans, to be developed from the

monitoring survey results, containing target activities to

implement in order to decrease the pollution levels. If possible,

pollution and conflict map should be drawn up to better

achieve the abatement goals. Additional actions may be:

training on pollution awareness for port workers, improvement

of the infrastructures (surface design and maintenance) and

protection devices for employees where necessary.

Assessment monitoring in order to evaluate the effectiveness

of the action plan measures and determine whether pollution

standards have been attained or more stringent controls should

be applied.

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Methodologies: specific

sector approach

Specific key elements related to its own sector have to be focused, as shown in the

following pages, on the analysis of different aspects of the specific topic issues: Air,

Noise and Water.

For each pollution sector, the following aspects are specified:

definition of the most significant indicators to be considered and evaluated

basic measurement equipment to use in order to carry on proper

measurement campaign

technical standard and procedures of measurement to be followed

measurement methodologies to adopt for the pollution sources identification

individuation of the most critical sources

reports containing information on the collected data.

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Port activity, especially when providing the handling of bulk goods, produces

unavoidable impacts on air quality within the surrounding area, due to the dispersion

of powders -especially fine particles- fumes or gases.

Strict monitoring programs about air conditions are already being implemented in

several harbors, in order to identify possible violations of law-limits related to

concentrations of fine particles, whose adverse health effects have been proved.

Some of the actions to be taken and continuously implemented in order to reduce

adverse effects on environment and health can be represented by projects regarding

reduction of road traffic in favor of railway, improvement of combustion processes in

combustion engines and progressive replacement with electric motors or low

emission of harmful gases (NO2, CO, CO2, etc.), frequent cleaning of the streets and

squares with appropriate sweepers, continuous monitoring of concentrations of

particulate matter and total dust in air.

Therefore, projects facing control, scientific and standardized parameters of air

quality must find the support and active participation of all the institutional bodies

and business that are involved in the handling of goods, in order to identify new and

more effective measures to prevent and mitigate the spread of dust in the

environment, within a framework of sustainable development of ports.

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The first step in the identification of the most suitable methodologies to be

applied to improve the environmental sustainability of ports within the Air topic

should consider the following actions:

The assessment of:

- Dry bulk storage and handling

- Liquid bulk storage and transfer (Loading/Unloading)

- Non-bulk chemical storage and handling

- Port cargo handling equipment and truck operations powered by diesel

engines

- Vehicle and equipment fuelling

- Management of hazardous and non-hazardous waste

- General operations that can impact surrounding urban areas

- Buildings and grounds maintenance

The determination of the pollutants mostly affecting the environmental

sustainability.

The consideration of emissions (air pollution, odour originating from a facility

or source) and immissions (defined as effects of air pollutants on plants,

animals, on human beings and on the atmosphere).

The second step foresees the collection of useful resources and data that can be

helpful during the analysis and the evaluation of the action to be implemented.

Specifically, the needed information is:

Concerning the reduction of the negative impacts of port general operations

(such as, e.g., dust from dry bulk storage piles, cargo loading/unloading and

maintenance/use of dirt/gravel roads on port):

- Type, quantity, duration of storage and frequency of piles

- Port road information: length, surface, coverage material, etc.

- Current road projects

- Equipment used within the port

Concerning the pollutants from diesel exhaust emitted by land-based

equipment and vessels and vapours from transfer of liquid bulk products:

- CORINAIR or EPA Standards

- Type of equipment and related impact

- Frequency of vessels in the port

- Type of diesel used

- All other information required by standards

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Concerning trash from port activities, dumped outside port area by visitors,

service providers, employees, others:

- Activities generating trash

- Nature

- Quantity

Concerning traffic congestion from truck queuing, security checks, service

deliveries, etc.:

- Port operation schedule

- Number of trucks entering the port/queuing in front of entrance

- Any past data or statistics regarding trucks

In order to ensure the proper execution of measures campaigns and monitoring

activities, some information on the measurement methods, on the investigated

parameters, on data collection and on the technical equipment to be used in the

topic Air are required. A good approach in this area is, in fact, essential in order to

obtain valid results and, thus, to ensure the maximum accuracy in the subsequent

intervention actions.

Definitions Particulate Matter (PM10): Particulate Matter (PM) is a mixture consisting of solid

and liquid particles having different chemical and physical characteristics small

enough to be suspended in the atmosphere. In particular, PM10 means particles up

to 10m in size. Particulate Matter comes either from natural sources (such as, fire,

soil erosion, evaporated sea spray etc.) or anthropogenic sources, mainly urban

traffic and combustion processes. It can be emitted directly into the atmosphere

(primary pollutant) or develop from chemical reactions or condensing processes. The

length of time the particulate matter remains in the atmosphere depends on the

particle size as well as finer particles tend to be suspended for a significant amount

of time, therefore, to spread evenly on vast areas.

Nitrogen Dioxide: mainly, Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) is a secondary pollutant which

develops from oxidation of nitrogen oxide (NO) these two compounds are globally

known as Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx). The Oxides of Nitrogen are emitted directly into

the atmosphere following high temperature combustion processes (heating plants,

car engines, industrial combustion, power plants, etc.) due to oxidation of the

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atmospheric nitrogen and - only at a small extent due to oxidation of the nitrogen

compounds contained in fuels.

Concerning road traffic, the highest amount of these pollutants is detected when the

vehicles are running at full speed or accelerating, since the NOX production increases

with the increase of the air/fuel ratio, to say, when there is the largest amount of

oxygen available for combustion. Upon emission, most Oxides of Nitrogen are NO,

with a NO/NO2 ratio definitely in favor of the first compound (in the emissions, the

NO2 content is approx. 5 to 10% of the Total Oxides of Nitrogen) which is then

oxidized in the atmosphere by the oxygen and more quickly by the Ozone, thus

forming Nitrogen Dioxide.

Nitrogen Monoxide is not regulated, since at the typically-measured ambient air

levels it has no harmful effects on human health and/or the environment.

Nevertheless, its levels are measured because through its oxidation into NO2 and its

involvement into other photochemical reactions it plays a role in the production of

Tropospheric Ozone (O3).

Ozone: the Tropospheric Ozone (O3) is a secondary pollutant formed from chemical

processes that occur in the atmosphere driven by ozone precursors, namely, Oxides

of Nitrogen and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Such reactions are facilitated by

intense sunlight and high temperatures and result into the formation of different

pollutants (photochemical smog). Typically, Ozone pollution occurs in summertime,

with highest concentrations detected in the afternoon at suburban areas located

downwind from urban industrial zones.

Carbon Monoxide: Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a gas emitted from vehicle tailpipes or

propulsion systems where an incomplete combustion of fossil fuels occurs. The main

sources of CO emissions include cars, trucks, motorcycles, and some industrial

processes. High concentrations can be found in enclosed spaces, such as garages,

poorly-ventilated tunnels or along the roads affected by heavy traffic.

Other pollutant: further standard air pollutants that can be analyzed in compliance

with European Community standards can be:

BTX

SOX

PM2.5

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Basic measurement equipment

A complete air pollution monitoring equipment set must contain, at least:

Carbon Monoxide Analyzer

Ozone Analyzer

Nitrogen Oxide Analyzer

Air sampling unit (to be placed 4.5m above the ground)

Automatic Calibration System by means of low-concentration

cylinders

Automatic Analyzer for continuous monitoring of airborne

particulate, equipped with a PM10 sampling head (to be placed

approximately 5m above the ground) and a microprocessor to

control a sequential sampling unit

Stand-alone Pump equipped with a microprocessor to control a

sequential sampling unit

Sequential Sampling Unit, to control the filters in auto mode

Weather Transmitter, mounted onto a telescopic pole mast of

10m approximately

Data Acquisition system, (PC, Ethernet Switch, GSM modem for

sending data to the Master Control Station)

Sampler

Automatic Analyzer for continuous monitoring of airborne

particulate, equipped with a PM10 sampling head (approximately

5m above the ground) and a microprocessor to control a

sequential sampling unit

Technical standards of measurements For the determination of the different parameters of air quality it is suggested to

adopt quality objectives and to detect appropriate reference methods and any

equivalent methods in order to ensure maximum comparability in measurements( for

example, the methods used in La Spezias sites are described in the following).

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However, given the heterogeneity of the participants in the MESP project, it is

considered appropriate to achieve shared methods in order to ensure the

comparability of results and, where they are non-reference methods, it is important

to acquire a demonstration of equivalence.

Reference method for nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen

The reference method for the measurement of nitrogen dioxide and oxides of

nitrogen is that described in EN14211:2005 Ambient air quality Standard method

for the measurement of the concentration of nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen

monoxide by chemiluminescence.

Reference method for PM10

The reference method for the sampling and measurement of PM10 is that described

in EN 12341:1999 Air Quality Determination of the PM10 fraction of suspended

particulate matter Reference method and field test procedure to demonstrate

reference equivalence of measurement methods.

Reference method for PM2,5

The reference method for the sampling and measurement of PM2,5 is that described

in EN 14907:2005 Standard gravimetric measurement method for the determination

of the PM2,5 mass fraction of suspended particulate matter.

Reference method for Carbon Monoxide

The reference method for the measurement of carbon monoxide is that described in

EN 14626:2005 Ambient air quality Standard method for the measurement of the

concentration of carbon monoxide by non-dispersive infrared spectroscopy.

Reference method for Ozone

The reference method for the measurement of ozone is that described in EN

14625:2005 Ambient air quality Standard method for the measurement of the

concentration of ozone by ultraviolet photometry.

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Measurement methodologies Data quality objectives

In order to have proper populated dataset, it is suggested the adoption of quality

objectives which provide for the validation of the collected data a minimum number

of samples and the determination of the uncertainty on the same.

As an indication, the following table lists those required by current Italian regulations

for indicative measurements (i.e. not fixed monitoring sites, like in this monitoring

project) and applied in the course of these campaigns.

Nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide

Particulate matter (PM10/PM2,5)

Ozone

Measurements indicative error

25% 50% 30%

Minimum data 90% 90% 90%

The minimum requirements for the collection of valid data and the minimum time

coverage do not include losses of data due to the regular calibration or the normal

maintenance of the instrumentation, where such activities are conducted in

accordance with the quality assurance programs.

Identification of monitoring parameters and points

The rules to define measurements clearly depend on polluting and on the source to

be monitored. It should also be pointed out that the minimum number of

measurement points is not in itself a guarantee of the ability to adequately represent

the state of air quality, and is therefore a necessary but not sufficient condition for a

complete monitoring of the situation in a the area. The intent is in fact trying to

define a minimum level of evaluation, rather than a maximum level.

Two main areas can be identified, as a result of the boundary conditions in terms of

morphology topography, characteristics of the settlement, and level of complexity of

the port site:

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Macro scale. The measuring stations must be located as to be as much

representative as the sampling ones. including those not located in the

immediate vicinity. Hence, air quality assessment conducted in the

sampling site, can be considered to be representative of air quality even in

similar areas..

Micro scale. The measuring stations is suggested to apply the following

criteria on micro scale siting that are dictated by the rules of common

sense.

- the flow around the inlet sampling probe shall be unrestricted (free

in an arc of at least 270) without any obstructions affecting the

airflow in the vicinity of the sampler (normally some metres away

from buildings, balconies, trees and other obstacles and at least 0,5

m from the nearest building in the case of sampling points

representing air quality at the building line;

- in general, the inlet sampling point shall be between 1,5 m (the

breathing zone) and 4 m above the ground. Higher positions (up to 8

m) may be necessary in some circumstances. Higher siting may also

be appropriate if the station is representative of a large area;

- the inlet probe shall not be positioned in the immediate vicinity of

sources in order to avoid the direct intake of emissions unmixed with

ambient air;

- the samplers exhaust outlet shall be positioned so that recirculation

of exhaust air to the sampler inlet is avoided.

The following factors may also be taken into account:

interfering sources,

security,

access,

availability of electrical power and telephone communications,

visibility of the site in relation to its surroundings,

safety of the public and operators,

the desirability of co-locating sampling points for different pollutants,

planning requirements.

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Documentation and review of site selection

The procedures for selection of fixed sampling sites should be fully documented, for

example by photographs of the surrounding environment in the direction of north,

south, east, west, and detailed maps. The selection should be reviewed at regular

intervals with repeated documentation to ensure that selection criteria remain valid

over time.

Operational measures for mitigating the impact of port activities

A number of possible actions have been identified, some of a more general nature,

and others to be activated, for example, to the overcoming of the threshold values

and critical levels (to be defined for each site and for each parameter) of the air

quality.

use of renewable energy where possible;

use of environmental friendly technologies and alternative materials to

conventional (for example with the use of bases with the photo catalytic

titanium dioxide);

application of environmental engineering and green building techniques

where possible;

cold ironing, thanks to which the vessels are plugged into the dock does not

have to keep their engines running to power the auxiliary generators on

board, resulting in substantial savings in terms of emissions and also strong

reduction of noise pollution;

creation of portals spray, real gaps with dust extraction systems of transport

in and out of the harbour;

reduction of dust including the harbour refitting by wind through a systematic

and organized action of cleaning the roadways and yards and treatments with

biological fixing products that, thanks to an active enzyme consists of natural

organic molecules with a high molecular weight, are able to trap fine dust;

use of fuels with low sulphur content;

identification of actions to limit emission and dispersion of dust from

powdered goods (e.g. improvements buckets, conveyor belts);

reducing the impact of heavy traffic and private, through interventions both

regulatory and structural traffic (use of rail transport);

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adoption of best available technologies for collecting and reducing emissions

from activities as painting and sandblasting;

apply a specific dispersion model that identifies the areas of greatest impact

due to the sources listed in the register of emissions.

Weather Parameters

Meteorological parameters must measure the following factors:

Wind speed and direction

Rainfall

Atmospheric Pressure

Temperature

Relative Humidity

The technologies used for measuring each parameter could be the following::

Wind: Wind speed and direction sensors must detect the horizontal speed

and direction of wind, with measuring range for wind speed from 0 to 60 m/s

and wind direction measurement range from 0 to 360 degrees.

Rainfall: Acoustic based measurement can be adopted. Detecting every

individual raindrop as it impacts on the sensor surface, the system analyze the

signal generated by raindrop impact, proportional to the volume of the

raindrop itself. Then the signal from each raindrop can be converted into the

accumulated quantity of rain.

Atmospheric Pressure: The Atmospheric Pressure sensor must have minimal

hysteresis and repeatability features. The measuring range must be from 600

to 1100 hPa.

Temperature: it must have a measuring range from -50 to +60C.

Relative Humidity: it must feature long-term stability in a wide range of

environmental conditions and negligible hysteresis and have a measuring

range from 0 to 100%RH.

Analysis of most critical sources In the framework of the activities of air quality management and limits the emissions

of pollutants into the atmosphere, it is important to obtain qualitative and

quantitative information on emissions from different types of sources.

30

In this context, the emissions inventory is intended as a collection, made in

accordance with procedures and methodologies verifiable, updatable information

and technological, economic, territorial data, which allows to identify the sources of

pollution, their location with provincial and municipal disaggregation and the amount

and type of pollutants emitted.

The methodology suitable for the realization of an emission inventory provides the

direct quantification, by means of measurements, of all emissions of different types

of sources for the area and the period of interest. The "analytical" approach,

however, is effective only for certain specific types of pollutants (e.g. Sulphur dioxide,

nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide) and of sources, typically large industrial plants

(e.g. power plants, incinerators, cement plants) whose emissions are generally very

relevant and controlled through this system of continuous monitoring.

It is therefore necessary to resort to the approach used by most emission inventories,

which estimate emissions on an indicator that characterizes the activity of the source

and an emission factor specific to the type of source, process and industrial

purification technology adopted. This method is therefore based on a linear

relationship between the activity of the source and the issue.

Within an emissions inventory could be divided into the following types:

spread, distributed over the territory, estimated through the use of

appropriate indicators and emission factors;

spot, geographically localized pollution sources, estimated from the

measured data collected through a special inventory, for some pollutants,

non-monitored, emissions can result from estimation carried out as above;

linear such as roads, estimated through the use of appropriate indicators and

emission factors, usually via methods of detail.

Reports The results should be presented in a separate report containing:

a description of assessment carried out activities;

the specific methods used, with references to descriptions of the method;

31

the data collected and presented in summary form with graphical

comparisons with any series (including other neighbouring stations

correlated);

analysis of the limits of the activity and the difficulties encountered.

33

Ports and harbors are characterized by very several and complex operations,

especially if compared with other logistic nodes. This make them an important source

of pollution mainly when ports are localized very close to urban areas. Particularly,

noise pollution analysis is complicated due to the presence in the same area of

several types of sound sources with different characteristics from each other. Noise

from ports areas, in fact, come not only from ferries and ships and trade operations

(engines and ventilation systems, embarking-disembarking actions) but also from

industrial and shipyards activities (repair shipyards, noise from operations on hulls in

dry docks) as well auxiliary services (such as transshipment containers and trailer

trucks handling noise, in particular due to the impacts during positioning, cranes

sound warning devices, power plants) localized in the piers and docks of the port

area. In this way, noise pollution can produce negative effects both to the natural

eco-system and to the urban population, causing negative effects and damages on

human health.

To assess and manage the environmental port noise, several actions and solutions

have to be studied and applied, in order to allow the development of trade without

compromising the quality of life in port cities. Since in ports there are several noise

sources typologies, the noise characterization in this ambit should be optimized

through environmental acoustical monitoring plans that assume in this context a

relevant role especially considering the effects induced on the near residential area.

Monitoring plans, in fact, should be developed in order to identify through

phonometric measurements the most critical noise zones and recognize the causes

that have produced them, to acoustically characterize the sound sources (sound

power, spectral characteristics, duration) and evaluate what kind of measurement

methodology to use for characterizing them and the number of people harmfully

effected. Then, the knowledge of the specific territory should allow the activation of

operative actions with the aim of improving the acoustical comfort of critical areas. A

particular importance has the choice of acoustic descriptors and indicators, useful to

correlate the sound pressure level measurements, the percentage of persons who

have negative effects on their health and to assess the damage caused by noise in the

exposed population.

Therefore, only in this way, management actions against noise in port areas can be

planned and developed by improving procedures, policies, tools and intervention

priorities can be fixed.

34

As seen for Air topic, as a first step different actions for the identification of the most

suitable methodologies to be applied to improve the environmental sustainability of

ports within the Noise topic have to be considered:

The assessment of:

- Port services and facilities,

- Vehicle noise: engine, exhaust, trucks, cranes, ships,

- Loading/unloading equipment

- Construction activities

- Maintenance activities

- Scrap merchandise

- Management of hazardous and non-hazardous waste


- Building and grounds maintenance


helpful during the analysis and the evaluation of the action to be implemented.

Specifically, the needed information is:


(such as, e.g., Cargo loading/unloading and maintenance/Vehicle

noise/Construction and Maintenance activities):

- Intensity and duration of all sources generating noise at the Port

- Current road projects

- Equipment used in the port

Concerning the traffic congestion from truck queuing, security checks, service

deliveries, etc.:

- Port operation schedule

- Number of trucks entering the port/ queuing in front of entrance

- Any past data or statistics regarding trucks

It must be highlighted that it is particularly important, for the Noise topic, to consider

during the measurement the evaluation of the multiplicity of sources generating

noise within the harbour area (different noise pattern, sound power level, intensity

35

and time duration) and the background noise deriving from, e.g., highways, urban

roads and railways.


activities, some information on the measurement methods, the investigated

parameters, data collection and the technical equipment to be used in the topic

Noise are required. A good approach in this area is, in fact, indispensable in order to

obtain valid results and, thus, to ensure the maximum accuracy in the subsequent

intervention actions.

Definitions Specific source: identifiable sound source that is the cause of potential noise

pollution.

Reference time (TR): period of the day in which the measures are performed. The 24

hours are divided into two parts: from 06:00a.m. to 07:00 p.m. (day), from 07:00 p.m.

to 10:00 p.m. (evening) and from 10:00 p.m. to 06:00 a.m (night).

Long-term time (TL): sufficiently large period within the TR in which significant values

are evaluated. The TL duration is related to the factors variations of that could

influence the noise level on the long term.

Observation time (TO): time period included in the TR in which occur the noise

conditions to be evaluated.

Measurement time (TM): within the TO, one or more TMs -with duration equal to or

less than the TO- are identified, depending on noise characteristics and variability, in

order to have representative measures.

A weighted sound levels: LAS, LAF and LAI. These sound levels are the logarithmic

mean effective values of the A weighted sound pressure level LPA, referred to the

slow, fast and impulse time constants.

A weighted maximum sound levels: LASmax, LAFmax and LAImax. These sound levels are

the maximum values for the A-weighted sound pressure level LPA, referred to the

slow, fast and impulse time constants.

36

A-weighted Equivalent Sound Level (LAeq): energy average A-weighted sound level

occurring over a given time interval (t1 - t2).

A-weighted Equivalent Continuous Sound Level (LAeq,T): energy average A-weighted

sound pressure level of a constant sound that, in a specified period T, has the same

quadratic average pressure of a known sound with T variable level.

where:

pA(t) is the instantaneous value of A-weighted sound pressure level in Pascal (Pa);

p0 = 20 Pa is the reference sound pressure.

A-weighted Equivalent Continuous Sound Level in the long-term time TL (LAeq,TL): it

can be referred to:

a) the average value over the whole period:

where:

N are the considered reference times

The individual period in the TR. In this case, it identifies a 1 hour wide TM

inside the TO in which the phenomena in exam takes place. The LAeq,TL

represents the A-weighted equivalent continuous sound level resulting from

the sum of the Ms TM measurement slots. It is the level to be compared with

the limits and is expressed by:

where:

i is the single 1 hour period in the ith TR.

37

13-hour day-time A-weighted Equivalent Sound Level (LD): the acoustic describer

referred to the period from 06:00 a.m. to 07:00 p.m.

3-hour evening-time A-weighted Equivalent Sound Level (LE): the acoustic describer

referred to the period from 07:00 p.m.to 10:00 p.m.

8-hour night-time A-weighted Equivalent Sound Level (LN): the acoustic describer

referred to the time period from 10:00 p.m. to 06:00 a.m.

Day-evening-night A-weighted Equivalent Sound Level (LDEN)

Sound exposure level SEL (LAE): it quantifies the total A-weighted acoustic energy

integrated over a time interval for a given acoustical event. Simplifying, the SEL of an

event is described as the hypothetical equivalent sound pressure level enduring for a

period of one second that would have the same amount of acoustic energy as the

specific transient event for which the SEL was measured and is expressed by:

where

t2 and t1 is a period sufficiently wide to enclose the event;

t0 is the reference duration (1 s)

Environmental Noise Level (LA) is the A-weighted equivalent continuous sound

pressure produced by all the noise sources in a given place and in a certain period.

The environmental noise is made up of residual noise and of specific disturbing

sources, with the exception of the well identifiable unusual events. It is the level to

be compared with the maximum limits of exposure:

1) in the case of differential limits, is reported to the TM 2) in the case of absolute limits is referred to the TR

Residual Noise Level (LR) is the A-weighted equivalent continuous sound pressure

detected when the specific disturbing source is excluded. It has to be measured with

the same methods used for the measurement of environmental noise and must not

contain atypical sound events.

38

Differential Noise Level (LD): it is the difference between the Environmental Noise

Level (LA) and the Residual Noise Level (LR):

Emission level: it is the A-weighted equivalent continuous pressure sound level due

to a specific source. Its the level to be compared to the emission limits.

Correction factor (Ki) is the correction in dB(A) which consider impulsive, tonal or low

frequency components:

presence of impulsive components Ki = 3 dB

presence of tonal components Kt = 3 dB

presence of low frequency components in Kb = 3 dB

The correction factor is not applied to transport infrastructure.

Presence of non-continuous noise: the presence of non-continuous noise is

considered -only during the day TR- in case of noise duration equal or less than one

hour. If the noise duration is less than one hour, the value of environmental noise,

measured in Leq(A) must be reduced by 3 dB(A); if it is less than 15 minutes the Leq(A)

must be reduced by 5 dB(A).

Corrected Noise Level (LC) is defined by:

Basic measurement equipment

Measuring system

The measuring system should be chosen in order to satisfy the specifications established for class 1 in EN 60651/1994 (replaced by EN 61672-2/2003) and EN 60804/1994.

The data of equivalent level must be carried out directly with a sound level meter according to class 1 of EN 60651/1994 and EN 60804/1994. Class 1 provides the required accuracy for the measurement of environmental noise.

39

Filters and microphones

Filters and microphones used in the measures must satisfy EN 61260/1995 (IEC 1260) and EN 61094-1/1994, EN 61094-2/1993, EN 61094-3/1995, EN 61094-4/1995.

Calibrations

Calibrators must be conform to CEI 29-4. The full measuring system must be controlled with a class 1 calibrator according to IEC 942/1988 before and after each measuring cycle.

Acoustic measurements are valid if the gap before and after each measurement cycle is less than 0.5 dB. In case of recording and playback, the calibration signals must be recorded.

Tools and measurement systems shall be provided with a certificate of calibration and checked at least every two years to verify compliance with the technical specifications.

Other

In case of use of other elements to complete the measurements and everything else not specified, it must be ensured that said elements respect limits of tolerance for the class 1 mentioned above.

Accessory elements

Tripod

Microphone windscreen

Data collection form (as shown in the following picture)

40

2 Data File Name :

3 Measure position :

4 Adress - City/Town :

5 Date - Time - Day :

6 Reference time :

7 Measurement technician :

8 Air Velocity - Temp. - Humidity : m/s C %

9 Sound Level Meter model :

10 Leq :

11 L 90 :

12 L 95 :

13 L 99 :

14 L I max :

15 L S max :

16 Notes :

17 Leq Noise Spectrum 18

Position no.:

dB(A)

dB(A)

dB(A)

Picture of the measurement

position

Noise Measurement Campaign

[Insert here the name of the place you are

having measurement]

dB(A)

dB(A)

dB(A)

41

Technical standards of measurements Prior to any measurement campaign, it is necessary to acquire all the information

that may affect the choice of the method, times and locations of tests.

The noise measurements should consider variations in the emissions and the

propagation of sound sources. All the data leading to a description of sources

affecting the environmental noise in the investigated area have to be collected. If

recognizable, it is important to indicate the major noise sources, the sound level

variability and any tonal and/or impulsive and/or low frequency components.

The measurement of A-weighted equivalent continuous sound pressure level in the

period of reference (LAeq,TR):

can be performed:

a) Continuous integration method. The LAeq,TR value is obtained by measuring the

environmental noise during the whole reference period, with the possible

exception of time slots in which anomalous conditions occur, being not

representative of the area.

b) Sampling method. The LAeq,TR is evaluated as the average of the A-weighted

equivalent continuous sound pressure level values, related to the time of

observation (TO). The value of LAeq,TR is given by:

The measurement methodology records value of LAeq,TR representative of the

environmental noise scenario in the TR, the studied area, the source type and noise

propagation. The measure must be rounded up to 0.5 dB.

In free field measurement campaign, has to be oriented towards the source of noise.

If the source is not localizable or there are multiple sources, a microphone with

random incidence must be used. The microphone should be fixed on a support and

42

connected to the sound level meter with cable long enough to allow operators to

stay at least at 3 m away from the microphone.

In case of buildings with faade flush with the road, the microphone should be placed

at 1 m from faade. Otherwise (not flush or buildings in open spaces), the

microphone should be placed inside the building and, in any case, not less than 1 m

from the faade.

The height of the microphone should be chosen in agreement with the actual or

assumed position of the receiver. When measuring in free field, the microphone

should be at a height of 1.5 m above ground surface. When measuring at 1,5m above

the ground surface then corrections are needed (1 dB).

The shielding of local objects that can affect the outcomes of the noise measurement

carried out at a short distance must be taken into account.

Noise monitoring campaigns could be implemented as grid points (Colenbrander

Method). The measurements should be conduct on the grid points with distance less

than 0.2 d (d = the largest diameter of the objects situated in the matrix).

If a point of the grid noise measurement cannot be carried out because not (objects,

buildings, etc.) the value of the virtual point should be determined by means of

extrapolation or interpolation taking into account that noise levels are logarithmic

(not linear) values.

The measurement campaigns have to be done in absence of rainfall, fog and/or

snow; the wind speed must not be more than 5 m/s and the microphone must be

provided of windshield. The measuring system must be compatible with the weather

in which measurements are made and in any case according to CEI 29-10 and EN

60804/1994.

Impulsive events instrumental survey

In order to identify impulsive event, LAimax and LASmax levels for a suitable time have to

be measured.

43

Noise is considered having impulsive components when:

the event is repetitive;

the difference between LAimax and LASmax is more than 6 dB;

the event is less than 1 s at -10 dB from the value LAFmax.

The impulsive event is repetitive when occurs at least 10 times per hour during the

daytime and at least 2 times per hour during the night.

The repetition shall be demonstrated through graphic recording of LAF during the

measurement time. The LAeq,TR level is increased by a correction factor KI as earlier

defined.

Tonal components identification

In order to detect presence of tonal components in the noise (CT), a 1/3-octave

frequency bands spectral analysis has to be performed. Only stationary in time and

frequency CT are considered.

If sequential filters are used, the minimum of each band with fast time constant has

to be determined. If parallel filters are used, the level of the stationary spectrum is

highlighted by the lowest level in each band. In order to highlight a CT located at the

crossover frequency of two filters at 1/3-octave, filters with greater selective power

or alternatives crossover frequencies can be used.

The analysis has to be carried out in the frequency range between 20 Hz and 20 kHz.

A CT occurs if the minimum level of a band exceeds the minimum levels of the

adjacent bands for at least 5 dB. The correction factor KT is applied, as earlier defined,

only if the CT touch an isophonic curve equal or higher than the highest reached by

the other components of the spectrum.

Low frequency components

If the performed frequency analysis reveals a CT and the corrective factor KT in the

frequency range between 20 Hz and 200 Hz has to be used, the corrective factor KB as

earlier defined has to be applied, exclusively during the night time period.

44

Measurement methodologies Measurement is a very important phase to know the airborne noise radiated from a

ship, according to its operating condition.

In order to deduce useful information to characterize the noise within a port context,

the measurement campaigns must be articulated as follow:

long time (whole day/evening/night, preferably on several days) monitoring,

in a significant site for the port noise immission, so as to have a wider

overview and to possibly highlight both discontinuity and repetitiveness or

frequency of the noise on the long-term.

measurements on short time (e.g. 30-45 min) in different days and time slots,

day and night-time, both in the same site (as in the continuous monitoring)

and other sites in the study area, which provide information on the short-time

noise level at different times and with different port scenarios. The number of

measurements depends on the variations: if, after measuring 3 or 4 times at a

grid point, the average noise levels does not alter anymore the value, the

number of measurements is sufficient. If the average noise level alters more

than 1 dB, then additional measurements are recommended.

The microphone should be placed at a distance of 1 m from the buildings faades

exposed to the higher noise and at least 4 m from ground. In absence of buildings,

the microphone should be placed in the position of sensitive receivers.

The output data required for the measurement campaign is:

the sound pressure levels A-weighted, LAeq, measured in octave or even in 1/3

octave bands;

the maximum sound pressure level weighting A and with time weighting Slow,

LpASmax;

the percentile levels, L90 L95 L99;

the spectral analysis (if available) of 1/3 octave bands, also in order to detect

the presence of tonal and impulsive components;

the background level, to verify that the sound level measured in the current

source is 10 dB higher than the background noise. If yes, the error due to the

45

neglecting background noise is less than 5.0 dB. If not, measured sound levels

has to be cleanse from the background noise by means of:

where

Ls is sound level of the sound source;

Lm is total measured sound level (sound source + background noise);

Lb is measured background noise;

i is referred to the ith frequency band

The values obtained should be compared with the maximum levels established as

limit.

Analysis of most critical sources Once the monitoring activities have been conducted, it is

necessary to identify the most critical of the sound sources. They can be identified through:

Sound pressure levels from the source

Sound emission spectrum (if available)

Sound emission day period

The sound pressure level, depending on the source sound power, and the spectrum are

features of the sound source. The higher is the sound pressure level and the more it is

concentrated in the most sensitive human hearing frequencies range, the more the sound

source will be critical. The sound emission day period is important because the noise

produced by a given plant can be covered by the noise from other activities in the

surrounding areas.

Reports The results of the measurements shall be recorded in a report which contains at least

the following data:

Date, place, time of detection and description of weather conditions, wind

speed and direction;

Reference, observation and measurement time;

46

Complete measuring cycle, in particular focusing on the used equipment, its

accuracy and calibration certificate;

Noise levels detected;

Results and conclusions;

Names list of the observers/samplers who attended the measurement;

Identification and signature of the acoustic competent technician who

performed the measurements.

48

Seawater supports a multitude of functional coastal ecosystems and facilitates the

distribution, abundance and life of organisms. Coastal water quality is very important

from the environmental, economic and societal point of view and is deeply

influenced by the surrounding land use including the quantitative and qualitative

exploitation of agricultural/industrial use and urbanization including port activities.

These actions may reduce water quality by increase sedimentation rates, nutrients,

metal traces and hydrocarbons.

Ports facilities are highly concentrated industrial areas which contain a variety of

activities including container terminals, shipyards and cargo facilities. Indeed, these

activities may have a direct and indirect high impact on water quality and it is

therefore necessary to assess the impact of port operations quality in receiving

waters in and around ports areas.

To this extent, long term water quality monitoring projects results to be very

important and shall be designed to complement, and in some cases expand, existing

monitoring programs for some marine organisms. These plans aim to gain

information on the quality of receiving waters through a structured long term

sampling actions by implementing the port activities in order to minimize impacts on

receiving waters.

49

The first step for the Water topic is the same of the previous cases, Air and Noise: in

the investigation of the methodologies to be applied in the improvement of the port

environment scenario several actions have to be firstly implemented:

The assessment of:

- Storm water runoff

- Ships discharges (bilge and ballast water)

- Sewage

- Oil spillage

- Anti-fouling paints

- Liquid bulk storage and transfer (loading/unloading activities)

- Non-bulk chemical storage and handling

- Leaching and run-off of contaminants in stormwater

- Port services and facilities


The determination of the water pollutants that mostly affect the

environmental sustainability.

The consideration of the chemical, physical and microbiological aspects of

water pollution in the Port.


helpful during the analysis and evaluation of the action to be implemented.

Specifically, the information to be needed is:


such as sewage/ships discharges

- Time and Frequency of arrival of ships to the port

- Type of open air stored bulk material: fertilizer, other materials

- Water Spraying operation to bulk storages

- Cleaning of trucks and other equipment (cement, ready mix concrete,..)

- Type of merchandise loaded in incoming ships


activities, some information on the measurement methods, on the investigated

parameters, on data collection and on the technical equipment to be used in the

topic Water are required. A good approach in this area is, in fact, indispensable in

50

order to obtain valid results and, thus, to ensure the maximum accuracy in the

subsequent intervention actions.

Definitions

Nutrients: are minor constituents of the sea water, essential for marine

phytoplankton growth and health. They include mainly inorganic nutrients such as

ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and silicate. Unit of measurement: mole/l.

Chlorophyll a: a particulate organic compound necessary for the primary productivity

in the sea water. It is abundant in all plants. Unit of measurement: g/l.

Hydrocarbon: the measurement of any oil pollution in seawater. Unit of

measurement: mg/l.

Transparency: the measurement of water clarity-turbidity.

Secci disk: a tool for transparency measurement.

Basic measurement equipment The instrument used for monitoring should be chosen to include all the needed

measurements for the port monitoring.

Principally the monitoring system should include:

Spectrophotometer, measuring nutrients and chlorophyll a in the water

Spectroflourometer, measuring chlorophyll a and hydrocarbon and

chlorophyll a in the water.

pH meter, measuring pH

Oxygen meter, measuring dissolved oxygen.

51

Technical standards and methodology of the

measurements Measurement has to be distinguished between short and long term.

Short term measurements

Conductivity

Temperature

Salinity

Turbidity

pH

Dissolved Oxygen

Long term measurements

Determination of nutrient and chlorophyll a

Analysis proceedings

All nutrients, and hydrocarbon has to be measured according to Grasshof et al.

(1999). Chlorophyll a has to be measured according to Elizabeth and Gary (1994).

Generally nutrient analysis have to be made in duplicate. Absorption has to be

measured in a 4 cm cell using a Pye Unicam. Sp6-550 UV\VIS spectrophotometer.

Chlorophyll a has to be measured flourometically using a Turner designs TD-700

flourometer.

Determination of ammonia

Reagents

Citrate buffer: 120 g of trisodium citrate dihydrate and 20 ml of 0.5M

NaOH to be dissolved in 500 ml of fresh deionized distilled water.

Phenol-soduim nitroprusside: 19 g of phenol and 0.20 g of disodium

nitropursside dihydrate to be dissolved in 500 ml of fresh deionized

distilled water.

52

Soduim hydroxide-hypochlorite: a solution containing 0.15 g chlorine in

100 ml of 0.5M NaOH has to be prepared by diluting 6ml of commercially

vailable (2.5% chlorine) hyopchlorite to 100 ml with 0.5M NaOH.

Stock standard solution of ammonia nitrogen (5000 M): 0.066 g of

ammonium sulfate to be dissolved in 500 ml of fresh deionized distilled

water.


25 ml sample has to be transferred into a 50 ml screw cap test tube, followed by

sequential addition of 1 ml of reagents 1, 2 and 3 using an Eppendorf pipette.

The reaction mixture has to be well shaken after each addition. The tube has to

be closed and kept in the dark at room temperature overnight. After a minimum

of 16 hours, the absorption has to be measured in a 4 cm cell at 630 nm.

Determination of nitrate and nitrite

Nitrate reduction cadmium column

The known method is made for the reduction of nitrate (60) except that two

modifications which are decreasing the column length to 10 cm instead of 30 cm

and keeping the Cd granules untightly packed. These modifications have three

major advantages:

1) save analysis time (elution of the samples takes only one minute instead

of five in the old method),

2) decrease the sample size from 100 to 50 ml and

3) increase the reduction efficiency to exceed 98%.

Reagents

Buffered concentrated ammonium chloride: 100 g of ammonium chloride

and 1 0ml of ammonium hydroxide to be dissolved in 500 ml of fresh

deionized distilled water.

Un buffered concentrated ammonium chloride: 50 g of ammonium

chloride to be dissolved in 25 0ml of fresh deionized distilled water.

Dilute ammonium chloride: 25 ml of reagent 2 to be diluted to 1000 ml

using fresh deionized distilled water.

53

Sulphanilamide: 5 g of sulphanilamide to bedissolved in 50 ml of

concentrated HCl and 300 ml of fresh distilled water and made up to

500ml with fresh deionized distilled water.

Naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride: 0.50 g of N-1-

naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride to be dissolved in 500 ml of

fresh deionized distilled water.

Nitrate stock standard solution (5000 M): 0.1002 g of potassium nitrate

to be dissolved in 100ml of fresh deionized distilled water.

Nitrite stock standard solution (5000 M): 0.0345 g of sodium nitrite to

be dissolved in 100ml of fresh deionized distilled water. Reagents 4, 5 and

7 have to be used for both nitrate and nitrite, while the other reagents

have to be used for nitrate determination only.

Nitrate analysis proceedings

At every nitrate determination session, the nitrate reduction column has to be

cleaned and efficiency has to be checked, by eluting the column with 100-150 ml

of dilute ammonium chloride (reagent 3) followed by running blanks and

standard. Efficiency of the column has to be maintained above 98%. For reducing

the nitrate content of the sample to nitrite, 50 ml samples have to be transferred

into Erlynmayer flasks followed by the addition of 2 ml of buffered concentrated

ammonium chloride (reagent 1). The flasks has to be then well shaken and the

content of each flask was eluted through the nitrate reduction column. Elution

has to be carried out in the manner described in Strickland and Parsons (60).

25 ml of the eluted sample has to be collected in the original Erlynmayer flask,

followed by the addition of 0.5 ml of sulfanilamide (reagent 4). The reaction

mixture has to be shaken and after 2-3 minutes, 0.5 ml of

naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride (reagent 5) has to be added. After 10

minutes the absorption of the sample has to be measured in a 4 cm cell at 540

nm. Suitable aged sea water has to be used as a blank for nitrate.

Nitrite analysis proceedings

25 ml samples have to be transferred into 50 ml screw cap test tubes and treated

in the same way as the reduced nitrate sample. Aged sea water has to be used as

a blank.

54

Determination of phosphate

Reagents

Diluted sulfuric acid (4.75M): 126.5 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid to be

diluted to 500 ml with fresh deionized distilled water.

Ammonium molybdate: 18 g of ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate to be

dissolved in 200 ml of fresh deionized distilled water. The reagent to be

stored at room temperature.

Potassium antimony tartrate: 3.25 g of potassium antimony tartrate to be

dissolved in 100 ml of fresh deionized distilled water.

Ascorbic acid: 17.5 g of ascorbic acid to be dissolved in 250 ml of fresh

deionized distilled water. The reagent has to be stored in a deep freezer.

Mixed reagent: 100 ml of this reagent to be prepared by mixing 40 ml

reagent 1 + 9.0 ml of reagent 2 + 1.0 ml of reagent 3 + 25 ml of reagent 4.

This reagent has to be prepared fresh just before use.

Stock standard solution (5000 M): 0.068 g of potassium dihydrogen

phosphate to be dissolved in 100 ml of fresh deionized distilled water.


25 ml samples has to be transferred into screw cap test tubes, followed by the

addition of 2 ml of mixed reagent (reagent 5). The tubes have to be then covered

and well shaken. After 10 min the absorption has to be measured in a 4 cm cell

at 885 nm. Aged sea water has to be used as a blank.

Determination of silicate

Reagents

Diluted sulfuric acid (2.65M): 71 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid to be

diluted to 500 ml with fresh deionized distilled water.

Ammonium molybdate: 35 g of ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate to be

dissolved in 250 of deionized distilled water. The reagent has to be stored

at room temperature.

Oxalic acid: 11.25 g of oxalic acid to be dissolved in 250 ml of fresh

deionized distilled water. The reagent has to be stored frozen.

Ascorbic acid: 3.15 g of ascorbic acid to be dissolved in 250 ml of fresh

deionized distilled water. The reagent has to be stored frozen.

55

Molybdate reagent: 40 ml of this reagent to be prepared by mixing of 20

ml of reagent 1 and 20 ml of reagent 2. Prepared fresh just before use.

Acid reagent: 50 ml of this reagent to be prepared by mixing 25 ml of

reagent 3 and 25 ml of reagent 4. Prepared fresh just before use.

Stock standard solution (5000 M): 0.094 g of sodium silico fluoride to be

dissolved in 100 ml of fresh deionized distilled water.


25 ml samples have to be transferred into screw cap polyethylene bottles, followed

by the addition of 1 ml of molybdate reagent (reagent 5). The bottle has to be then

closed and well shaken. After 8-10 min 2 ml of acid reagent (reagent 6) has to be

added, and the bottle closed and well shaken. After 1-2 hours, the absorption has to

be measured in a 4 cm cell at 810 nm. Deionized distilled water has to be used as a

blank.

Determination of Chlorophyll a

Apparatus and Equipment

Fluorometer: Turner designs, td-700 equipped with high intensity blue

lamp or daylight white lamp, red-sensitive photomultiplier, and filters for

excitation (436nm) and emission (680nm).

Centrifuge, capable of 675 g.

Tissue grinder.

Aluminum foil.

Glass test tubes (13 mm) for the fluorometre.

Cellulose membrane filter (0.45 um).

Reagents

Acetone (90%): 900 ml acetone to be diluted to 1000 ml with fresh

deionized distilled water.

Chlorophyll a stock standard solution: obtained from commercial

supplier.


Chlorophyll a determination has to be carried out flourometrically as described by

Elizabeth and Gary (62). One liter of sea water has to be filtered through a cellulose

56

membrane filter. The filter has to be then placed in a glass tube wrapped shield with

aluminum foil. 10 ml of 90% acetone has to be added into the test tube. The

membrane filter has to be ground using a tissue grinder and then kept in a

refrigerator at 4C over night. The mixture has to be then centrifuged for 5 minutes at

5000 rpm, and Chlorophyll a content has to be measured in a 13 mm glass test tube

using the direct concentration calibration (sec. 2.4.2) method. 90% acetone has to be

used as a blank.

Determination of Hydrocarbon

Hydrocarbon has to be measured according to Grasshof et al. (1999).


One liter of sea water samples has to be extracted with 25 ml n-hexane using a

separatory funnel or other appropriate preparatory methods to obtain necessary

quantitation limits. 25 ml of supernatant part has to be retrieved from separatory

funnel. The analysis of the 25 ml sample has to be conducted with the

spectroflourometer using 1 cm cell by applying a wavelength excitation of 310 nm

and emission of 360 nm.

Reports The results of the measurements shall be recorded in a monthly report which

contains following:

Date, place, and time of detection;

Reference, observation and measurement time;

Results and conclusions.

For further information please contact: Corrado Schenone University of Genoa DIME Via allOpera Pia 15/A - 16145 Genova (ITALY) Tel: +39 010 353 2577 Fax: +39 010 311870 e-mail: [email protected]

www.mesp.org

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