32a byzantium[1]
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32a. Heirs of Classicism: Byzantium
32a. Heirs of Classicism:
Byzantium, A New Rome
“During its one-thousand-year existence, theByzantine Empire took its Roman heritage andbecame an autocratic, static entity in a world ofgreat upheaval . . .” MP, 184
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The Eastern Roman Empire The name “Byzantine” is modern and comes from Byzantium,
the original name of Constantinople
Continuity
Maintained the Roman tradition of law and government
Throughout its history, subjects of the Eastern, or “Byzantine,”Empire thought of themselves as Rhomaioi , or Romans
Change
Greek speaking
Orthodox Christian
Increasingly “oriental” (eastern)
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Phases of Byzantine History Almost 1000 years of history, from the Fall of the Western Roman Empire almost until
the time of Columbus (see MP, 184-186)
Revival of Empire (A.D. 476-641)
Withdrawal and Renewal (A.D. 641-867)
Golden Age (A.D. 867-1081)
Challenge from the West (A.D. 1081-1261)
Palaeologian Emperors (A.D. 1261-1453)
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Revival of Empire (A.D. 476–641) Justinian (r. 527–565)
Last emperor to speak Latin as his native language
Rigorously supported Orthodox Christianity and enforcedreligious conformity
Eastern borders with Persia secured
North Africa and Italy re-conquered
Great period of architecture and culture
Military expansion and building program were ultimatelytoo expensive
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Byzantine Empire under Justinian
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Withdrawal and Renewal (A.D. 641–867)
Territorial losses
loss of western provinces
Syria and Egypt to Arabs
Slavs seize much of the Balkans
Byzantium militarized
Generals given both military and civil control of provinces
Great estates controlled by military aristocracy form a type of feudalism
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Invasions by Slavs, Bulgars, and Arabs
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Golden Age (A.D. 867–1081) Basil I and the Bulgars
Bulgarians, who had conquered much of the Balkans,subjugated
Restored boundaries and economy
Expansion into eastern Anatolia, northern Syria, and partsof southern Italy
medieval Byzantium
Religious and cultural expansion into eastern Europe
Orthodox missionaries spread Christianity among Serbs,Ukrainians, Russians
Byzantine state becomes the model for new kingdoms andwould-be empires
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Byzantine Renewal under Basil I
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Challenges: the West and the Turks(A.D. 1081–1261)
Commeni dynasty
Byzantium again militarized and feudalized
Strife between West and East
Schism between Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy worsens
Beginning of the Crusades
Enemies on all sides: Serbs, Bulgars, Turks, WesternEuropeans
1071: Southern Italy to Normans, Asia Minor to Turks(after Battle of Manzikert)
1204: Fourth Crusade, Western Christians captureConstantinople
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Byzantium, the Turks, and the Crusades
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Palaeologians (A.D. 1261–1453)
Byzantines succeed in retaking Constantinople fromFranks and Italians
Palaeologian Dynasty rules a small, weak Greek state
Slavs hold most of the Balkans
Turks seize most of Asia Minor and threaten Europe
In 1453 the Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople,ending the Eastern Roman Empire
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Byzantine Society
Unresolved conflict between Christian and Classicalideals
Religious forms—deeply spiritual, transcendentlyspiritual
Classical values of restraint, dignity, and serenity, butsomewhat suppressed humanism—autocratic government, man’s submission to divine
Orthodox Church
State control of the Church
Iconoclast Controversy
Religious and cultural expansion into Eastern Europe and Russia
Continued conflict with the West
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The Spread of
Eastern OrthodoxChristianity and theByzantine CulturalSphere
Byzantinemissionaries spreadEastern Orthodoxy toBulgars, Serbs,Romanians, andRussians
St. Methodius and St.Cyril devise a Slavicalphabet based onByzantine Greek
Byzantine cultural andgovernmental idealsadopted throughoutEastern Europe
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