3/27 notes cultural geography quiz 3: end of class pick up all old work first---finishing up last...
TRANSCRIPT
3/27 Notes
Cultural Geography Quiz 3: End of ClassPick up all old work
First---finishing up last lectureSpanish & Mexican SW
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More Spanish Explorers of the Southwest
• Padre Eusebio Francisco Kino– 1692-1711– Reached
Tucson– Jesuit– Technology– Livestock– Agriculture
What did he see?
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Spanish Presidios
• Military Forts• Protection
– Indian Raiding• Livestock (cattle,
horses) abundant• Farming nearby• Tucson, Tubac, El
Paso• Ended in 1821.
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Spanish Missions• San Xavier del Bac
(White Dove of the Desert)– Kino 1692– 1770s rebuilt by
Franciscans– Just SW of Tucson– Still active church– Still active
farming• Tumacácori.
http://www.smrc-missiontours.com/
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***Big Pont***European Native American
Exchange
• Cattle, Horses• Sheep, Goats, Pigs• Citrus, Figs• Metal tools• Guns• Distilled Alcohol• Epidemic Diseases• Writing
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*****Big Point*****Native American European
Exchange
• Corn• Beans• Squash• Turkey• Chili Pepper• Tomatillo• Sunflower
• Walnut• Acorn• Mesquite Bean• Agave• Pine Nut• Amaranth• Chocolate
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1800s Historical Dates• Mexican Independence 1821• Mexican-American War 1846• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848• Gadsden Purchase
1854*******
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Today’s TopicsAthapaskans in the Southwest
• Includes Navajo and Apache• Where they came from, when• Early life ways, history, modern
times
Focus on environment interactions– Leave most of the human issues
for other courses
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• Linguistically‒Athapaskan
(Navajo and Apache)
• Migration started ~1000-1500 years ago•Glottochronolog
y• Crossed many
environments• SW arrival:1400s
Where and When
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Glottochronology• Study of language divergence• Language starts with a basic
vocabulary• People, languages split apart• Words replaced at a constant rate??• With time, a language splits into two• If replacement rate is known, date of
common language can be determined (not precise dates)
• Ex: Lune (L.) = Monday– Fr.: Lundi, Sp. = Lunes
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• East lobe: 1250 bp
– 1000 km long, thick
– May have triggered dispersal of 500+ people
• North lobe: 1890 bp
– Smaller, but still catastrophic
White River Ash
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The Athapaskan Entry:
3 Models
The Athapaskan Entry:
3 Models
•Late Entry High Plains Route (Post-1525)
•Early Entry via the Great Basin (Pre-1400)
•Early Entry via an Intermountain Route (A.D. 1400-1450)
Late Entry High Plains Hypothesis
Dinetah
Querechos
Black Hills
Black Hills: AD 1200
High Plains High Plains Drought?AD 1250-1450
Pecos Pueblo
Pecos—Ref byCoronado
Early Entry Mountain Route
DinetahAD1400
AD900??
AD1200??
Early sites (1541) ONLY in Dinetah
Navajo Oral Traditions
Navajo plant/animal names
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Ancestral Navajo Homeland• NW New Mexico, Dinétah• Farming, hunting, gathering, traiding, raiding
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Early Navajo Forked-pole Hogans
Forked-pole hogans enable tree-ring dating
Same structure type used til 20th century
Same site layoutEarliest Dates
mid-1500s
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Navajo Depopulation of Dinetah
“A severe drought which began in about 1730 had major impact on the Navajos by 1748… This drought and … appearto have caused the southern and western migration of NavajoPopulatuions and…their abandonment of the Dinetah”Marshall 1995:203; see also Reeve 1958:20
But did it??????
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Navajo Transition to PastoralismAfter Dinetah is depopulatedExpansion West–San Juan Basin, etc.–
better grasslands--- Why????
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Long Walk to
Ft. Sumner (Bosque
Redondo)• 250-400
miles• East bank
of Pecos River
• Now a state monument
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Impossible Environmen
tal Conditions
• 9,000 people: mostly Navajo, some Apache
• Perhaps 10,000 acres, 4,000 farmable• Pecos water unpalatable (salt: 3-6 ppt)• Riparian woodland quickly depleted
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Unfortunate Timing Climatically• Early 1860s drought• Crops failed and/or plagued with pests• Thousands died
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• Sheep, goat numbers skyrocket and fluctuate
• Exceed carrying capacity (600,000), stripped vegetation
• 1930s: US enforced stock reduction– From ~1,300,000
to 400,000 sheep– Another disaster.
Return to Pastoralism
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Carrying Capacity• Maximum stocking rate
possible while maintaining range resources– How many sheep can
graze on this land• How to determine?
– Measure forage production: lbs./year•ac
– Measure nutritional demand: lbs./year•animal
– Divide production/demand = # animals/ac
• Can be applied to all species, at all scales.
acre
animals10
.lb10
yearanimal
yearacre
.lb100
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• WesternApache: – Former
Mogolloncountry
• Lifeways:– Hunting– Gathering– Farming
• Ethnographic case study (Archaic?).
Current W. Apache lands
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Hunters and Gatherers
• Gathering– Agave– Mesquite– Cactus Fruits– Grass Seeds– Pine Nuts
• Hunting– Deer– Antelope– Rabbits– Squirrels– Rodents– Birds
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Apache Wikiup: Minimalist Housing
•Pole frame, hide and vegetation covering
• Allowed seasonal migration: hunting, gathering
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Novel Twist on Apache Farming
• Late spring planting• When corn 1.5 feet tall (before monsoons):
– Water final time, then leave– Gather acorns, nuts, etc.
• Send someone back to see if corn made it• Come back in fall to harvest• Dubbed “casual farming”• Might be recent analog to late Archaic.
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• Increment core the tree• Crossdate pre-scar ring growth• Upper Gila example: six peelings date
to 1865, an emergency year (US Army)