3/25 collect onion mitosis lab nervous system homework – chapter 48 and 49.2 nervous system online...
TRANSCRIPT
3/25
Collect Onion Mitosis LabNervous system
Homework – • Chapter 48 and 49.2 Nervous System online due
tomorrow (long) – We’re done!!!• Review Manual Topics 8 and 9 – all relevant reading and
questions due Wednesday• Plant and Animal Systems Test Thursday and FRQ
Friday – Big Idea Powerpoint is up on the website!!! Do first third tonight
• Next Practice AP Exam dates are here Saturday 4/13 10am-2pm and Saturday 4/20 12pm-4pm
Goals for Nervous System• Know the function of the nervous system• Include a picture of the system• Know the anatomy of a neuron, and the functions of sensory,
inter-, and motor neurons, and what a nerve is• Know the mechanisms of impulse transmission in a neuron• Know the process that leads to release of neurotransmitter, and
what happens at the synapse• Know the organization and function of the major divisions of the
nervous system – central, peripheral, somatic, autonomic, sympathetic, parasympathetic
• Know the trends in nervous system evolution over animal phyla• Know the components of a reflex arc and how they work• Know one function for each major brain region• Know gray vs. white matter, cerebrospinal fluid, and the types of
glial cells
Nervous System• Functions? (think about
three main roles and types of neurons)
• What is a nerve? Ganglion?
Nucleus?
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Fig. 48.1
Neuron – let’s label
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Fig. 48.2
Nervous System Activities
• http://session.masteringbiology.com/myct/assignmentHome?assignmentID=2019767
• 1 for neuron/action potential
• 2 synapse tutorials
Neural Impulse
• Electrochemical =
Electric through neuron
Chemical between neurons
• At rest the sodium ions (Na+) build up outside the cell and K+ build up inside the cell.
http://www.biology4all.com/resources_library/source/63.swf
Review of the nerve impulse – THIS LINK WORKS!!!
• Types of gated ions.– Chemically-gated ion channels open or close
in response to a chemical stimulus.– Voltage-gated ion channels open or close in
response to a change in membrane potential.
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• Graded Potentials: Hyperpolarization and Depolarization– Graded potentials are changes in membrane
potential
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• Hyperpolarization.– Gated K+ channels
open K+ diffuses out of the cell the membrane potential becomes more negative.
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Fig. 48.8a
Graded potentials are changes in membrane potential
• Depolarization.– Gated Na+ channels
open Na+ diffuses into the cell the membrane potential becomes less negative.
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Fig. 48.8b
• The Action Potential: All or Nothing Depolarization.– If graded potentials
sum to -55mV a threshold potential is achieved.• This triggers an action
potential.– Axons only.
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Fig. 48.8c
• 5 Steps of Action Potential
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Fig. 48.9
• During the undershoot both the Na+
channel’s activation and inactivation gates are closed.– At this time the neuron cannot depolarize in
response to another stimulus: refractory period.
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• Saltatory conduction.– In myelinated neurons only unmyelinated
regions of the axon depolarize.• Thus, the impulse moves faster than in unmyelinated
neurons.
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Fig. 48.11
The small gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron is called a synapse.
Nervous System
An action potential is carried across these gaps by neurotransmitters.
The Synapse
33.1 Structure of the Nervous System
Chapter 33
• The neuron before the synapse is called the presynaptic neuron – what do you think the neuron after the synapse is called?
1. axon
2. synaptic knob
6. dendrite
5. synaptic gap
3. synaptic vesicles
4. cell membrane
Structure of the synapse
• The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synapse.
• Binds to receptors on the dendrite of a neuron.
• More nerve impulses are generated (or muscle or gland stimulated).
• The neurotransmitter is broken down by enzymes.
Fast forward to end in this animation.
Nervous SystemChapter 33
Order these events of the neural impulse
• Neurotransmitters bind to next neuron’s dendrite, starting new impulse
• Threshold reached, action potential generated• Calcium channels open • Vesicles fuse with plasma membrane • Neurotransmitters released into synaptic gap• Action potential reaches end of axon
• Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) depolarize the postsynaptic neuron.– The binding of neurotransmitter to postsynaptic
receptors open gated channels that allow Na+ to diffuse into and K+ to diffuse out of the cell.
• Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) hyperpolarize the postsynaptic neuron.– The binding of neurotransmitter to postsynaptic
receptors open gated channels that allow K+ to diffuse out of the cell and/or Cl- to diffuse into the cell.
Neural integration occurs at the cellular level
• Summation: graded potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs) are summed to either depolarize or hyperpolarize a postsynaptic neuron.
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Fig. 48.14
• Acetylcholine.
– Excitatory to skeletal muscle.
– Inhibitory to cardiac muscle.
– Secreted by the CNS, PNS, and at vertebrate neuromuscular junctions.
The same neurotransmitter can produce different effects on different types of cells
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• Biogenic Amines.
– Epinephrine and norepinephrine.• Can have excitatory or inhibitory effects.• Secreted by the CNS and PNS.• Secreted by the adrenal glands.
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• Dopamine
– Generally excitatory; may be inhibitory at some sites.• Widespread in the brain.• Affects sleep, mood, attention, and learning.
– Secreted by the CNS and PNS.
– A lack of dopamine in the brain is associated with Parkinson’s disease.
– Excessive dopamine is linked to schizophrenia.
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• Serotonin.
– Generally inhibitory.• Widespread in the brain.• Affects sleep, mood, attention, and learning
– Secreted by the CNS.
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• Amino Acids– Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA).
• Inhibitory.• Secreted by the CNS and at invertebrate
neuromuscular junctions.
– Also glycine, glutamate, aspartate• Met-enkephalin (an endorphin).• Neuropeptides.
– Substance P.• Gases that act as local regulators.
– Nitric oxide.– Carbon monoxide.
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3/26
• Finish Nervous System• Start Big Idea Powerpoint
Homework – • Review Manual Topics 8 and 9 – all relevant
reading and questions due tomorrow• Plant and Animal Systems Test Thursday and
FRQ Friday – Big Idea Powerpoint is up on the website!!! Do second third tonight
• Next Practice AP Exam dates are here Saturday 4/13 10am-2pm and Saturday 4/20 12pm-4pm
• A Simple Nerve Circuit – the Reflex Arc.– A reflex is an autonomic response.
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Fig. 48.3
• Neurons differ in terms of both function and shape.
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Fig. 48.4
• Types of Nerve Circuits.– Single presynaptic neuron several
postsynaptic neurons.– Several presynaptic neurons single
postsynaptic neuron.– Circular paths.
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• Supporting Cells (Glia).– There are several types of glia.– Astrocytes are found within the CNS.
– Structural and metabolic support.– By inducing the formation of tight junctions between
capillary cells astrocytes help form the blood-brain barrier.– Like neurons, astrocytes communicate with one another via
chemical signals.
• Oligodendrocytes are found within the CNS.– Form a myelin sheath by insulating axons.
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• Schwann cells are found within the PNS.– Form a myelin sheath by insulating axons.
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Fig. 48.5
Embryonic development of the vertebrate brain reflects its evolution from three
anterior bulges of the neural tube
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Fig. 48.19
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Fig. 48.20
Let’s label functions – use p. 270
Self - Check
• Which part of the brain regulates thirst?
• Which part of the brain would be highly developed in an animal that is extremely coordinated like a monkey or cat?
• Which part of the brain do all your conscious thoughts come from?
• The Reticular System, Arousal, and Sleep.
– The reticular activating system (RAS) of the reticular formation.• Regulates sleep
and arousal.• Acts as a
sensory filter.
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Fig. 48.21
– Sleep and wakefulness produces patterns of electrical activity in the brain that can be recorded as an electroencephalogram (EEG).• Most dreaming
occurs during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep.
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Fig. 48.22b-d
• The cerebrum is derived from the embryonic telencephalon.
The cerebrum is the most highly evolved structure of the mammalian brain
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Fig. 48.24a
• The cerebrum is divided into left and right cerebrum hemispheres.– The corpus callosum is the major connection
between the two hemispheres.– The left hemisphere is primarily responsible for
the right side of the body.– The right hemisphere is primarily responsible for
the left side of the body.• Cerebral cortex: outer covering of gray
matter. – Neocortex: region unique to mammals.
• The more convoluted the surface of the neocortex the more surface area the more neurons.
• Basal nuclei: internal clusters of nuclei.
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• The cerebrum is divided into frontal, temporal, occipital, and parietal lobes.
Regions of the cerebrum are specialized for different functions
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Fig. 48.24b
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Fig. 48.25
• Lateralization of Brain Function.– The left hemisphere.
• Specializes in language, math, logic operations, and the processing of serial sequences of information, and visual and auditory details.
• Specializes in detailed activities required for motor control.
– The right hemisphere.• Specializes in pattern recognition, spatial relationships,
nonverbal ideation, emotional processing, and the parallel processing of information.
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• Language and Speech.– Broca’s area.
• Usually located in the left hemisphere’s frontal lobe• Responsible for speech production.
– Wernicke’s area.• Usually located in the right hemisphere’s temporal lobe• Responsible for the comprehension of speech.
– Other speech areas are involved generating verbs to match nouns, grouping together related words, etc.
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• Emotions.– In mammals, the limbic system is composed
of the hippocampus, olfactory cortex, inner portions of the cortex’s lobes, and parts of the thalamus and hypothalamus.• Mediates basic emotions (fear, anger), involved in
emotional bonding, establishes emotional memory– For example,
the amygdala is involved in recognizing the emotional content of facial expression.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFig. 48.27
• Memory and Learning.– Short-term memory stored in the frontal
lobes.– The establishment of long-term memory
involves the hippocampus.• The transfer of information from short-term to
long-term memory.– Is enhanced by repetition (remember that when you are
preparing for an exam).– Influenced by emotional states mediated by the
amygdala.– Influenced by association with previously stored
information.
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• The mammalian PNS has the ability to repair itself, the CNS does not.
– Research on nerve cell development and neural stem cells may be the future of treatment for damage to the CNS.
Research on neuron development and neural stem cells may lead to new approaches for treating CNS
injuries and diseases
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3/27
• Finish Big Idea Powerpoint• I check review manual
Homework –
• Plant and Animal Systems Test tomorrow and FRQ Friday – Big Idea Powerpoint is up on the website!!! Do last third tonight
• Next Practice AP Exam dates are here Saturday 4/13 10am-2pm and Saturday 4/20 12pm-4pm
3/28
• Test
3/29
• FRQ
• Spring Break homework – SparkNote diagnostic and review manual – intro chapters and diagnostic test – get familiar with layout of book, final lab report due week after Spring Break