3.205 l01 ft06 - mit opencourseware · pdf fileand (in kinetics) time example: ... is it...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 3.205 L01 FT06 - MIT OpenCourseWare · PDF fileand (in kinetics) time Example: ... Is it possible to define a local value for concentration in the ... Samuel M. Allen, and W. Craig](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030414/5aa032c47f8b9a0d158dce78/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
3.205 L01 10/26/06
Irreversible Thermodynamics
1
![Page 2: 3.205 L01 FT06 - MIT OpenCourseWare · PDF fileand (in kinetics) time Example: ... Is it possible to define a local value for concentration in the ... Samuel M. Allen, and W. Craig](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030414/5aa032c47f8b9a0d158dce78/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Thermodynamics and Kinetics
Thermodynamics is precise about what cannot happen.
How can thermodynamics be applied to systems that are away from equilibrium?
How are concepts from thermodynamics useful for building kinetic models?
3.205 L01 10/26/06 Samuel M. Allen 2
![Page 3: 3.205 L01 FT06 - MIT OpenCourseWare · PDF fileand (in kinetics) time Example: ... Is it possible to define a local value for concentration in the ... Samuel M. Allen, and W. Craig](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030414/5aa032c47f8b9a0d158dce78/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
A few math concepts
Fields, scalar Fields, vector Fields, tensor Variations of scalar fields
3.205 L01 10/26/06 Samuel M. Allen 3
![Page 4: 3.205 L01 FT06 - MIT OpenCourseWare · PDF fileand (in kinetics) time Example: ... Is it possible to define a local value for concentration in the ... Samuel M. Allen, and W. Craig](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030414/5aa032c47f8b9a0d158dce78/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Fields, scalar
Values of something are specified as a function of position,
, and (in kinetics) time.
!
r r = xˆ i + yˆ j + z ˆ k
Example: composition field diffusing into a body
3.205 L01 10/26/06 4Samuel M. Allen
from a point source
!
cr r ,t( )
![Page 5: 3.205 L01 FT06 - MIT OpenCourseWare · PDF fileand (in kinetics) time Example: ... Is it possible to define a local value for concentration in the ... Samuel M. Allen, and W. Craig](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030414/5aa032c47f8b9a0d158dce78/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Fields, vector
Values of a vector quantity are specified as a function of position and (in kinetics) time
Example: velocity is a vector field, e.g. in a flow field
!
r v
r r ,t( )
3.205 L01 10/26/06 Samuel M. Allen 5
![Page 6: 3.205 L01 FT06 - MIT OpenCourseWare · PDF fileand (in kinetics) time Example: ... Is it possible to define a local value for concentration in the ... Samuel M. Allen, and W. Craig](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030414/5aa032c47f8b9a0d158dce78/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Fields, tensor
A second-rank tensor called the stress tensor
!
" ij
r r ( ) relates force
!
r F at a point to an oriented area
!
ˆ A
at that point
3.205 L01 10/26/06 Samuel M. Allen 6
![Page 7: 3.205 L01 FT06 - MIT OpenCourseWare · PDF fileand (in kinetics) time Example: ... Is it possible to define a local value for concentration in the ... Samuel M. Allen, and W. Craig](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030414/5aa032c47f8b9a0d158dce78/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Variations of scalar fields
• Stationary field, moving point
!
r r (a bug on a surface…)
!
c(r r +
r v dt) = c(
r r )+
r " c #
r v dt
dc
dt=
r " c #
r v
• Evolving field, moving point
!
r r (a bug on a surface in an
earthquake…)
!
dc
dt=
r " c #
r v +
$c
$t
3.205 L01 10/26/06 Samuel M. Allen 7
![Page 8: 3.205 L01 FT06 - MIT OpenCourseWare · PDF fileand (in kinetics) time Example: ... Is it possible to define a local value for concentration in the ... Samuel M. Allen, and W. Craig](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030414/5aa032c47f8b9a0d158dce78/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Continuum limits
Is it possible to define a local value for concentration in the limit ?
!
"V # 0
It is, with suitable care.
3.205 L01 10/26/06 Samuel M. Allen 8
Figures removed due to copyright restrictions.See Figures 1.5 and 1.6 in Balluffi, Robert W., Samuel M. Allen, and W. Craig Carter.Kinetics of Materials. Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley & Sons, 2005. ISBN: 0471246891.
![Page 9: 3.205 L01 FT06 - MIT OpenCourseWare · PDF fileand (in kinetics) time Example: ... Is it possible to define a local value for concentration in the ... Samuel M. Allen, and W. Craig](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030414/5aa032c47f8b9a0d158dce78/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Fluxes
The flux vector
!
r J i represents mass flow of
component i at a point per unit oriented area at that point
!
lim"A#0
˙ M i ("r A )
"A=
r J i $ ˆ n
Example: swimming fish
3.205 L01 10/26/06 Samuel M. Allen 9
![Page 10: 3.205 L01 FT06 - MIT OpenCourseWare · PDF fileand (in kinetics) time Example: ... Is it possible to define a local value for concentration in the ... Samuel M. Allen, and W. Craig](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030414/5aa032c47f8b9a0d158dce78/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Accumulation
Flow field,Rate of production in dV,
!
r J ( ˆ r )
Accumulation of species i
!
"ci
"t= #$ %
r J i + ˙ & i
!
˙ " i
For a conserved quantity like internal energy
!
"u
"t= #$ %
r J u
and for a non-conserved quantity like entropy
!
"S
"t= #$ %
r J S + ˙ & i
3.205 L01 10/26/06 Samuel M. Allen 10
![Page 11: 3.205 L01 FT06 - MIT OpenCourseWare · PDF fileand (in kinetics) time Example: ... Is it possible to define a local value for concentration in the ... Samuel M. Allen, and W. Craig](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030414/5aa032c47f8b9a0d158dce78/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
System at Equilibrium
Characterized by uniform values of various “potentials” throughout the system e.g. T, P, µi
Densities of conjugate extensive quantities e.g. S, V, Ni can be inhomogeneous at equilibrium
S is maximized in a system at constant
!
dS "q
T
U For an isolated system
3.205 L01 10/26/06 Samuel M. Allen 11
![Page 12: 3.205 L01 FT06 - MIT OpenCourseWare · PDF fileand (in kinetics) time Example: ... Is it possible to define a local value for concentration in the ... Samuel M. Allen, and W. Craig](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030414/5aa032c47f8b9a0d158dce78/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
System away from Equilibrium
Kinetics concerns the path, mechanisms, and rates of spontaneous and driven processes.
Irreversible thermodynamics attempts to apply thermodynamics principles to systems that are not in equilibrium and to suggest principles by which they relax toward equilibrium or steady state.
3.205 L01 10/26/06 Samuel M. Allen 12
![Page 13: 3.205 L01 FT06 - MIT OpenCourseWare · PDF fileand (in kinetics) time Example: ... Is it possible to define a local value for concentration in the ... Samuel M. Allen, and W. Craig](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030414/5aa032c47f8b9a0d158dce78/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Postulate 1
It is generally possible to use principles of the continuum limit to define meaningful, useful,local values of various thermodynamicsquantities, e.g., chemical potential µi.
Useful kinetic theories can be developed by assuming a functional relationship between the rate of a process and the local departure from equilibrium (“driving force”).
3.205 L01 10/26/06 Samuel M. Allen 13
![Page 14: 3.205 L01 FT06 - MIT OpenCourseWare · PDF fileand (in kinetics) time Example: ... Is it possible to define a local value for concentration in the ... Samuel M. Allen, and W. Craig](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030414/5aa032c47f8b9a0d158dce78/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Postulate 2
For any irreversible process the rate of entropy production is everywhere ≥ 0.
!
˙ " =#S
#t+$%
r J S & 0
More restrictive than dStot ≥ 0 for isolated system.
3.205 L01 10/26/06 Samuel M. Allen 14
![Page 15: 3.205 L01 FT06 - MIT OpenCourseWare · PDF fileand (in kinetics) time Example: ... Is it possible to define a local value for concentration in the ... Samuel M. Allen, and W. Craig](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030414/5aa032c47f8b9a0d158dce78/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Postulate 3
Assume linear coupling between fluxes J and forces X
!
J" = L"#X# ",# =Q,q, I ,...,Nc
J" =$#
$"
L"#X"X#
Electrical + heat conduction
!
Jq = LqqXq + LqQXQ Direct coefficients, Lqq LQQ
JQ = LQqXq + LQQXQ Coupling coefficients, LqQ LQq
3.205 L01 10/26/06 Samuel M. Allen 15
![Page 16: 3.205 L01 FT06 - MIT OpenCourseWare · PDF fileand (in kinetics) time Example: ... Is it possible to define a local value for concentration in the ... Samuel M. Allen, and W. Craig](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030414/5aa032c47f8b9a0d158dce78/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Postulate 4
Onsager symmetry postulate
Lαβ= Lβα (microscopic reversibility).
!
L"# = L#" $%Jq
%XQ=%JQ
%Xq
Similar to Maxwell’s relations in thermodynamics
3.205 L01 10/26/06 Samuel M. Allen 16
![Page 17: 3.205 L01 FT06 - MIT OpenCourseWare · PDF fileand (in kinetics) time Example: ... Is it possible to define a local value for concentration in the ... Samuel M. Allen, and W. Craig](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030414/5aa032c47f8b9a0d158dce78/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Force/Flux Pairs
Flux Conjugate Force Empirical law
!
r J Qr J qr J i
!
r J Q = "K#Tr J q = "$#%
r J i = "Mici#µi
!
"1
T#T
"#$
"#µi
Heat Charge Mass
Fourier Ohm Fick
3.205 L01 10/26/06 Samuel M. Allen 17
![Page 18: 3.205 L01 FT06 - MIT OpenCourseWare · PDF fileand (in kinetics) time Example: ... Is it possible to define a local value for concentration in the ... Samuel M. Allen, and W. Craig](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030414/5aa032c47f8b9a0d158dce78/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Multiple forces and fluxes
Consider simultaneous flow of heat and charge
!
r J Q = "LQQXQ " LQqXqr J q = "LQqXQ " LqqXq
Compare heat flow in an electrical insulator with heat flow in an electrical conductor
3.205 L01 10/26/06 Samuel M. Allen 18