3204 2 hunger and malnutrition
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Hunger and
Malnutrition
George Norton
Agricultural and Applied
Economics,
Virginia Tech
Copyright 2009
International Agricultural Development and Trade
AAEC 3204
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Obecti!es
• Discuss world food situationand nutrition issues–Types of hunger and their effects
–Consider how hunger is measured
– Identify causes of hunger
– Indicate potential solutions to hungerproblems
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"aor types o# hunger$
Famine (short term)
Chronic (8million people)
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Chronic undernourishment(19992001!
"ercent
#um$er(millions!
!sia and "acific #$ %%
&ub'&aharan !frica #8
*atin !merica + Caribbean # %
,ear -ast and ,. !frica # /#
Countries in transition(-. -urope and Central
!sia)
8 /
!ll regions #0 8%
%ource& 'ood and Agriculture rgani)ation o* the +# ('A! in 2004
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IFPRI 2020
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E##ects o# %unger
Child in ,iger
Child in India
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the shortage of food1
or the imbalance of calories andprotein in the diet1
&hich is more se!ere
in most de!eloping countries'
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Dail, calorie availa$ilit, per capita
&ource2 3orld 4an5
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"eople a**ected $, "reventa$le
-alnutrition .orld/ide
Deficiency
Morbidity
due to
Malnutrition
Estimated
Prevalence of
Morbidity
Group most
affected
"rotein andenergy 6nderweight #%77 Children
"rotein and
energy
&tunted
growth #877 Children
Iron !nemia 777-9ery age and
se:
;itamin ! 4lindness%7 '
%7
-9ery age and
se:
Iodine 4rain damage %77
-9ery age and
se:
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%o( is nutritional ade)uacy
measured$
• !nthropometric measurements
• Food balance sheets• Dietary sur9eys• !ggregate statistics
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*ood +alance heet
• ("roduction + &toc5s + Imports –-:ports – !nimal feed – 3aste) <
Food a9ailable for people
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&hat are some principal
causes o# hunger and
malnutrition$
Child in -thiopia
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&hat are some principal causes
o# hunger and malnutrition$
• Low income
• Diseases and parasites
• Poor nutritional
practices• Seasonal nature of
production
• Political problems
• Natural disasters• Low agricultural
productivit
• !ransportation problems
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"wners#ip of productive assets
IncomesAgricultural
prices
Primar #ealt# care$
sanitar conditions
%oo&ing tec#nolog
and education
Household food
availability
Individualnutrient intake
Intra-householdfood distribution
Infections anddiseases
Nutritional
status
-eterminants o# indi!idual nutritional status.
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%o( does en!ironmental
degradation contribute to hunger
and malnutrition$
=ow does hunger andmalnutrition contribute to
en9ironmental degradation1
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olutions to hunger and
malnutrition problems
• Income increases
• !gricultural
producti9ityincreases
• "opulation growthrate decline
• =ealthimpro9ements
• Food inter9ention– &ubsidies
– Fortification
– Targeted feedingprograms
• Internationalsolutions– Debt relief
– "rice stabili>ation
– Foreign aid
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/# (e ate less meat (ould that
help the nutritional situation in
de!eloping countries$
;ery little if any.The principalproblem is lac5 ofincome to buyfood
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%ummar,
• Chronic hunger is the mostper9asi9e problem '' million
• -ffects are particularly hard onchildren
• Causes are many and solutions are
the sub?ect of this course