3.2 water environment · draft eia report of narmada thermal power limited 3-9 conclusion the...

Draft EIA report of Narmada Thermal Power Limited 3-9

Conclusion

The baseline monitoring/sampling of various parameters shows that,the major pollutants

likeSOx, NOX, PM2.5, and PM10,in the area are below the CPCB permissible limits.

3.2 WATER ENVIRONMENT

Samples were collected from the surface water (pond) in the nearby region around 10

Km radius of the project site. Ground water samples from the existing bore wells were

collected. Total three nos. of sample for ground water and four surface water were

collected to evaluate the water quality in and around the of the project site.

3.2.1 Water Sampling Location

The details of sampling locations for ground and surface water with the distance and

direction with respect to project site are given in table 3.4and table 3.5 and also marked

in the figure 3.7 and 3.8 respectively.

Table 3.4: Ground Water monitoring location

Village Sampling code Direction Distance

Padariya GWQ 1 SE 2.44

Kadodara GWQ 2 SE 4.36

Paniadara GWQ 3 NE 3.52

Table 3.5: Surface Water monitoring location

Village Sampling code Direction Distance

Padaria SWQ1 SE 2.88

Kadodara SWQ 2 NE 4.42

Paniadara SWQ 3 NW 3.52

Salt pan SWQ 4 SE 1.34


2. Temperature (0C)

3. Conductivity

(µmho)

IS-3025(part 14) 1984

1st Revision 1996

0 --

4. Turbidity (NTU) IS-3025(part 10)-1984

1st Rev – Reaffirmed 1996

0 NTU 5

5. Total Dissolved

Solids (TDS) (mg/l)

Gravimetric method IS-3025(part 16)-

1984

4 500 mg/l

(2000 mg/l)

6. Total Suspended

Solids (mg/l)

Gravimetric method IS-3025(part 17)-

1984

Reaffirmed 1998 1st Rev

4 --

INORGANIC PARAMETERS

7. Chlorides (mg/l) Argentometric titration IS-3025(part

32)-1988

Reaffirmed 1999

1 250 mg/l

(1000 mg/l)

8. Total Hardness as CaCO3 (mg/l)

EDTA-titrametric method APHA & AWWA 21st edition 2340C2-37

2 300 mg/l (600 mg/l)

9. Sulphates (mg/l) Turbidity method IS-3025(part24)-1986 Reaffirmed 1992

2 200 mg/l (400 mg/l)

10. Total Alkalinity

(mg/l)

Indicator method IS-3025(part 23)-

1986

5 200 mg/l (600

mg/l)

11. Flouride (mg/L) APHA & AWWA 0.05 1.0 mg/l (1.5 mg/l)

12. Total Kjeldhal

Nitrogen

Macro and semi macro Kjeldahlmehod 0.05 --

13. Oil & Grease (mg/l) Partition gravimetric method IS-

3025(part 39)-1991

1 -

14. Sodium adsorption ratio

-- - NS

15. Calcium mg/L APHA & AWWA 2.0 75 mg/l( 200)

16. Magnesium mg/L APHA & AWWA 2.0 30 mg/l( 100)

17. Sodium mg/L APHA & AWWA 2.0 NS

18. Potassium mg/L APHA & AWWA 2.0 NS

NUTRIENT & DEMAND

19. Nitrates (mg/l)

NO3 and NO2

APHA & AWWA 0.1 45 mg/l

20. Phosphates (mg/l) APHA & AWWA 0.02 --

HEAVY METALS


21. Copper(mg/l) APHA & AWWA 0.02 0.05 mg/l

( No

Relaxation)

22. Cadmium (mg/l) APHA & AWWA 0.002 0.01 mg/l

( No

Relaxation)

23. Mercury (mg/l) APHA & AWWA 0.001 0.001 mg/l

( No

Relaxation)

Bacteriological analysis

25 Total coliform

MPN

APHA & AWWA -- Absent

25

E-Cloi

APHA & AWWA -- Absent

3.2.3 Ground water Quality

The ground water quality observed in the study area is as tabulated below table 3.7.

Table 3.7: Ground water quality

PARAMETERS Sampling Station Code

GW 1 Padaria

GW 2 Kadodra

GW 3 Paniyadara

pH 7.1 7.9 7.6

Temperature (deg C) 28 28 28

Conductivity (µmho/cm) 310 4470 4430

Turbidity (NTU) 07 04 05

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) (mg/l) 133 1922 1905

Total Suspended Solids (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL

Chlorides (mg/l) 37.8 945 945.36

Total Hardness as CaCO3 (mg/l) 90 240 260

Sulphates (mg/l) 12.12 263 151

Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 140 710 912

Fluoride mg/L 0.08 0.78 1.07

Sodium adsorption ratio 1.18 24.17 19.70

Calcium mg/L 28.1 80.16 89.78

Magnesium mg/L 4.86 9.72 8.75

Sodium mg/L 25.6 856 725

Potassium mg/L 1.3 57.8 40.7


Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen mg/L 1.02 BDL 1.64

Oil & Grease (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL

Nitrates (mg/l) 11.5 126 2.07

Phosphates (mg/l) 0.23 0.23 0.42

Copper (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL

Cadmium(mg/l) BDL BDL BDL

Mercury(mg/l) BDL BDL BDL

Total coliform CFU/100ml

20 46 18

E-Coli Absent Absent Absent

BDL- Below Detection Limit, TSS-4 mg/l, TKN-1.0, Oil & Grease-1 mg/l, Cu- 0.02mg/l, Cd-0.002mg/l, Hg-

0.001mg/l

Results

TDS, Chlorides, hardness value for ground water found well below permissible limits.

Values for Fluoride in the ground water sample of Paniyadra village shows marginal

increase. Nitrate values ranges between 2.07 to 129 mg/l.

3.2.4 Surface water quality

Four surface water samples were collected within the study area. Most of the stations

were the existing village ponds. The sample results are as tabulated below table 3.8:

Table 3.8: Surface water quality

PARAMETERS UNIT

SAMPLING STATION CODE

SW1 Padariya

SW2 Kadodara

SW3 Paniyadar

a

SW4 Saltpan

pH --- 7.7 7.4 7.6 8.2

Temperature deg C 28 28 28 28

Conductivity μmhos/s 1113 1872 1645 904

Turbidity NTU 446 984 660 662

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/l 478.59 804.96 707.35 388.72

Total Suspended Solids mg/l 84 288 172 136

Chlorides mg/l 189.1 614 425 284

Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l 120 200 190 80

Calcium ( mg/l) mg/l 28 40.1 24 10.02

Sulphates mg/l 111 441 195 221

Total Alkalinity mg/l 480 440 440 280

Fluoride mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL


Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen mg/l 1.22 1.46 1.06 0.92

Oil & Grease mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL

Nitrates mg/l 16.37 49 38 16.2

Phosphates mg/l 0.73 1.34 0.3 ND

Copper mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL

Cadmium mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL

Mercury mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL

Total coliform ( CFU/100ml) 250 08 2500 210

E-Cloi -- Absent Absent Present Absent

BDL- Below Detection Limit, Oil & Grease-1 mg/l, Cu-0.02mg/l, Cd-0.002mg/l, Hg-0.001mg/l, Flouride-0.05

mg/l.

Surface water

In order to evaluate the surface water quality of the surrounding area of the project site,

five village ponds were sampled. The surface water quality of these rain water fed ponds

are of good quality water with the TDS level varying from only 388-804 mg/L , with

maximum at one pond at Kadodra village. The total alkalinity was showing the variation

from 280 mg/l to 480 mg/l with maximum at Padaria village. Chloride level was varying

from 189.1 to 614 mg/L with maximum at Kadodra. Sulphate content was detected in all

ponds sampled. Nitrate content of the pond at Kadodra was slightly higher with 49 mg/L

this may be due to the agricultural runoff or other anthropogenic activities in/ from the

surrounding of this pond. The analytical result indicates the availability of good quality

surface water in this region.

3.3 NOISE ENVIRONMENT

The ambient noise environment consists of the total noise generated in the area at

various distance around the sampling locations. The noise level varies depending on the

type of activities carried out in the surrounding area. The baseline noise environment

was studied at the project site as well as the surrounding villages. The locations

considered for the noise monitoring are tabulated below along with the CPCB limits.

Table 3.9: Noise monitoring locations

Sampling Station - Code Distance Direction Latitude Longitude

Near Project Site 1.38Km NW 21° 47' 21.51" N 72° 35' 46.42" E

Padariya 1.92Km SE 21° 46' 54.01" N 72° 38' 10.42" E

Kadodara 3.39Km SE 21° 45' 55.10" N 72° 38' 33.29" E

Paniyadara 2.37Km NE 21° 48' 00.57" N 72° 38' 11.19" E

Aladar 6.96 Km NE 21° 49'27.30" N 72° 39' 37.17" E


The noise generation at the site and in the surrounding areas was mainly due to

vehicular transportations and normal/routine village activities. Vehicle and new road

making activities the noise level was slightly higher in some locations, but these are

temporary activities. The base line level of noise is as given in the table below table

3.10.

Table 3.10: Day and Night Noise Levels

Area code Category of

Area

dB(A)Leq CPCB Limits

Day Times Night Time

Day time

Night time

N1 Residential area 25.3 23.5 55 45 N2 Residential area 67.7 51.1 55 45 N3 Residential area 66.8 34.8 55 45 N4 Residential area 62.3 40.3 55 45 N5 Residential area 62.3 35 55 45

3.4 LAND ENVIRONMENT

3.4.1 Study Area

In the present study, landuse and landcover information of the study area of ten

kilometers around the proposed site near Padariya village and surrounding in Vagra

Taluka, district of Bharuch, has been mapped using the digital data dated 9th December

2010 of IRS P6 LISS III sensor of the IRS series of satellite having resolution of 23

meter, 2nd January 2011 of IRS P6 LISS IVMN sensor of the IRS series of satellite

having resolution of 5.8 meter, 24th January 2011 of Cartosat-1 PANA Path-0510 Row-

296 and 4th February 2011 of Cartosat-1 PANA Path-0509 Row-296 having resolution of

2.4 meter. Data has been corrected geometrically and radiometrically. This corrected

data has been used for classifying the image. Various major categories like Agriculture,

Wasteland, Waterbody, Wetland etc. were identified and mapped. Area statistics is

calculated for different Landuse/Landcover categories along with pie chart. A thematic

map is also generated depicting various classes with different symbols.


3.4.2. Objective

Main objective of this analysis is, to analyze landuse and landcover around the proposed

sites using latest remote sensing satellite data of the proposed area; andto generate

statistics of Landuse/Landcover classes and thematic maps

3.4.3. Satellite Data Details

Satellite: IRS P6 (Resourcesat)

Sensor: LISS III, Resolution: 23.5 meters (multispectral)

Date of Acquisition: 9th December 2010

Satellite: IRS P6 (Resourcesat)

Sensor: LISS IVMN, Resolution: 5.8 meters (multispectral)

Date of Acquisition: 2nd January 2011

Satellite: IRS P5 Cartosat-1

Sensor: PAN, Resolution: 2.4 meter

Date of Acquisition: 24th January 2011 & 4th February 2011

3.4.4. Methodology

Creating False Color Composite Image(FCC) :

A FCC image was created by using the Infra Red, Green and Blue band of the digital

data. The purpose of this is to enhance certain landuse/landcover features to make their

interpretation easier.

Geo-referencing of image:

Geographic location was assigned to satellite image in terms of latitudeand longitude and

a projection system was defined so that distances couldbe measured in meters.

Developing interpretation key:

The image was studied to understand the topography and general landuse. An

interpretation key was developed for different landuse classes depending on color, tone

and texture.

Image Interpretation:

Using the above developed interpretation key, the satellite image wasvisually

interpreted.


Thematic map and statistics generation:

Thematic map was generated using proper symbology for the landuse polygons and

statistics for each landuse class was calculated.

Classification System:

Table 3.11: LULC classification system

LEVEL I LEVEL II

1. Built up & Urban Built-up Residential

2. land Built-up Industrial

3. Agriculture land Crop Land and Fallow Land

4. Wastelands Land with Scrub

Land without Scrub

5. Water bodies

River

Lake / Ponds Water Harvesting Structure Industrial Tank

6. Wetland

Mudflats Salt Pan Mangrove Creek

7.Specific Categories: Transportation

Road

Rail

Study Area Land use / Land cover Classes

Built up area comprises of the rural housing and industrial area. Detail discussion on the

land use classes area as follows.

a. Built up (Residential and Industrial)

It generally refers to an area, which is not cultivated and is used for human residential

purpose. Villages come under this category. Vacant land with in or near by settlements

are also considered under this broad category. There are more than ten villages within

the ten kilometer study area.

b. Agricultural Land

Crop Land:

Area which is used for cultivation comes under this category. Three cropping seasons

appear in India namely Kharif (June/July-September/October),

Rabi(November/December-February/March) and Zaid(April-May). The image used for

this analysis is of 9th December 2010 So the standing crop is of Rabi season.


Fallow Land:

The land not sown for current season which appears to be vacant is called ‘Fallow Land’.

In present analysis Fallow Land and Crop Land are clubbed under Agricultural Land.

c. Wasteland

Wasteland is described as degraded land which is currently not used for cultivation and is

deteriorating for lack of appropriate water and soil management.

Land with Scrub: This area is mainly covered by scrub which may be dense or sparse.

Land without Scrub: The land devoid of any vegetation and appears barren comes under

this category.

d. Wetlands and Water bodies

Tank/ Ponds: Tanks are manmade structures constructed to store water. Ponds are

Natural water bodies.

Mudflats: Most unvegetated areas that are alternately exposed and inundated by the

falling and rising of the tide.

Mangroves: Mangroves are environmentally important salt-tolerant plants of tropical and

subtropical intertidal regions. The specific regions where these plants occur are termed

as 'mangrove ecosystem'. These are highly productive but extremely sensitive and

fragile.

Water Harvesting Structure: This is a temporary waterbody generally rectangular in

shape and made in agricultural land, also called Khettalav, used for storing water during

rainy season.

Table3.12:Land use/Land covers Statistics within 10 Km. Radius from Project Site

Sr. No. Description % Area Area in Ha.

1 Built-up Residential 0.70 219.94

2 Built-up Industrial 3.98 1249.37

3 Salt Pan 19.55 6141.90

4 Agricultural Land 37.56 11798.22

5 Dense Scrub 0.43 134.75

6 Open Scrub 9.00 2827.05

7 Mudflats 15.71 4934.97

8 Mangroves 3.10 972.55

9 Lake/Pond 0.26 82.04

10 Industrial Tank 0.06 19.99

11 Creek 9.53 2992.44


Table 3.15: Soil quality

Physical and Chemical Parameters UNIT

Monitoring location

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

pH -- 8.1 7.8 7.6 7.6 7.8

Bulk Density gm/cm3 0.76 0.63 0.58 0.67 0.80

Water Holding Capacity % 36 25 28 27 34

Nitrogen as N % 0.62 0.6 0.2 0.8 0.36

Phosphorus mg/gm ND 0.129 0.185 0.082 ND

Calcium as Ca mg/gm 0.397 0.450 0.365 0.390 0.361

Nitrate as NO3-N mg/gm 0.03 0.006 0.09 0.050 0.124

Sulphate as SO4 mg/gm 1.409 0.092 0.054 0.743 0.139

Conductivity Umho/cm 276 287 310 224 230

Organic matter % 0.6 2.2 1.2 1.07 1.53

Chloride mg/gm 0.425 0.368 0.468 0.372 0.313

The objectives of soil testing in the study area was, to estimate the available nutrient

status, reaction (acidic/alkaline) of a soil and to evaluate the fertility status of soils. For

evaluating soil quality of the study area, soil was collected from fivelocationsofthe study

area with the help of aguer/ spade. The composite soil samples were prepared at each

location.

From the soil analysis it is evident that, the soil in the study area in most of the sampling

locations is in alkalinel pH (7.6-8.1). Conductivity of the soil in the study area varies

from 224-310 µS, which is normal range. The chloride content in the soil shows the

variation from0.313mg/Kg to 0.468mg/Kg. Organic matter content in the soil lesser

than 0.6% is considered as low, medium level of organic matter in soil is between 0.6 -

1.07%, and above 1.2% is considered as high. In the five sampling locations selected,

two sampling locations; S1and S4 are with low organic matter content and S3 is normal

range, while S2 and S5 are with higher organic matter content. The available nitrogen

content in the soil varies from 0.2% to 0.8%.Phosphorous varies from 0.082 mg/gm to

0.185 mg/gm. Calcium content in the soil varies from 0.361 to 0.450 mg/gm and Nitrate

content in the soil varies from 0.006 to 0.124 mg/gm.

3.6. BIODIVERSITY OF TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT

3.6.1. Period of the study and Study area

The baseline study, for the evaluation of the floral and faunal biodiversity of the

terrestrial environment of the study area, with in 10 km radius from the proposed site

nearPadariya village, in Bharuch District has been conducted during March-May, 2011.


3.6.2. Methodology

The primary objective of survey was to describe the floral and faunal communities within

the study area. The sampling plots for floral inventory were selected randomly in the

suitable habitats within the 10km radius from the project site. The methodology adopted

for faunal survey involve; Random survey, Opportunistic observations, Diurnal bird

observation, active search for reptiles, faunal habitat assessment, active search for scats

and foot prints and review of previous studies, Desktop literature review was conducted

to indentify the representative spectrum of threatened species, population and ecological

communities listed by IUCN, WCMC, ZSI, BSI and Indian wild Life Protection act, 1972.

3.6.3. Terrestrial Floral and Faunal Components of the Study Area

The villages covered for the present baseline study are given in the table 3.16. The study

area falls under Bharuch District of Gujarat state. The area covers 14 villages of the

study area. However, biological study was carried out in the suitable habitats of the

selected villages (table 3.16). Maximum study area shows the uniform habitats.

Table 3.16: List of Villages covered under the present baseline study

S. No. Village Name

Core zone ( closer to project site)

1/1 Project site

2/2 Padaria

3/3 Paniadra

4/4 Kadora

Buffer zone ( other villages with in 10 km from project site)

5/1 Vav

6/2 Vaddala

7/3 Dahej

8/4 Jolva

9/5 Galendra

10/6 Samalpur

11/7 Sambheti

12/8 Jsniadra

13/9 Goladra

14/10 Aldar


3.6.5 Floral Diversity of the Study Area

The objective this floral inventory of the study area, is to provide necessary information

on floristic structure in the study area for formulating effective management and

conservation measures. The climatic, edaphic and biotic variations with their complex

interrelationship and composition of species, which are adapted to these variations, have

resulted in different vegetation cover, characteristic of each region. The following

account of floral inventory has been, based on the field survey conducted for a short

duration in the March-May , 2011, is not very comprehensive data and is aimed only to

give a generalpattern of vegetation of this region during the study period as a baseline

data in absence of available secondary data. Listing of the endangered, threatened and

endemic species of flora in a locality and drawing the attention to the occurrence of such

species, would aid in creating awareness amongst the local people as a whole to protect

such species from extinction, and to take necessary measures for their conservation.

These type of floristic study is an inventory for such purpose and hence a necessity.

The dominant tree species, herbs, shrubs, climbers and major crops, were documented

during this base line study. The list of floral species documented in the study area is

enlisted in table # 3.17 to 3.20.

The tree species observed in the study area is enlisted in the table 3.17.The

undergrowth during the summer season was almost in dry state. The shrubs observed in

the study are documented in the Table 3.18. Herbs and climbers in the study area are

represented in Table 3.19 and Table 3.20respectively.

3.6.5.1 Trees

The dominant trees in the study area areProsopis cineraria (Khijado.),Azadirachtaindica

(Limbado),Mangiferaindica(Keri)and SalvadoraoleoidesSalvadorapersica (Piludo).42

species of trees belong to 21 families are enumerated from the study area,

Table 3.17: Trees in the study area # Family & Scientific name Vernacular name

1 Anacardiaceae 1 Mangiferaindica L. Kari 2 Annonaceae 2 Polylathialongifolia (Conn.) Thw. Asopalav 3 Apocynaceae 3 Plumeriarubra L. Champo 4 Arecaceae 4 Cocosnucifera L. Narial 5 Phoenix sylvestris Kajuri 5 Avecenniaceae 6 AvicenniaalbaBlume patcheradi 6 Caesalpiniaceae7 Delonixregia (Boj.) Raf. Gaulmor


8 Delonixelata (L.) Gamble. Sandsro 9 Cassiafistula L. Garmalo 10 Cassiasiamea Lam. Kasid 11 Peltophorumpterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex Heyne Sonmukhi 12 Tamarindusindicum L. Amali7 Caricaceae13 Carica papaya L. Papaya 8 Casuarinaceae 14 Casuarinaequisetifolia L. Sharu 9 Combretaceae 15 Terminaliacatappa L. Badam10 Malvaceae16 Thespesiapopulnea(L.) Sol.ex Corr. Paraspiplo 11 Meliaceae 17 AzadirachtaindicaA.Juss Limbado 18 Meliaazadirachta L. Bakanlimdo 12 Mimosaceae19 Acacia auriculiformisL. Austrianbaval 20 Acacia leucophloea(Roxb) Willd. Hermobaval 21 Acacia nilotica (L.) Del.subsp.indica (Bth.)

Brenan Baval

22 Acacia Senegal (L.) Willd. Goradiobaval 23 Leucaenaleucocephala (Lam.) De PardesiBaval 24 Albizialebbeck (L.) Bth. Siris 25 Albiziaprocera (Roxb.) Bth. Kalosiris 26 Pithecellobiumdulce (Roxb.) Bth. Gorasmli 27 Prosopis cineraria (L.) Khijado 13 Moraceae28 Ficusbenghalensis L. Vad 29 Ficusracemosa L. Umaro 30 Ficusreligiosa L. Piplo 14 Moringaceae31 Moringaoleifera Lam Sargavo 15 Myrtaceae 32 EucalyptuscitriodoraHk. Nilgari 33 Syzygiumcumini (L.) Skeels. Jambu16 Papilionaceae 34 ErythrinavariegataL. Pagario 35 Pongamiapinnata (L.) Pierre Karanj 17 Sapotaceae36 Manilkarahexandra(Roxb.) Dub. Rayan37 Manilkarazapota(L.) Chikoo 18 Salvadoraceae 38 Salvadorapersica L. Pilva, Piludi 39 Salvadoraoleoides L. Piludi 19 Simaroubaceae 40 Ailanthus excelsaRoxb. Aurdso 20 Rhamnaceae 41 ZizyphusglabrataHeyne ex Roth. Bor 21 Verbenaceae 42 TectonagrandisL.f. Sag


3.6.5.2 Shrubs

Shrubs encountered during the present survey are given in the Table#3.18, 28 shrub

species belong to 19 families are enumerated from the study area. The dominant shrub

community in this area was represented by

ProsopisJuliflora(Gandobaval),Balanitesaegyptiaca(Ingorio),Calotropisprocera, C.

gigantea (Akado),Thevetiaperuviana (Pilikarean), Ipomoea fistulosa

(Nasarmo),Lawsoniainermis (Mendhi), Abutilon indicum (Khapat) and Lantana camara

(Ganthai).

Table 3.18:Lists of Shrubs inthe Study Area Family & Scientific name Vernacular name

1 Apocynaceae

1 Neriumindicum Lalkaren

2 ThevetiaperuvianaMerr. Pilikaran

2 Asclepiadaceae

33 Calotropisgigantea (L.) R. Br Akado

4 Calotropisprocera (Ait.) R.Br Akado

3 Balanitaceae

5 Balanitesaegyptiaca (L.) Del. Ingorio

4 Bignoniaceae

6 Tecomastans(L.) H.B.& K. Peilafol

5 Cactaceae

7 OpuntiaelatiorMill. Fafdo Thor

6 Caesalpiniaceae

8 Cassia auriculata L

7 Capparaceae

9 Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew Kerdo

8 Compositae

10 Xanthium strumariumL. Gokhru

9 Convolvulaceae

11 Ipomoea fistulosaMart.exChoisy Nasarmo

10 Euphorbiaceae

12 Euphorbia neriifolia L. Thor

13 Jatrophacurcas L. Ratanjot

14 Jatrophagossypifolia L. Pardesidevalo

15 Ricinuscommunis L. Devalo

11 Lythraceae

16 LawsoniainermisL. Mendhi

12 Malvaceae

17 Abelomoschusmanihot (L.) Medic. Jagalibhindi

18 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sw. Khapat

19 Hibiscus rosasinensis Jasund

13 Musaceae


20 Musa paradisiaca L. Kela

14 Mimosaceae

21 Prosopisjuliflora DC Gandobaval

15 Nyctaginaceae

22 Bougainvillea spectabilisWilld. Bougainvel

16 Papilionaceae

23 Sesbaniasesban (L.) Merr. Shevari

17 Rhamnaceae

24 Zizyphusnummularia (Burm.f.) W. &. Chanibor

18 Solanaceae

25 Daturametel L Daturo

26 Solanumincanum L Ubhiringan

19 Verbenaceae

27 Clerodendruminerme (L.) Gaertn. Madhi

28 Lantana camaraL.var.aculcata (L.) Mold. Ganthai

3.6.5.3 Herbs

The herbaceous cover observed in this region is given in the table#3.20. As the most of

the undergrowth was dried up, except near water pools the herbaceous layer document

in the report may be incomplete for this region. Themajor herbs observed in the study

area have been enlisted in the table # 3.19.

Table 3.19: List of herbaceous species observed in the area

S. No. Family & Scientific name Vernacular name

1 Acanthaceae 1 Hygrophilaauriculata (Schum.)Heine Kantashelio 2 Amaranthaceae 2 AmaranthusviridisL.3 Aervajavanica(Burm.f.) Juss3 Asteraceae 4 Blumeasps.5 Ecliptaprostrata(L.) L. Bhangro 6 EchinopsechinatusRoxb Shulio 7 Tridaxprocumbens L Pardesibhangro 8 Boraginaceae 9 Trichodesmaindicum l. Undhafuli 5 Cannaceae 10 Cana indica 6 Caesalpiniaceae 11 Cassia toraL Kuvandio 7 Chenopodiaceae 12 Suaedanudiflora (willd) Moq. Moras 13 S. fruticosa L. 8 Cyperaceae 14 CyperusbulbosusVahl.15 CyperusdifformisL. 16 CyperusstoloniferusRetz. 17 CyperusrotundusL. 9 Lamiaceae ( Labiatae)


18 Ocimumbasilicum L. damaro 19 Ocimum sanctum L. Tuli 10 Liliaceae -20 Aloe barbadensisMill. Kunvarpato 11 Nymphaeaceae 21 NymphaeapubescensWilld Kamal22 Nymphaeastellata 12 Nyctaginaceae23 Boerhaviadiffusa L. 24 BoerhaviachinensisDruce 13 Papaveraceae25 ArgemonemexicanaL. Darudi 14 Papilionaceae - 26 Cortalariamedicaginea Lam Ran methi 27 IndigoferaoblongifoliaForks.15 Poaceae (Gramineae) 28 Phragmites karaka Steud - 29 AleuropuslagopoidesTrin -30 Cynodondactylon Pers. - 31 Sorghum bicolar L. Jowar 32 Pennisetumtyphoides( Burm.) Bajri 16 Poligonaceae 33 Poligonum sp. 17 Pontederiaceae 34 Eichhorniacrassipes (Mart.) Kanphutti 18 Potamogetonaceae 35 Potomogeton sp. 19 Solanaceae 36 SolanumsurattenseBurm. Bhoringini 20 Scrophulariaceae 37 Bacopamonnieri L 21 Typhaceae 38 TyphaangustataBory&Chaub 22 Zygophyllaceae 39 Tribulusterrestris L Gokhru

3.6.5.4 Climbers and Twiners

The climbers and twiners observed along the agricultural hedges and road side hedges of

the study area are given in the table 3.20. Overall nine species of climbers/

twinersbelongsto 3 families are recorded from the area

Table 3.20: List of Climbers Observed in the Study Area S. No. Family & Scientific name Vernacular name 1 Convolvulaceae 1 Ipomoea pes-caprae Darianivel 2 Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. wagpadi 3 Ipomoea aquaticaForsk. NaliniBhaji 4 Ipomoea nil(L.)Roth Kaladana 5 Ipomoea obscura(L.) Ker – Gawl. Vadfudardi 2 Cucurbitaceae6 Citruluscolocynthis (L) Indravarna 7 Cocciniagrandis (L.) Voigt Ghiloda


Luffacylindrica (L.) M.J.Roem Galku 3 Cuscutaceae 10 Cuscutachinensis Lam. Amarval

3.6.6. Cultivated Plants in the Study Area

The Tuver (Cajanusindica), Wheat (Triticumaestivum) and Cotton

(Gossypiumherbaceum) are cultivated as major crops in this area. Bajra

(Pennisetumtyphoides) and Jowar (Sorghum bicolar) are cultivated in few pockets

immediately after monsoon period.

The prevalent cropping systems of this area are the cumulative results of past and

present decisions by individuals; these decisions are usually based on experience,

tradition, expected profit, personal preferences and resources, and so on

In northern India, there are two distinct seasons, Kharif (July to October), and Rabi

(October to March). Crops grown between March and June are known as zaid. In some

parts of the country including Gujarat, there are no such distinct seasons, but there they

have their own classification of seasons.

South-westerly monsoon crops (Kharif), and post-monsoon crops, after the Kharif crops

harvesting (Rabi), can be considered to be the base of cropping patterns of this region.

Summer is without any cultivation because of the absence of the irrigation facilities.

The crop occupying the highest percentage of the sown area of this region is taken as

the major crop and all other possible alternative crops which are sown in this region

either as substitutes of the base crop in the same season or as the crops which fit in the

rotation in the subsequent season, are considered as minor crop.

Major Crops: Major crops in the study area are Tuver (Cajanusindica), Wheat

(Triticumaestivum)and Cotton ((Gossypiumherbaceum),

Minor crops:The minor crops of this region are Bajra (Pennisetumtyphoides), Jowar

(Sorghum bicolar)andDivel (Ricinuscommunis)

Vegetables: The vegetables grown in the study area are,Rigan (Solanummelongena),

Tomato (Lycopersiconlycopersicum) and Val, Valpapadi (Lablab purpureus)

3.6.7 Horticultural Practices and Fruits Grown

Horticulture activity was found to be restricted to very few pockets.


Major horticultural crops

Keri (Mangiferaindica L.), Chikoo (Manilkarazapota(L.)), Papaya (Carica papaya L.), and

Banana (Musa Paradisiaca L.)

3.6.8 Rare and Endangered Flora in the Study Area

The IUCN Red List is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global

conservation status of plant and animal species. It uses a set of criteria to evaluate the

extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all

species and all regions of the world. With its strong scientific base, the IUCN Red List is

recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity.

Out of 17000 species of higher plants known to occur in India, nearly 614 higher plant

species were evaluated by IUCN. Among them 247 species are under threatened

category (IUCN, 2007).

Among theenumerated flora in the study area, none of them were assigned any threat

category, by RED data book of Indian Plants. (Nayar and Sastry,1990) and Red list of

threatened Vascular plants (IUCN,2010, BSI, 2003)

3.6.9. Endemic Plants of the Study Area

De Candolle (1855) first used the concept of “Endemic”, which is defined as an area of a

taxonomic unit, especially a species which has a restricted distribution or habitat,

isolated from its surrounding region through geographical, ecological or temporal

barriers.

Out of 17000 species of known flowering plants of India nearly 5000 species are said to

be endemic. Nearly 58 genera and 1932 taxa are found to be endemic to peninsular

India (Ahmedulla&Nayar, 1987).

Among recorded plant species nonecan be assigned the status of endemic plant of this

region.

3.6.10. Status of the Forest, Their Category in the Study Area

No forest was observed in the study area except few scrub land and Goucher lands with

thick vegetation cover of ProsopisJuliflora. The mangrove patches were observed along

the mud flats on the either side of DahejJetty and few creeksalong the coast.

3.6.11. Faunal Biodiversity of the Study Area

For the documentation of the faunal biodiversity of the study area with respect to birds,

reptiles, amphibians, and butterfly species, a baseline survey had been conducted. The


study area falls under Bharuch District of Gujarat state. All together 14 villages were

covered for the present biological baseline study. 4villages were selected in the core area

(Project site and surrounding village) and 10 villages were selected in the buffer zone

(with in10km radius).

3.6.11.1. Birds of the Study Area

The sightings of bird species were very less during the study period during May 2011.

The most commonly spotted bird species of this area were; Cattle Egret, Intermediate

Egret, Black-winged Stilt, Red-wattled Lapwing, Rock Pigeon, Eurasian Collared-Dove,

Spotted Dove, Chestnut-headed Bee-eater, Grey Francolin, House Crow, Purple Sunbird,

Bank Myna and common Myna.

1,224 bird species reliably recorded from India, together with their status categories. In

total there are 1219 extant native species including migrants and vagrants (but

excluding 3 species now known to be extinct in the country, and 2 introduced species).

There are 923 breeding species (911 residents, plus 12 suspected residents).

IUCN evaluated 1254 bird species from India and categorized 77 species as threatened

(13 species as critically endangered, 10 species as Endangered and 54 species as

Vulnerable). Only one sighted birds were evaluated as near threatened by IUCN, 2010.

A taxon is Near Threatened, when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not

qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable categories, but is close to

qualifying or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future. List of these,

near threatened species is given in the Table 3.21. Systematic account of the birds in the

study area with the status of occurrence is given in the table 3.22.

Table 3.21: Near Threatened Birds ofthe Study Area Species Habitat Threat status IUCN Painted stork (Mycterialeucocephala)

Shallow water bodies Near threatened B-11

Source: IUCN Red list of threatened species, 2010 and Bird life international 2010

Table 3.22: Systematic Lists of Birds inthe Study Area with Its Distribution And Migratory Status

Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Dist. I ORDER: APODIFORMES Family: Apodidae (swifts) Common Swift Common Swift Apusapus R House swift Little Swift Apusaffinis R II ORDER: FALCONIFORMES Family: Accipitridae (vulture, Sparrow hawk, Eagle, Harrier, Kite and Vulture) Shikra Shikra Accipiter badius R Black-winged Kite Black-winged Kite Elanuscaeruleus R II. ORDER: : CICONIIFORMES


Family: Ardeidae (heron, Egret, Bittern) Cattle Egret Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis R

Median or Smaller Egret Intermediate Egret Mesophoyxintermedia Egrettaintermedia

R

Little Egret Little Egret Egrettagarzetta R Pond Heron Indian Pond-Heron Ardeolagrayii R Family: Charadriidae (Plover, Stilt, Oystercatcher, Lapwing, Avocet ) Black-winged Stilt Black-winged Stilt Himantopushimantopus R Red-wattled Lapwing Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellusindicus R Family: Ciconiidae (Open bill, stork, Adjutant) Painted Stork Painted Stork Mycterialeucocephala R Family: Threskiornithidae (Spoonbill and Ibis) Black Ibis Red-naped Ibis Pseudibispapillosa R IV ORDER: COLUMBIFORMES Family: Columbidae (Pigeon, Dove) Blue Rock Pigeon Rock Pigeon Columba livia R Ring Dove Eurasian Collared-Dove Streptopeliadecaocto R Rufous Turtle Dove Oriental Turtle-Dove Streptopeliaorientalis R Spotted Dove

Spotted Dove

Streptopeliachinensis R

III : ORDER: CORACIFORMES Family: Dacelonidae (King fishers) White breasted Kingfisher

White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis R

Family: Meropidae (Bee Eater) Chestnut-headed Bee-eater

Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Meropsleschenaulti R

Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Meropspersicus Meropssuperciliosus

R

IV. ORDER: CUCULIFORMES Family: Centropodidae (Cocucal) Crow-Pheasant or Coucal

Greater Coucal Centropussinensis R

Family: Cuculidae (cuckoo, Koel) Koel Asian Koel Eudynamysscolopacea R Indian Drongo Cuckoo Drongo Cuckoo Surniculuslugubris R V. ORDER: GALLIFORMES Family: Phasianidae (Peafowl , Partridge, Quail, francolin, spur fowl, jungle fowl, Monal, ) Common Peafowl Indian Peafowl Pavocristatus R Grey Partridge Grey Francolin Francolinuspondicerianus R VI. ORDER: GRUIFORMES Family: Rallidae ( Waterhen, coot, crake water cock, Moorhen, Rail,)

White-breasted Water hen White-breasted Water hen

Amaurornisphoenicurus R

VII. ORDER: PASSERIFORMES Family: Paridae (Tit ) Grey Tit Great Tit Parus major R Family: Corvidae

Large Cuckoo-shrike Large Cuckoo-shrike Coracinamacei Coracinanovaehollandiae

R

Raven Common Raven Corvuscorax R House Crow House Crow Corvussplendens R Black drongo- King Crow Black Drongo Dicrurusmacrocercus R


Dicrurusadsimilis Tree Pie RufousTreepie Dendrocittavagabunda Golden-Oriole Eurasian Golden-Oriole Oriolusoriolus R Family: Laniidae (shrike) Rufous backed Shrike Long-tailed Shrike Laniusschach R Grey Shrike Northern Shrike Laniusexcubitor R Family: Muscicapidae ( Short wing, Chat, Robin, Shama Indian Robin Indian Robin Saxicoloidesfulicata R Pied Bushchat Pied Bushchat Saxicolacaprata R Family: Nectariniidae( Sun Birds, Flower pecker, Spider hunter ) Purple Sunbird Purple Sunbird Nectariniaasiatica R Small Sunbird Crimson-backed Sunbird Nectarinia minima R Family: Passeridae ( Avadavat,Pipit, Wagtail, Munia, Snowfinch, sparrow, weaver ,Accentor) House Sparrow House Sparrow Passer domesticus R Grey Tit Great Tit Parus major R Family: Pycnonotidae (Bulbul, ) Red-whiskered Bulbul Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotusjocosus R Red-vented Bulbul Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotuscafer R Family: Sturnidae (Myna, Starling) Bank Myna Bank Myna Acridotheresginginianus R Indian Myna Common Myna Acridotherestristis R Family: Sylviidae ( Warbler, Browning, Fulvetta ,Babbler, Laughing thrash, Tailor birds, Common Babbler Common Babbler Turdoidescaudatus R Jungle Babbler Jungle Babbler Turdoidesstriatus R Tailorbird Common Tailorbird Orthotomussutorius R VIII. ORDER: PSITTACIFORMES Family: Psittacidae (Parrot and Parakeet) Rose-ringed Parakeet Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittaculakrameri R IX. ORDER: STRIGIFORMES Family: Strigidae (Owl and Owlet) Spotted Owlet Spotted Owlet Athenebrama R Note: R = Widespread Resident, r = Very Local Resident, W = Widespread Winter Visitor, w = Sparse Winter Visitor, RW =Resident and winter visitor, As per the distribution given in WCMC, Check list of Indian Birds.

3.6.11.2 Butterflies from the study area

Butterflies in the study area (Core zone and Buffer zone) are restricted to few places

where Lantana camaraandCalotropisprocerawas growing. Butterflies observed during the

present study are documented in the table 3.23.

Table 3.23: Butterflies in the study area Scientific name & family Common name

Family Papilionidae Papiliopolytes Common Mormon Family Pieridae Euremahecabe Common Grass yellow Ixias marianne White orange tip Family: Nymphalidae DanausgenutiaCramer Stripped Tiger Hypolimanasmisippus Danaid egg fly Mycalesisperseus Common bush brown


3.6.11.3 Herpetofauna

No amphibians were sighted during the study period during March-May, 2011. The

reptiles document in the region is given in the table 3.24.

Table 3.24: Reptiles inthe Study Area # Common Name Scientific name

1 Common garden lizard Calotesversicolor (Daudin) 2 Common rat snake Ptyasmucosus(Linn.) 3 Common Indian monitor Varanusbengalensis ( Daudin) 4 House Gecko Hemidactylusflaviviridis(Ruppell) 5 Fan-Throated Lizard Sitanaponticeriana( Cuvier) 6 Indian Cobra Najanaja (Linn.) 7 Russell’s Viper Daboiarusselii( Shaw and Nodder) 8 Common Indian Krait Bungaruscaeruleus( Schneider)

= Not sighted but included as per the information provided by villagers during the interaction with them with pictorial presentation.

3.6.11.4 Mammals

Core zone:

The wild mammals observed other than the domesticated ones in the core zone is given

in the table 3.25.

Table 3.25: Mammals in Core Zone # Common Name Scientific name 1. Five striped Palm squirrel Funambuluspennanii(Wroughton) 2. Common Mongoose Herpestesedwardsii

Buffer Zone

The wild mammals observed other than domesticated ones from buffer zone of the study

area is documented in the table 3.26.

Table 3.26: Mammals inthe Buffer Zone # Common Name Scientific name 1

Indian field mouse Musbooduga (Gray)

3 Common Mongoose Herpestesedwardsi(Geoffroy) 4 Hare Lepus sp. 5 Five striped Palm squirrel Funambuluspennanii( Wroughton) 6 Indian Fox Vulpesbengalensis (Shaw) 7 Nilgai Boselaphustragocamelus (Pallas) 8 Jungle cat FelisChaus (Guldenstaedt)


3.6.12 Rare and Endangered Fauna of the Study Area

The IUCN Red List is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global

conservation status of plant and animal species. It uses a set of criteria to evaluate the

extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all

species and all regions of the world. With its strong scientific base, the IUCN Red List is

recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity.

IUCN,(2007) has evaluated 1976 animal species from India, among them 313 have in

recognized as threatened species. Among them one species is considered as

extinct,while 44 species are in critically endangered( CR) catogery,88 is in endangered

category(EN), while 181 is considered as vulnerable (VU).

As per IUCN Red list of threatened species (2010), Painted stork (Mycterialeucocephala),

grouped under near threatened birds.

Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, amended on 17th January 2003, is an Act to provide for

the protection of wild animals, birds and plants and for matters connected therewith or

ancillary or incidental thereto with a view to ensuring the ecological and environmental

security of the country.

Some of the sighted fauna was given protection by the Indian Wild Life

(Protection)Act,1972 by including them in different schedules .Among the birds in the

study area, Pea fowl (Pavocristatus), is included in schedule I .of Wild life protection Act

(1972), while many other birds are included in schedule IV.

Among the reptiles, Indian Cobra (Najanaja), and Common rat snake (Ptyasmucosus)

were provided protection as per Schedule-II of Wild life protection act, (1972)

Among mammals; Common Mongoose (Herpestesedwardsi)andJungle cat (FelisChaus

)are a schedule –II animals. Nilgai (Boselaphustragocamelus) is protected as Schedule-

III animal and all Hares are included in scheduleIV of Wild Life Protection act 1972.

3.6.13 Endemic Fauna of the Study Area

None of the sighted animal species can be assigned endemic species category of the

study area.

3.7 SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

Out of total population (13541) of the study area population of the males are higher than

females. Population of the children below six year is 2114.


Demographic Structure

All the Villages located within 10 Km radius of the project site were taken into

consideration for the detailed study of socio economic structure. The demographic details

have been abstracted from Primary Census Abstract 2001. The salient features of the

study area as follows table 3.27 and details are mentioned in the table 3.28.

Table 3.27: Summary of Demographic structure

Infrastructure in the study area

The infrastructure resources base of the villages within the study area with reference to

education, Medical facility, Water supply, Post and telegraph, Transportation,

Communication facility and power supply etc., is evaluated.

Educational facility

The villages surrounding the site in the radius of 10 Km has schools up to primary and

secondary section and Higher education and college is available in Bharuch city which is

located approximately 35 km from the site.

Medical facility

There are primary health center and private clinic available in few villages.

Drinking water facility

Some villages in the region are having drinking water facility in the form of hand pumps,

well water and tap water. The quality water is with salty high TDS value.

No. of district 1

No. of Taluka 1

No. of Villages 16

Total no. of house hold 2817

Total no. of population 13541

Total no. of males 7134

Total no. of females 6407

Total literate 8518

Total illiterate 5023

Total male literate 5249

Total female literate 3269

Main workers 5116

Marginal workers 2172

Non workers 6253

Sex ratio 111


Communication facility

The villages in the study area are having communication facilities in the form of Post

Office, Telephone connection, Post Telegraph.

Transportation facility

All the villages are connected with the road network. Transportation facility is present in

the region. Bus facility is available in all villages so, people doesn’t face difficulty in

accessing the area

Power supply

Almost all villages are electrified in the study area but it is mostly used for domestic

purpose.

Economic activity

The main economic activity in the study is agriculture. There are many industries in the

nearby town and city. Many people are employed as workers in these industries as well.


Table 3.28: Demography of the study area

Socio. Econo. Parameters/Village

name Tra

nkal

Ala

dar

Pan

iad

ara

Go

lad

ara

Am

bh

el

Nad

ark

ha

Narn

avi

Kad

od

ara

Vav

Sam

bh

eti

Jan

iad

ara

Gale

nd

a

Sam

atp

or

Jolv

a

Pad

ari

ya

Vad

ad

la

Dist From Pro. Site 9.85 6.96 3.35 6.77 9.41 9.41 5.14 4.28 5.1 6.03 6.32 8.18 7.47 9.12 2.95 6.5

No_HH 124 148 460 191 141 79 131 353 133 67 129 95 69 171 226 300

TOT_P 563 730 2330 939 595 417 596 1811 676 391 621 513 332 814 889 1324

TOT_M 305 381 1244 500 314 215 317 933 355 205 314 254 172 436 476 713

TOT_F 258 349 1086 439 281 202 279 878 321 186 307 259 160 378 413 611

P_06 84 131 440 130 86 63 75 323 101 59 80 108 50 138 91 155

P_SC 132 35 33 22 68 35 39 36 25 14 31 0 0 103 136 176

P_ST 193 233 735 192 228 46 132 488 171 43 178 75 37 170 218 422

M_LIT 225 260 806 371 228 166 236 647 278 161 229 184 140 298 423 597

F_LIT 120 123 437 246 132 105 140 361 157 84 199 132 66 172 354 441

M_ILL 80 121 438 129 86 49 81 286 77 44 85 70 32 138 53 116

F_ILL 138 226 649 193 149 97 139 517 164 102 108 127 94 206 59 170

TOT_ WORK_P 339 456 1369 586 308 223 380 1004 302 243 403 188 146 371 437 533

MAINW ORK_P 229 243 1064 506 243 128 225 525 200 120 130 181 129 291 434 468

MAIN CL_P _ 97 148 499 331 91 73 90 250 120 80 83 93 70 90 96 21

MAIN_AL_P 71 67 36 141 119 19 65 184 54 32 3 56 50 102 268 82

MAIN_HH_P 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 11 5 6

MAIN_OT_P 61 28 527 34 33 36 70 89 26 8 44 32 9 88 65 359

NON_WORK_P 224 274 961 353 287 194 216 807 374 148 218 325 186 443 452 791

Draft EIA report for Narmada Thermal Power Limited 4-1

Chapter-4 Prediction and Assessment of Impacts

4.0 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION

Prediction of impacts is the most important step of environmental impact assessment.

Predictions are superimposed over baseline environmental status to derive ultimate

environmental scenario. The impact of the proposed Coal based power plant under

construction and operation have been considered and discussed in this chapter. Both

beneficial (positive) and adverse (negative) impacts on various components of

environment due to proposed power plant are identified, based on the nature of the

various activities associated with construction and operation of the coal-based power

plants.

Identification of significant impacts from the proposed power project is an eminent step

in the process of environmental impact assessment. This provides a way forward to

other elements of EIA study such as quantification and evaluation of site specific

impacts exclusively from proposed project. As the first step towards the prediction and

assessment, the various activities during the construction and operational phase, which

are likely to cause an impact on these parameters, have been listed. The next step

would be to evaluate quantitatively and qualitatively the impact imposed on the various

aspects of the environment.

Many scientific techniques and methodologies are available to predict impacts on

physico-ecological and socio-economic environment. Such predictions are superimposed

over the baseline (pre-project) status of environmental quality to derive the ultimate

(post-project) scenario of environmental conditions. The prediction of impacts helps to

identify and implement environmental management plan during and after the execution

of the developmental power plant activity to minimize the deterioration of environmental

quality.

Environmental impacts of power plants

The impacts of Thermal Power Plant on the environment are influenced by processes

used and the location characteristics in different ways. Direct impacts resulting from

construction and operations include:

• Land environment: Surface leveling, over burden soil removal, clearing

vegetation activities and Land Degradation – occurs due to alterations of land use.

During operation - coal transportation, Coal storage, Coal handling facilities, Fly

ash and bottom ash generation and its storage will have their own impacts on the

land environment


• Ambient Air Pollution – particulates, sulphur oxides, nitrous oxides, and

other hazardous chemicals and toxic metals like Hg, As, etc.

• Water Pollution – may occurs in local water streams, rivers and ground water

from effluent discharges

• Noise Pollution – during operation and cause occupational as well as public

health hazards

In a typical TPP, environmental impacts are likely to comprise the following

principal components:

• Transportation of raw material

• Preparing and storing raw material (coal/ HSD/LDO)

• Boiler ash

• Boiler flue gas containing Particulate matter (PM), Oxides of Sulphur ( SO2)

and Oxides of Nitrogen ( NOx)

• Fugitive dust Generated from fly ash and bottom ash

• Storage and disposal of fly ash and bottom ash

4.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT

The impact on the air environment due to the upcoming project during the construction

phase and operation phase are as mentioned below

4.1.1 Construction Phase

There will be an increase in SPM level along with SOx (from vehicle exhausts) due to

transportation of construction material at site. The construction activities will increase

the SPM level in the surrounding environment because of the excavation and filling work.

During the construction activity the major impact on the air environment will be due to

increase in the fugitive emissions.

Widening of road shall be done from the project site to the major connecting highways.

During the construction of roads there shall be increase in the fugitive emission.

Even though, most of the activities would exhibit reversible and short term impacts

which can be readily controlled and mitigated through robust and scientifically designed

construction work-method statements as per the best engineering and management

practices.


4.1.2 Operation Phase

The air pollution impacts of a power station on neighborhood air quality would depend

upon various factors, viz. type of fuel, power generation technology, design capacity, air

pollution prevention/control measures, operation and maintenance of power plant units

and air pollution control equipment associated with the individual power generation

units.

The severities of impacts on air environment from thermal power stations are also

governed by terrain features around the project site and the prevailing micro

meteorological conditions in the project area. The flue gas emissions through stack at

power stations are very important for impact assessment, continuous in nature and

released at higher elevations. The stack emissions mainly depend on the quality of fuel

used for combustion and impacts can extend to far distances depending on prevailing

meteorological conditions.

The main concern with air environment due to the proposed coal based power plant is

due to the air borne inorganic particles, dust generated due to coal transportation, Coal

handling, generation of fly ash and storage of fly ash.

The combustion occurs when fuel, most commonly fossil fuel reacts with oxygen in the

air to produce heat. Along with heat, the other major emissions from the coal

combustion at power plants are Particulate matter, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Sulphur

Dioxides (SO2) and Soot.

4.2 AIR POLLUTION SOURCE

The primary emissions shall occur through fugitive emission and point source emission

4.2.1 Sources of Fugitive emission:

The major sources of fugitive emissions are as detailed below

i) Loading/ Unloading of coal at port and project site.

ii) Transportation from port to plant

iii) Stacking of coal/ Coal storage area.

iv) Transfer of coal from storage yard to screening, crusher house and coal storage bin.

v) Fugitive emission from fly ash storage area.

i. Coal loading/ unloading:

Fugitive emission may occur due to the loading and unloading of coal at the port and the

project site. The same shall be prevented by reducing the dropping height and regular

water sprinkling.


ii. Transportation System

Vehicular emissions will principally arise out of emissions from the exhausts of vehicles

used for the transport of Raw materials, fly ash and the transport of the workers. All

vehicles shall have Pollution Control Certificate (PUC) with regular maintenance check.

However, their effects are highly localized. In the dry season, there will also be some air

pollution caused by re-entrainment dust caused by operation of vehicles on dry roads

and it’s proposed to control the same by sprinkling on regular interval. Either covered

dumpers shall be used or trucks shall be covered through tarpaulin to prevent fugitive

emissions.

Due to the proposed expansion project there would be increase in vehicular movement.

NH 8 & Dahej- Bharuch highway with the major district road will be used for the

transportation purpose. The detail bifurcation with respect to the numbers of truck is as

mentioned in the table below:

Table 4.1: No. of dumpers/ trucks used for transportation

Material transported Vehicle used No. of vehicles per day

Raw material Dumpers/ trucks Approx 166

Fly ash Dumper/ trucks Approx 66

Total dumpers Approx 232

On an average movement of total 232 trucks/ dumpers (approx) will increase to the

existing traffic. Due to the increase in vehicular traffic there would be increase in the

fugitive emissions level. Also minor increase would be observed in the noise level.

The site is connected to major district road and highways. These roads are well

developed. Widening of the existing road from project site to the connecting Bharuch –

Dahej road shall be done in order to support the additional transportation activities of

raw material and fly ash due to the upcoming project.

The construction of the road shall be undertaken by the local agencies in the area and

the construction work shall be executed in two years time span.

The detail management plan for prevention of fugitive emission due to transportation is

mentioned in chapter 5, section 5.3.1, page 5-4.

iii. Coal storage area

Fugitive emission shall arise due to blowing wind from the coal storage area.


iv. Coal transfer

Coal shall be transferred from coal storage yard to the intermediate bin and boilers

through closed conveyor belt. There shall be increase in the fugitive emissions during the

coal transfer within the plant premises. The same will be decreased by usage of closed

conveyor belt.

v. Fly ash handling

Increase in the fugitive emission shall occur due to the fly ash handling at the project

site. The detail management plan of same is discussed in chapter 5.

4.2.2 Point source emission

Waste Load Study

The major point source emissions are the flue gases stack. Details of all the major stacks

and fugitive emissions stacks are as follows:

Table 4.2: Details of Main Stacks

Stack attached to Boilers

No. of stacks 2

Stack height 130 m

Diameter of stack 2.65 m

Exit gas temperature 140 deg C

Exit gas velocity 25 m/sec

Pollution load

Particulate matter

SO2 *

NOx

9.94 g/s

240.69 g/s

74.58 g/s

Air pollution control measures Electrostatic precipitators

* For two stacks


Table 4.3: Details of fugitive emission stacks

Stack attached to Crusher and screen house

No. of stacks 1

Stack height 30 m

Diameter of stack 2 m

Exit gas temperature 40 deg C

Exit gas velocity 12 m/sec

Pollution load

Particulate matter

3.705 g/s

Air pollution control measures Bag filters

4.3 DETAILS OF AIR DISPERSION MODEL

The air quality impact of a source or group of sources is evaluated by the use of

mathematical models. The models simulate the relationships between air pollutant

emissions and the resulting impact on air quality. It is most widely accepted for its

interpretability. For the present study, this model is used for the prediction of maximum

ground level concentration (GLC). Assessment of air pollution is carried out for stack

attached to boilers. The ISCST-3 (industrial Source complex –Short term -3) from lakes

and Environment is an hour-by-hour steady state Gaussian Plume Model.

This model is widely recognized as predictive tool in impact assessment for air

environment. The ISCST-3 model has been applied with elevated + flat terrain, gradual

plume rise and buoyancy induced dispersion options in the present study.

The inputs to the model include data relating to emissions, meteorology and atmospheric

details like ambient temperature, wind speed and wind direction, all of which are

determined by formulating impact scenarios.

The site specific and monitored details considered for input data for the software

“ISCST3” by Lakes Environmental for prediction of impact on air environment are given

in the Table 4.2 and 4.3 along with the meteorology data.


Figure 4.1 : Isopleths of PM


Figure 4.2: Isopleths of SO2


Figure 4.3: Isopleths of NOx


Presentation of Result

The simulations were made to evaluate Particulate Matter, SOx and NOx incremental

short-term concentrations due to proposed project. These results are based on

considering the main stack and fugitive emission stack.

In the short-term simulations, the incremental concentrations were estimated to obtain

an optimum description of variations in concentrations within study area of 10 km

radius.

Maximum ground level concentration will be observed at different distance for Particulate

matter, Sox and NOx. The maximum ground level concentration for different parameters

is given in Table-4.4 for proposed project. Equal concentration contour plots for the PM,

SOx and NOx are given in Figure- 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 for proposed project.

Table 4.4: Resultant Concentrations Due To Incremental GLC*

Pollutant Incremental

Concentration

μg/m3

Baseline

Concentration

μg/m3 *

Resultant

Concentration

μg/m3

Distance

w.r.t. centre

km

Direction

w.r.t.

centre

PM 3.025 95 98.025 1.118 NW

SOx 3.979 6.8 10.77 2.692 NW

NOx 2.474 15.8 18.274 2.692 NW

Incremental concentrations are shown in form of isopleths.

* GLC – Ground Level Concentration

* - Maximum average concentration

The above table reveals that resultant ambient air quality after proposed plant operation

will be within the limit specified by CPCB


4. 4 WATER ENVIRONMENT

4.4.1 Source of water:

Water shall be obtained from Luwara Branch Canal by Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam

Ltd and the off-take point will be approx. 8 km from the project site. Pipelines shall be

laid for the transfer of water to the site. Company has procured water allocation and the

copy of same is attached as annexure 4. Ground water will not be utilized for any

construction or industrial purposes.

The quality of raw water from the canal is as given in table below. The raw water

characteristics were considered for designing of water treatment plant

Table 4.5: Raw water characteristics

pH 8.3

Conductivity 235 µmhos.cm-1

Turbidity 1 mg/l

Total dissolved solids 150 mg/l

Total Hardness as Ca CO3 96 mg/l

Chlorides as Cl- 12 mg/l

Silica as SiO2 16 mg/l

4.4.2 Water Consumption

The major water requirement in the operation of power plant will be for DM water for

boiler, cooling, service water, domestic use etc

Fresh water quantity of 1997.48 m3/day for the proposed project shall be obtained from

Luwara Branch canal. The major consumption of water will be in boiler for steam

generation and make up water for cooling.

Table 4.6: Water consumption

Purpose Quantity

Cooling tower 653.34 m3/day

Boiler 648 m3/day

DM make up water 4.8 m3/day

Portable water 72 m3/day


Regeneration losses [ clarifier blow down,

reject from Ultra Filtration, SAC, SBA,

Mixed Bed, Multi grade Filters, chemical

dosing]

619.34 m3/day

Total water consumption 1997.48 m3/day

The detail water balance diagram is as given in figure 4.4.


Figure 4.4: Water balance diagram


4.4.3 Waste Water Generation

Water pollution refers to any change in natural waters that may impair further use of

water, caused by the introduction of organic or inorganic substances or a change in

temperature of the water.

The characteristics of the wastewaters generated depend on the ways in which the

water is used. Contamination arises from demineralisers, lubricating and auxiliary fuel

oils, chlorine, biocides, and other chemicals used to manage the quality of water in

cooling systems. Cooling tower blow down will be high in total dissolved solids and

residual chlorine.

The wastewater streams in a power plant include, cooling tower blow down; boiler blow

down, back flush from ion exchange boiler water purification units (DM plant rejects), Oil

unloading and washing of plant.

The total waste water generation from different streams is as mentioned below

Table 4.7: Waste water generation

Generation Quantity

Clarifier blow down 49.94 m3/day

Cooling tower blow down 115.74 m3/day

Ultra filtration reject 224 m3/day

Multi grade back wash 164.44 m3/day

SAC regeneration 84 m3 m3/day

SBA regeneration 84 m3/day

MB regeneration 12 m3/day

Chemical dosing reject 0.96 m3/day

DM make up reject 4.8 m3/day

Boiler blow down 648 m3/day

Washing 40 m3/day

Total 1427.88 m3/day


The approximate qualitative analysis of waste water generated is as given below:

Table 4.8: Qualitative Analysis

Waste Water pH TDS

Clarifier blow down 6.5 – 7.5 ~ 300 mg/l

Cooling tower blow down 6.5 – 7.5 ~ 1650 mg/l

Ultra filtration reject 6.5 – 7.5 ~ 1415.80 mg/l

Multi grade back wash 6.5 – 7.5 ~ 1500 mg/l

SAC regeneration 2 - 4 ~ 500 mg/l

SBA regeneration 10-12 ~ 500 mg/l

MB regeneration 6.5 – 7.5 ~ 100 mg/l

Chemical dosing reject 6.5 – 7.5 ~ 0.20 mg/l

DM make up reject 6.5 – 7.5 ~ 0.20 mg/l

Boiler blow down 6.5 – 7.5 ~ 800 mg/l

Washing 6.5 – 7.5 ~ 4780 mg/l

The detail treatment scheme is mentioned in the upcoming sections.

4.4.4 Treatability Study

The major waste water generated will be from clarifier blow down, blow down from

cooling tower & boiler, reject from ultra filtration, DM reject in form of regeneration from

SAC, SBA and mixed bed.

The above mentioned stream of waste water shall be drawn into neutralization pit

wherein the pH correction will be done. The same shall be neutralized in the

neutralization pit.

The treatment scheme at Neutralization pit is as given below:

Quantity of waste water entering

neutralization pit

Parameters to be treated for waste

water

1223.44 m3/day pH

Treatment scheme:

Neutralization pit will be provided to collect and neutralize the water and bring

the pH in neutralize range i.e.6.5 - 7.5


Neutralization pit will be equipped with baffle wall for proper mixing.

Neutralization pit will be provided for 110 m3 considering the retention time of 12

hrs.

The characteristic of waste water at neutralization pit is as mentioned below

Parameter : Characteristics at neutralization pit

pH : 7.5

TDS : 764.85 mg/l

TSS : < 50 mg/l

Oil and grease : Nil

Chlorides : < 10 mg/l

After adjusting the pH, water shall be drawn into guard pond.

Waste Water generated due to washing of oil unloading area and plant washing shall be

drawn to oil separators and later to guard pond and mixed with the stream from

neutralization pit. Due to dilution, major reduction in Total dissolved solids shall take

place.

Treatment scheme for waste water from coal handling, dust suppression, Oil unloading

and plant washing:

Quantity of waste water generation Parameters to be treated for waste water

40 m3/day Oil and grease in un-emulsified form

Treatment scheme:

• Oil & grease to be removed through gravity separator.

• The unit is equipped with oil and grease skimmer.

• After skimmer treated waste water will be collected to collection pond.

• Skimmer tank volume will be of 2 m3 considering retention time 30 minutes.

The waste generated due to plant washing shall have the following characteristics

Parameter Characteristics at oil separator

pH : 7.5

TDS : 4780 mg/l

TSS : 100 mg/l

Oil and grease : 30 mg/l



The waste water collected in the guard pond from all the streams shall have the below

mentioned characteristics

Parameter Characteristics at guard pond

pH : 7.5

TDS : 961 mg/l

TSS : < 50 mg/l

Oil and grease : < 5 mg/l


As the waste water characteristics are below the statutory norms, the same shall be

partly recycled back from the guard pond and reused for Coal handling and dust

suppression, ash conditioning and washing of plant and oil unloading area.

Part of waste water from guard pond shall be used for green belt development.

Sanitary wastewater from industrial facilities may include effluents from domestic

sewage, food service, and canteen at plant premises shall be disposed off in Sewage

Treatment Plant.

4.5 LAND/ SOIL ENVIRONMENT

In general, one or more of the following activities impart adverse impact on land

environment

Activities associated with construction

• Raw material handling and storage

• Handling and disposal of solid wastes including fly ash and bottom ash, which

may deteriorate soil characteristics and change the physical features and

drainage, etc.

4.5.1 Construction Phase:

Surface leveling, over burden soil removal, clearing shrubs and grasses are envisaged

during the construction phases. As far as possible, excavated soils will be used for

leveling the grounds and other earthworks. Construction Waste is defined as the waste

arising out of project construction related works which include the following

• Soil Overburden

• Concrete Waste

• Welding Rods Pieces (Left over)

• Discarded Chemical Containers/ Oil Barrels/Drum


• Used Oil

• Oil soaked cotton waste

• Damaged Tools & Kits

Improper disposal of construction waste in and outside the project area results in

contamination of soil quality. Hence, proper disposal mechanism will be adopted for

preventing soil contamination and erosion. The landfill and excavation activities during

construction phase will be limited within the project premises. Thus, there is no impact

on topography. Soil over burden and concrete waste will be used for landfill and will

have no impact on the land environment

4.5.2 Operation phase

The thermal power stations is located on the non-forest land and do not involve much

resettlement and rehabilitation problems.

Disposal of waste generated during the operation phase on the open land within or

outside the premises shall lead to land degradation. Proper management plan for the

disposal method to be adopted are described in chapter 5.

4.6 SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATION

4.6.1 Construction phase

The major solid waste generated during the construction phase will be construction/

concrete debris. Also domestic waste shall be generated. The same shall be disposed off

through municipality facility.

4.6.2 Operation phase

During operation phase, waste generated can be categorized as hazardous waste, Non

Hazardous Waste and Domestic Solid Waste. Waste segregation program will be adopted

and necessary infrastructure for storage of the solid and hazardous wastes will be

provided. The major hazardous waste generated will be used resin, used oil and

discarded containers. Details of hazardous waste that would be generated from the

proposed power plant are listed in table 4.9.

Table 4.9: Details of Hazardous Wastes generation and Disposal

Type of Waste Quantity Storage/ Disposal Facilities

Used resins 2 MT/annum Shall be stored in closed containers in

covered room and later shall be sent

for Secured TSDF site.


Containers /barrels 40 nos/ annum Shall be stored in closed containers in

covered room and later shall be sent

to approve recycle/ sent back to

supplier.

Used oil/ Spent oil 1000 lit/annum Shall be sent to approved recycle/to

TSDF site for suitable treatment

Coal will be used for proposed power project. Hence, the conventional solid waste

generation will be high. The major solid waste generated will be ash. The same will be in

form of fly ash and bed ash. The bed/ bottom ash shall contribute 20 % of the total ash

generation quantity.

Table 4.10: Solid waste generation

Type of Waste Quantity Storage/ Disposal Facilities

Total ash generation 1977 MT/day with Indian coal

287 MT/day with Imported coal

Ash generated shall be reused by

selling to local brick manufacturing/

cement manufacturing units.

4.7 NOISE POLLUTION

Noise is another pollution and the principal source of noise in a TPP includes the turbine

generators and auxiliaries; boilers and auxiliaries, such as; reciprocating engines; fans

and ductwork; pumps; compressors; condensers; precipitators, including rappers and

plate vibrators; piping and valves; motors; transformers; circuit breakers; and cooling

towers. TPPs used for base load operation may operate continually while smaller plants

may operate less frequently but still pose a significant source of noise.

Several noise suppression and attenuation features shall be designed into the plant for

the protection of personnel at all normally accessible locations within the plant boundary,

both inside and outside the different buildings, and for the protection of the inhabitants

living in the vicinity of the power plant.

4.7.1 Equipment noise

To achieve the noise limitations around the equipment, the main measures taken shall

be as follows:

Each feed water pump sets shall be covered by a separate enclosure, small units like

condensate and vacuum pumps, shall be designed so as to limit noise emission, bypass


valve, the relevant piping shall be covered with acoustic insulation. To achieve the noise

limitations in the control room, the control equipment such as computers and its

accessories (printers, etc.) and the air conditioning system shall be designed so as to

limit noise emission.

During maintenance/inspection works, the personnel will wear ear protections.

All equipment in the power plant would be designed/operated to have a noise level not

exceeding 85 to 90 dBA as per the requirement of Occupational Safety and

Health Administration Standard (OSHA).

4.7.2 Far Field Noise

To achieve the far field noise limitations, the following main measures shall be taken, as

appropriate for that purpose:

steam vent pipes shall be fitted with silencers,

the boiler thermal insulation shall be designed to limit noise emission,

The main transformers shall be designed to limit noise emission.

4.8 ECOLOGY [FLORA – FAUNA]

The impact of proposed plant on vegetation in the study area may occur through

following ways:

4.8.1 Construction Phase

As the study area is devoid of natural forests except few scrub jungle without much wild

life importance, the overall impacts on terrestrial ecosystem (e.g. loss of flora and

fauna) will be negligible. The site and area around the site will experience some increase

in pollution of SPM. Deposition of fugitive dust on pubescent leaves of nearby vegetation

may lead to temporary reduction of photosynthesis. Such impacts would, however, be

confined mostly to the construction phase and would also be regulated and minimized

through adoption of control measures such as paving and surface treatment, water

sprinkling.

4.8.2 Operation Phase

The major gaseous pollutants expected during the operation phase are Particulate

Matter, SO2 and NOx. As the area is devoid of any forest land and area with wildlife

importance, impact from these pollutants on the biodiversity is very negligible. But a

large patch of salt pans are observed closer to the project site more over the village

Padaria is also located within 2 km from the project site Thus, impact of the emissions

on terrestrial ecosystems is likely. Thus, maximum precaution will be taken to reduce


this air born emission from the combustion of coal, handling of coal, and handling of fly

ash and bottom ash from reaching these receptors.

4.8.3 Impact Assessment on Biodiversity

Construction of the approach road, and pipe line from the water intake well may require

the clearing of some mature trees, and a small trees and shrubs. Flora and fauna of the

study area are generally wide spread and common species, Impacts associated with this

clearing, will be partially offset by areas of landscape planting around the site,

construction and operation phase of this proposed power plant are unlikely to have

significant impacts. Low impact construction approach, will be adopted which would

minimize amount of the clearing required.

4.9 SOCIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL IMPACTS

• The major positive impact on the socio economic environment of the study area

would be increase in the work opportunity. There would be more employment

opportunities generated due to the upcoming power plant project both during the

construction phase and operation phase.

• Additional electricity generation will help in electrification of the villages,

development of irrigation facilities and drinking water supply etc. apart from

industrial and economic development.

• There may be change in the occupational pattern in the study area.

It is anticipated that the impacts on parameters of human interest could be mitigated by

proper implementation of the control measures indicated in the Environmental

Management Plan for the proposed project.

3.2 water environment · draft eia report of narmada thermal power limited 3-9 conclusion the...

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