3/18 look at fast plant flowers and do slides 2-4 (5 min) frq – reading period and discuss (5 min)...

3/18• Look at Fast Plant flowers and do slides 2-4 (5 min)• FRQ – reading period and discuss (5 min)• Finish Endocrine

• Homework – • Written FRQ’s due Thursday (give yourself 22 minutes

each)• Print Mitosis Onion Root lab from website and skim for

tomorrow• Chapter 39 Plant Responses Notes and Concept Checks

due tomorrow (online due Thurs. am), Chapter 48 and 49.2 Nervous System Notes and Concept Checks due Friday (online Monday after) – We’re done!!!

• Next Practice AP Exam dates are here Saturday 4/13 10am-2pm and Saturday 4/20 12pm-4pm

Mechanisms That Prevent Self-Fertilization

• Many angiosperms have mechanisms that make it difficult or impossible for a flower to self-fertilize

• Dioecious species have staminate and carpellate flowers on separate plants

• Others have stamens and carpels that mature at different times or are arranged to prevent selfing

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 38.13

Staminate flowers (left) and carpellate flowers (right)of a dioecious species

(a)

(b) Thrum and pin flowers

Thrum flower Pin flower

Stamens

StamensStyles

Styles

• The most common is self-incompatibility, a plant’s ability to reject its own pollen

• Researchers are unraveling the molecular mechanisms involved in self-incompatibility

• Some plants reject pollen that has an S-gene matching an allele in the stigma cells

• Recognition of self pollen triggers a signal transduction pathway leading to a block in growth of a pollen tube


Hormones

• What are they?

• 2 types and how they work (cell signaling)

• How many target organs can they effect?

Lipid-soluble (hydrophobic)Water-soluble (hydrophilic)

Polypeptides Steroids

0.8 nmInsulin Cortisol

Amines

Epinephrine Thyroxine

Figure 45.5

Figure 45.6-2

Lipid-solublehormone

SECRETORYCELL

Water-solublehormone

VIABLOOD

Signal receptor

TARGETCELL

OR

Cytoplasmicresponse Gene

regulation

(a) (b)

Cytoplasmicresponse Gene

regulation

Signalreceptor

Transportprotein

NUCLEUS


Animation: Water-Soluble Hormone Right-click slide / select”Play”

Figure 45.7-2

Epinephrine

G protein

Adenylylcyclase

G protein-coupledreceptor

GTP

ATP

cAMP Secondmessenger

Inhibition ofglycogen synthesis

Promotion ofglycogen breakdown

Proteinkinase A


Animation: Lipid-Soluble Hormone Right-click slide / select”Play”

Figure 45.8-2EXTRACELLULARFLUID

Hormone(estradiol)

Estradiol(estrogen)receptor Plasma

membrane

Hormone-receptorcomplex

NUCLEUS

DNA

CYTOPLASM

VitellogeninmRNA

for vitellogenin

Multiple Effects of Hormones• The same hormone may have different effects on

target cells that have– Different receptors for the hormone

– Different signal transduction pathways


Different receptorsSame receptors but differentintracellular proteins (not shown)

Different cellularresponses

Different cellularresponses

Epinephrine Epinephrine Epinephrine

receptor receptor receptor

Glycogendeposits

Vesseldilates.

Vesselconstricts.

Glycogenbreaks downand glucoseis releasedfrom cell.

(a) Liver cell (b) Skeletal muscleblood vessel

Intestinal bloodvessel

(c)

Figure 45.9

• The endocrine and nervous systems generally act coordinately to control reproduction and development

• For example, in larvae of butterflies and moths, the signals that direct molting originate in the brain


Coordination of Neuroendocrine and Endocrine Signaling

Brain

Neurosecretory cells

Corpora cardiaca

Corpora allataPTTH

Prothoracicgland

Ecdysteroid

Juvenilehormone (JH)

LowJH

EARLYLARVA LATER

LARVA PUPA ADULT

Figure 45.10-3Even insects use hormones to regulate molting and metamorphosis

Figure 45.4Major endocrine glands:

Hypothalamus

Pineal gland

Pituitary gland

Thyroid gland

Parathyroid glands(behind thyroid)

Adrenal glands(atop kidneys)

Pancreas

Ovaries (female)

Testes (male)

Organs containingendocrine cells:

Thymus

Heart

Liver

Stomach

Kidneys

Smallintestine

Table 45.1a

Table 45.1b

Concept 45.2: Feedback regulation and antagonistic hormone pairs are common in endocrine systems

• Practice drawing feedback loops for blood glucose (negative feedback – more gets you less) and uterine contractions (positive feedback – more gets you more)

Insulin and Glucagon: Control of Blood Glucose

• Insulin (decreases blood glucose) and glucagon (increases blood glucose) are antagonistic hormones that help maintain glucose homeostasis

• The pancreas has clusters of endocrine cells called pancreatic islets with alpha cells that produce glucagon and beta cells that produce insulin


Body cellstake up moreglucose.

Insulin

Beta cells ofpancreasrelease insulininto the blood.

Liver takesup glucose and stores itas glycogen.

Blood glucoselevel declines.

Blood glucoselevel rises.

Homeostasis:Blood glucose level

(70–110 mg/m100mL)

STIMULUS:Blood glucose level rises

(for instance, after eating acarbohydrate-rich meal).

Liver breaksdown glycogenand releasesglucose intothe blood.

Alpha cells of pancreasrelease glucagon intothe blood.

Glucagon

STIMULUS:Blood glucose level

falls (for instance, afterskipping a meal).

Figure 45.13

Diabetes Mellitus• Diabetes mellitus is perhaps the best-known

endocrine disorder• It is caused by a deficiency of insulin or a

decreased response to insulin in target tissues• It is marked by elevated blood glucose levels


• Type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells

• Type 2 diabetes mellitus (non-insulin-dependent) involves insulin deficiency or reduced response of target cells due to change in insulin receptors


Uterine contractions- positive feedback

Positive Feedback

The thyroid glandof mammals consistsof two lobes locatedon the ventral surfaceof the trachea. Triiodothyronine (T3)

and thyroxine (T4): amines.

Stimulates and maintainmetabolic processes.

Secretion regulated by TSHhormones.

Thyroid hormones function in development, bioenergetics, and homeostasis

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig. 45.8

Thyroid loop

Blood Calcium

3/19• Ch. 39 highlighted slides – hormones (to slide 76) +/-

photoperiodism (to slide 100) 35 min• Intro lab (20 min) – look at Investigation 7 in new lab

manual, then at Flinn protocol and do next slide (while you read and discuss, I check Ch. 39 notes)

• Homework – • Written FRQ’s due Thursday (give yourself 22 minutes

each)• Read Mitosis Onion Root Lab thoroughly (also bring

original mitosis lab from last semester– we start tomorrow

• Chapter 39 Plant Responses online due Thurs. am, Chapter 48 and 49.2 Nervous System Notes and Concept Checks due Friday (online Monday after) – We’re done!!!


Controlled Experiment Review – you discuss and tell me…

3/20• Run Baseline Activity• Do first slide, then Start with clipping and staining, then while all

staining can look at last 2 slides

Homework – • Written FRQ’s due tomorrow (give yourself 22 minutes each)• Write up Onion Lab so far… Intro with hypothesis, Procedure

Flowchart, Data Tables for group and class data • Chapter 39 Plant Responses online due tomorrow am, Chapter 48

and 49.2 Nervous System Notes and Concept Checks due Friday (online Tuesday after) – We’re done!!!


Lab tips and Safety

• Groups – one pair does 3 control root tips, one pair does 3 IAA root tips – while one of the pair is staining, other should be making a data table with room to tally and getting microscope set up – switch off who looks at microscope and who tallies

• Safety – goggles and aprons and gloves – person handling the root tips and stain should wear the gloves, everyone washes hands with soap and water after cleaning up

Stain Protocol

1) 5 min in HCl (did 30 seconds but maybe will squash better if longer)

2) Dip in distilled water for 1 minute

3) Dip in stain a few times until visibly red/pink

4) Rinse in distilled water for 1 minute

Chromosome squash procedure – p.S88 of Cell Division Lab

• Steps 7 and 8:– After stained, place root tip piece on slide with

1-2 drops of water– Place the cover slip over the tip and cover

with a tissue.– Firmly press down on the cover slip with the

eraser end of a pencil. Do not twist the slide, and be careful not to break the cover slip.

Figure 12.UN05

Data

Group Mitosis Interphase

Control

IAA

3/21

• Look at demo slides• Observations – what did you see that was different

between the 2 groups?• Class data? • Sample Data - Chi square test• Plan InquiryHomework – • Write up Onion Lab so far… • Chapter 48 and 49.2 Nervous System Notes and

Concept Checks due Friday (online Tuesday after) – We’re done!!!


Onion Lab

• Intro with hypothesis • Procedure Flowchart• Data Tables for group (include

observations) and sample class data• Analysis = Chi Square Analysis

calculations/discussion and 5th and 6th bullet questions on S89

• Conclusion with discussion of lab error and questions for further investigation

3/22• Fill out inquiry sheet – I check. Ch. 48/49 notes• Grade FRQ’s • Finish Ch. 39 – start slide 99

Homework – • Onion Mitosis Lab Writeup due Monday• Chapter 48 and 49.2 Nervous System online due next

Tuesday (long) – We’re done!!!• Review Manual Topics 8 and 9 – all relevant reading and

questions due Wednesday• Plant and Animal Systems Test next Thursday – Big

Idea Powerpoint is up on the website!!! Get started…• Next Practice AP Exam dates are here Saturday 4/13

10am-2pm and Saturday 4/20 12pm-4pm

3/18 look at fast plant flowers and do slides 2-4 (5 min) frq – reading period and discuss (5 min)...

Documents

lipidsoluble hormone

different effects

different times

major endocrine glands

minfinish endocrine

pollen tubehormoneswhat

plant responses notes

nervous system notes