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Grammar II Day 2

Adverbs and Adjectives

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Ensino de Lngua Inglesa e NovasTecnologias - Gramtica II

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There are several types of adverb

Manner: quickly,gently, sincerely

Place: here, outside,

upstairs Point in time:

yesterday, tonight

Indefinite time: already,still, yet

Frequency: always,never, seldom

Comment: clearly,

obviously, naturally Linking: however, so,

although

Degree/intensifier:very, nearly, really

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Adverb position

Immediately before the adjective or past participlebeing qualified

We were deeply disappointed with his performance Usually after the predicate (verb + object) being

qualified I love the classic composers very much

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Adverb position

There are 3 main positions in the English sentence:front, mid and end

Today, we're studying adverbs We sincerely hope you can make it to the ball She speaks five languages fluently

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Adverb position

The position changes in accordance with the type of adverb

Front position: Point in time, Comment, Linking Tomorrow we're going to Paris Obviously, I got it wrong It was raining, so we went back home

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Adverb position

Mid-position: Manner, Indefinite time, Frequency,Comment

She quickly tidied her room and ran to catch the bus Sorry, but I still don't understand I seldom drink tea in the morning I apparently got it wrong

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Adverb position

End position: Manner, Place, Point in time She tidied up quickly They're playing outside We'll be leaving in the morning

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Adverbs to express completion

They come in mid-position I have completely forgot about the party We have almost completed the course

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Adverb order

With more than one adverbial in the end position,we use the manner, place, time order:

We watched the sun rise slowly and majestically above

the horizon . I waited for you at home yesterday . Why didn't you call?

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Some adverbs can have a different meaningwhen used in a different position

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Sensibly

He (A) discussed the design with her (B).

A It was wise B In a sensible way

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Honestly

(B)I don't think the mayor is capable of answeringthe questions (A). (honestly)

A In a honest way B I'm telling the truth

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Obviously

He (B) realized she wasn't (A) well.

A- Of course she wasn't B- Of course he did

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Kindly

The pilots (B) agreed to speak to the journalists (A).

A In a kind way B it was kind of them

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Exercise 1: correct or incorrect?

I've already seen the film You very nearly killed me! What were you thinking? I'll naturally pay you back as soon as I get paid We just sat around at home lazily watching the day

go by. The team last night played superbly well. I got a nearly full score on the test.

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Exercise 1: correct forms

I've already seen the film You very nearly killed me! What were you thinking? Naturally, I'll pay you back as soon as I get paid We just sat around lazily at home watching the day

go by. The team played superbly well last night. I nearly got a full score on the test.

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Adverb collocation

There seems to be a semantic link between adverbsand certain verbs and adjectives, e.g. deeply isnormally used to express intense feelings:

Deeply regret Deeply embarrassing Deeply hurt

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Exercise 2: what's the adverb + adjective/verbcombination in each sentence?

If we admit something, we feel free to do so. When we recommend something or someone, we

make high recommendations Any sort of damage is usually severe in terms of

impact If you're in a hurry to get to the office, you can take a

brisk walk instead of trying the subway

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Exercise 2: adverb + adjective/verb

If we admit something, we feel free to do so. FREELYADMIT

When we recommend something or someone, we

make high recommendations. HIGHLY RECOMMEND Any sort of damage is usually severe in terms of

impact. SEVERELY DAMAGED

If you're in a hurry to get to the office, you can take abrisk walk instead of trying the subway. BRISKLYWALK

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Exercise 2: what's the adverb + adjectivecombination in each sentence?

Missing someone is always a sad affair. Being anxious and desperate at the same time is not

recommended. When giving an opinion about a controversial issue,

there is no way we can not have strong feelings about it

Partial insurance is no insurance whatsoever; acceptnothing but full coverage

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Exercise 2: adverb + adjective/verb combination

Missing someone is always a sad affair. SADLY MISS/SORELYMISS

Being anxious and desperate at the same time is notrecommended. DESPERATELY ANXIOUS

When giving an opinion about a controversial issue, there isno way we can not have strong feelings about it. STRONGLYFEEL

Partial insurance is no insurance whatsoever; accept nothingbut full coverage. FULLY INSURED

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Exercise 3: Match a verb on the left with anadverb on the right

Scream Gaze Love Break something Work Apologize

Passionately Profusely Longingly Hysterically Conscientiously Deliberately

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Verb + adverb

SCREAM HYSTERICALLY GAZE LONGINGLY LOVE PASSIONATELY BREAK SOMETHING DELIBERATELY WORK CONSCIENTIOUSLY APOLOGIZE PROFUSELY

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Adverbs with two forms

One with the ly suffix, one without. Themeanings are not directly related

We work hard We hardly recognized her with the new hairdo.

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Other adverbs with two forms

Easy easily Late lately

Sure surely Wrong- wrongly Most mostly

Wide - widely

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Adverbs with two forms

The first in the pair doubles as an adjectiveand adverb

That was an easy test! Hey take it easy! You could have easily taken him down Is he just going to walk free? Don't forget to redeem your free gift He talked freely about his illegal activities in

public.

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Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese

The need for a stiff penalty for late deliveries will behighly unlikely.

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The need for a stiff penalty for late deliveries will behighly unlikely.

pouco provvel que haja a necessidade de uma puniomais rgida/rigorosa/severa/pesada por atrasos nasentregas

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I distinctly remember their saying that it would not be aproblem to meet the deadline.

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I distinctly remember their saying that it would not be aproblem to meet the deadline.

Recordo-me claramente/perfeitamente de eles teremdito que no haveria problema em cumprir o prazo.

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I sincerely hope the company honors its impeccablereputation.

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I sincerely hope the company honors its impeccablereputation.

Espero sinceramente que a empresa honre/faa jus suareputao.

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We eagerly await the outcome of next week's boardmeeting.

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We eagerly await the outcome of next week's boardmeeting.

Esperamos/Aguardamos ansiosamente o resultado dareunio de diretoria da prxima semana.

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That no one can accurately predict market trends isunderstandable, but I felt the need for more meticulousplanning.

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That no one can accurately predict market trends isunderstandable, but I felt the need for more meticulousplanning.

compreensvel que ningum possa prever as tendncias

do mercado, mas ficou clara a falta de planejamentomais detalhado/pormenorizado.

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Attitude adverbs and adverbials

3 umbrella categories

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Certainty/Expectation

Astonishingly Disturbingly Inevitably Naturally Predictably Not surprisingly

Obviously Without a doubt As might be expected Clearly Of course Undoubtedly

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Evaluation/Importance

Apparently Disturbingly Unfortunately Fortunately Interestingly Quite rightly (Even) More importantly Significantly

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Generalization

As a general rule By and large Typically Generally speaking On the whole

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Exercise 5: Rephrase with an adverb

Crime rates have risen in line with unemploymentfigures. That doesn't surprise me.

There is a very satisfactory solution to the

problem.That's a good thing. Technology will cause more problems than it solves,

so people say. Older people don't adapt so easily to new technology

- at least that's a general rule. Children often pick up new skills for themselves. That

really interests me.

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Exercise 5: Rephrasing with an adverb

Not surprisingly, crime rates have risen in line withunemployment figures.

Fortunately , there is a very satisfactory solution to

the problem. Apparently , technology will cause more problems

than it solves. Generally speaking , older people don't adapt so

easily to new technology. Interestingly , children often pick up new skills for

themselves.

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Just

The adverb just has several meanings: This house is just right for us. (Exactly) But he's just a boy! (Only)

I've just tried phoning you. (A short time before) I'm just getting dressed. (Right now) I just want you to leave right now. I'd just like an egg for

breakfast, please. (Simply, only) You're just as bad as my father. He can't see a football

match on TV. (Equally, no less)

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Just

As it has several meanings, it can occupy the threemain adverb positions in a sentence :

Just looking at him and you can tell who he looks like.

Do you think you could just do what I tell you? In the end we managed to get there before they closed

the doors just. (Spoken English)

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Exercise 6: Add just to the sentences

Italian's as difficult as Spanish. Leave me alone, will you? That picture looks right on the wall.

It's started to rain. Do you happen to have anumbrella? We've got enough time to get to the airport I've seen a terrible accident. Stop talking and eat up! He wasn't badly hurt. It was a small bruise.

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Sentences with just.

Italian's just as difficult as Spanish. Just leave me alone, will you? That picture looks just right on the wall. It's just starting to rain. Do you happen to have an

umbrella? We've got just enough time to get to the airport

I've just seen a terrible accident. Just stop talking and eat up! He wasn't badly hurt. It was just a small bruise.

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Intensifying adverbs

In most of these combinations, however, thereseems to be no specific reason for their collocation

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TotallyAbsolutelyQuite

Agree

Totally Disagree

CompletelyFullyPerfectly

Understand

SeriouslySincerely

Believe

CompletelyStronglyEntirelyReallyThoroughlyGreatly

ForgetDisapproveDependLikeEnjoyAppreciate

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The type of adverb depends on the type of adjective with which it might combine:

With gradable adjectives: very, awfully, rather,extremely, terribly, fairly, really, pretty, quite

With limit adjectives: absolutely, completely,utterly, totally, entirely, pretty, really, simply,quite

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Weak Limit Extreme 1 Extreme 2

Irritated Angry Furious Livid

Significant Important Essential Vital

Content Happy Delighted Ecstatic

Pretty Beautiful Gorgeous Stunning

Sizeable Big Enormous Gigantic

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In general, the native speaker does not make thefollowing combinations:

totally essential, entirely determined, completely furious

Combinations that are (no-brainers) always possible: Very + gradable adjectives e.g. very happy/tired/big Absolutely + limit adjectives e.g. absolutely

enormous/delicious/delighted Really + gradable and limit adjectives e.g. really

angry/surprised/amazed

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Exercise 7: Complete the following paragraphwith an appropriate adverb

I feel I must write to you on the following matter. I. believe that there is far too much sport of allkinds shown on LTC television today. I ..disapprove of the non-stop coverage, of football,golf, and cricket on all your channels. I .. admitsport plays a major role in our society, but this isunacceptable. Sundays are already .. takenup by sport. I .. hope you will listen to those

who are not sports fanatics and provide somealternative entertainment.

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Exercise 7: Completing the paragraph with anappropriate adverb

I feel I must write to you on the following matter. ISINCERELY/FREELY believe that there is far too much sport of all kinds shown on LTC television today. I STRONGLY/FULLYdisapprove of the non-stop coverage, of football, golf, andcricket on all your channels. I FREELY/REALLY admit sportplays a major role in our society, but this is unacceptable.Sundays are already ENTIRELY/COMPLETELY taken up bysport. I REALLY/SINCERELY hope you will listen to those whoare not sports fanatics and provide some alternativeentertainment.

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The adverb Quite

The meaning of quite is phonologicallydetermined, i.e. based on stress

With gradable adjectives and stress on quite = Ok,

but not as good as I expected: The restaurant wasquite good, but I wouldn't go back

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The adverb Quite

With gradable adjectives and with stress on theadjective = It was better than I expected: The filmwas quite good. You'll really like it

With a limit adjetive and stress on both words =up to the top (with exaggerated rising intonation):Are you quite sure?

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Adverbial clauses

He went to party dressed as a monkey. Opening his suitcase, he took out a revolver. Released from its cage, the lion prowled

around. Having finished lunch, we set off.

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Adverbial clauses

Being a mean person, he never spent moretime than he had to.

Weakened by years of bad health, she could

hardly sit up in bed. It rained every day for two weeks, completely

ruining our holiday.

Taken regularly, aspirin can reduce the risk of a stroke.

l

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Exercise 8: Simultaneity, Consequence, Reason,Condition, Sequence

Living in London, I appreciate the pros and cons of city life.[Simultaneity/Reason ]

He cut himself opening a can of sardines. [ Simultaneity ] Having read the minutes of the meeting, I wrote my university

final paper. [ Sequence ] Having read the minutes of the meeting, I understood the

problems. [ Consequence/Reason ]

l

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Exercise 8: Simultaneity, Consequence, Reason,Condition, Sequence

Cooked in a white wine sauce, rabbit meat can be succulent.[Condition]

Knowing my love of chocolate, she hid it in the top cupboard.[ Reason]

Wrested from his parents' arms as a child, he's always haddifficulty establishing relationships. [ Reason/Consequence ]

Browsing in the neighborhood newsstand, I came across thisgreat book on computing skills. [ Simultaneity ]

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Adjectives

Attributive

Predicative

Postpositive

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Difference in meaning

The treasurer was present at the last board meeting The present treasurer had trouble getting the

accounts in order Robin Harris was late The late Robin Harris was a honorary member of the

association

Too many people in the world are still poor What will become of those poor people who have

lost their homes due to the landslides?

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Exercise 9: Translate the sentences

Great men are not always wise. Peter and Paul were faithful in many ways. A good name is priceless.

We should be reasonable irrespective of the circumstances The sword is quick and powerful. The rich man is wealthy beyond imagination. The sky grew dark as the storm approached. His trumpet sounds squeaky. This is shoddy. Isn't it poor? The hamburger tasted greasy.

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Exercise 9: Answers

Great men are not always wise. (Os) grandes homens nem sempre so sbios.

Peter and Paul were faithful in many ways. Peter e Paul se mostraram fiis de diversas formas.

A good name is priceless. Um bom nome no tem preo.

We should be reasonable irrespective of the circumstances Devemos ser razoveis independentemente/apesar das

circunstncias. The sword is quick and powerful.

A espada gil e poderosa.

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Exercise 9: Answers

The rich man is wealthy beyond imagination. A riqueza daquele homem imensurvel/inimaginvel

The sky grew dark as the storm approached. O ceu escurecia medida que a tempestade se aproximava.

His trumpet sounds squeaky. Seu trompete soa estridente/Seu trompete est com um som

esganiado. This is shoddy. Isn't it poor?

Isto uma porcaria/Isto no presta, no / mesmo? The hamburger tasted greasy.

O hamburguer estava gorduroso.

OPINION

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OPINION

FACTUAL

SIZE

AGE/TEMPERATURE

SHAPE COLOR/PATTERN

ORIGIN

MATERIAL

PURPOSE/TYPE

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Its a rose. (sweet -smelling; exquisite; apricot-colored)

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Its a rose. (sweet -smelling; exquisite; apricot-colored)

Its an exquisite sweet -smelling apricot-colored rose.

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Shes wearing trousers. (leather; black, shiny; tight -

fitting)

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Shes wearing trousers. (leather; black, shiny; tight -

fitting)

Shes wearing shiny tight -fitting black leather trousers.

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I met a student. (young; trendy; art; Venezuelan)

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I met a student. (young; trendy; art; Venezuelan)

I met a trendy young Venezuelan art student.

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We drove out of the city to see some cottages.

(thatched; old; beautiful; two-storey)

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We drove out of the city to see some houses.

(thatched; old; beautiful; two-storey)

We drove out of the city to see some beautiful oldthatched two-storey houses.

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Exercise 11: Translate the sentences to English

Delicioso po integral caseiro. Uma simptica idosa escocesa. Uma linda camisa de seda listrada em

vermelho e branco. Um lindo menino gorducho e agitado. Uma graciosa sala de estar iluminada e

arejada com p-direito alto.

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Delicioso po integral caseiro. Delicious homemade whole meal/whole wheat bread

Uma simptica idosa escocesa. A friendly elderly Scottish lady.

Uma linda camisa de seda listrada em vermelho e branco. A beautiful red-and-white-striped silk shirt

Um lindo menino gorducho e agitado. A handsome chubby restless boy

Uma graciosa sala de estar iluminada e arejada com p-direito alto.

A gracious/charming airy high-ceilinged illuminated living room

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Um inestimvel quadro impressionista dosculo XIX.

Um velho e sujo banquinho metlico de jardim.

Uma linda escrivaninha vitoriana. Uma encantadora casa de campo caiada. Uma pequena copa em forma de L.

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Um inestimvel quadro impressionista do sculo XIX. A priceless 19th century Impressionist painting

Um velho e sujo banquinho metlico de jardim. A dirty old metallic garden stool/bench

Uma linda escrivaninha vitoriana. A beautiful Victorian desk/bureau

Uma encantadora casa de campo caiada. A lovely/delightful whitewashed country house/cottage

Uma pequena copa em forma de L. A small L-shaped dining room

The negative prefix 'un'

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The negative prefix un

The use of the negative prefix 'un' plus anadjective occurs with a much higher frequency

in English, the phrase not always being simpleor practical to translate.

China's prime minister Wen Jiabao said

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China s prime minister, Wen Jiabao, saidrecently that structural problems are causingunsteady, unbalanced, uncoordinated, andunsustainable development. Newsweek, 5/9/09

O primeiro-ministro chins Wen Jiabao, afirmourecentemente que problemas estruturais vemocasionando desenvolvimento instvel,desequilibrado, descoordenado e insustentvel.Newsweek, 5/9/09

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Semantically, the prefix can causeambiguity, as it can mean "the opposite of"

or "that never was".

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An unbuttoned shirt (In Portuguese "uma

camisa desabotoada" or "uma camisa nunca

abotoada/nova em folha") Other examples uncovered, unfastened,

undone, undressed etc.

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I regret to say that of a workmate, but his behavior was absolutely unprofessional.

- unprofessional > amador

- unprofessional> anti-profissional, anti-tico

Whereas her big sisters room was a stew of

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Whereas her big sister s room was a stew of unclosed books, unfolded clothes, unmade

bed, unemptied ashtrays, Briony's was ashrine to her controlling demon. (Atonement,2001)

Enquanto o quarto da sua irm era umamistura de livros abertos, roupas para seremdobradas, uma cama desarrumada,

cinzeiros cheios, o de Briony era um templopara sua obsesso por controle. (Atonement,2001)

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Defining or Non-defining relative clauses

Which gives essential information? Which is separated by commas? In which do we use that? In which can the relative pronoun be omitted?

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Examples

Chocolate is something ( that ) nearly everyone likes People that smoke normally damage their health Tortilla, which is made from eggs and potatoes, is a

typical Spanish dish Toby, whose job is difficult, spends his weekends

relaxing

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Exercise 10: Find and correct the errors

My mother who's a doctor works in a maternity hospital Ligaments join bones in the human body are made of strong

tissue Do you know anyone I can ask about this? The pharmacist gave me this medicine said it would help Distance running is a sport that requires no special equipment Dr. James, that has written several books on the subject, is a

dietician

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Exercise 10: Answers

My mother, who's a doctor, works in a maternity hospital Ligaments that/which join bones in the human body are

made of strong tissue Do you know anyone I can ask about this? The pharmacist who gave me this medicine said it would

help Distance running is a sport that requires no special

equipment Dr. James, who has written several books on the subject, is a

dietician

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