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EH PBF VHEPF@ \PGPF\ @E\PZELP LOVZP COZ PBF@E\PZELP OC HF[ DFZ\FU

PZFHPOH @ESE\EOH

DOBH @OF , jy gh` tbroukb DGLM )

@OF gh` DGHF @OF, DGLM @OF , )eh`eve`ugiiy gh` oh jfbgic oc bes soh, )DOBH @OF, DGHF @OF , eh`eve`ugiiy )gh` oh jfbgic oc bfr soh DOBH @OF, )

)^igehteccs, ) Lgsf Ho.

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ee

PGJIF OC LOHPFHP\

PGJIF OC LOHP FHP\..ee

PGJIF OC GVPBOZ EPEF\...eee

EHPZO@VLPEOH.7

GZKVAFHP..:

E. ^IGEHPECC\ GZF IEMFIU PO \VLLFF@ OH PBF AFZEP\ :

G. G

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eee

j. G

8/13/2019 3:13-cv-06629 #20

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ev

Koi`efs Joomstorf v. \upfreor Lt. , ;>) ....:;

Burify v. Eresb-Gafrelgh Kgy, Ifsjegh & Jesfxugi Krp. oc Jostoh , 676 V.\. 66; (7556) 70

Bobf v. Lgsfy , 232 C.:` 35 (72 V.\.

^efrlf v. \oly oc \estfrs , :32 V.\. 67> (75:6) ..:;

^rehlf v. Agssglbusftts , 6 V.\. ; V.\. :5: (755:) .. ...7 (A.@. ^fhh. :>7>) ....

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v

Pfhgciy Fruv Gssh, Ehl. v. Joroukb oc Pfhgciy , 5 C.:) ...77, 7<

Pboags v. Loiiehs ,

Proxfi v. Krghveiif , 6 V.\. 6; (:>>>) ...:6

Purhfr Jrog`. \ys., Ehl. v. C.L.L. , 67: V.\. 3:: (7550) ....5, :0, :;

Vhetf` \gvehks Gssh v. Peajfrs oc Ehwoo` Corfst Gssol., It`. , 020 V.\. >) 5, :;

[gsbehktoh v. Kiulmsjfrk , 6:7 V.\. ;>: (755;) .....:3

[gsbehktoh v. Mifa , 05; C.;) ...:> [fst Sg. \tgtf J`. oc F`ul. v. Jgrhfttf , 0-76:< (AIL), :>>3 [I :3) ......7<

\tgtutfs

H.D.\.G. 0647-60 ......

H.D. \tgt. Ghh. 0647-66 .... pgssea

Otbfr[fjstfrs EE Hfw Loiifkf @elteohgry :3< (>6) ..6, ::

Zfport oc tbf Gafrelgh ^sylboiokelgi Gssolegteoh Pgsm Corlf oh Gppropregtf Pbfrgpfutel Zfspohsfs to\fxugi Orefhtgteoh (:>>5), gvgeigjif gt bttp4//www.gpg.ork/pe/ikjt/rfsourlfs/tbfrgpfutel-rfspohsf.

p`c. ..... pgssea

Gafrelgh Gssolegteoh oc Lbrestegh Louhsfiors (@fl. 7>, :>7772/lbres-lbrestef-kgy-lohvfrseoh-tbfrgpy-hfw-dfrsfy 56333.btai 7;

Agtt Jgrjfr, Kgy Igwagmfr to Lbresteghs, [fii Pgmf Uour Lbei`rfh, OhfHfwsHow (Guk. :3, :>772/:3/kgy -igwagmfr-to-lbresteghs-wfii-tgmf-your- lbei`rfh ....7;

Bgi`fagh, @., [bfh sfxugi gh` rfiekeous orefhtgteoh loiie`f4 Lohse`frgteohs cor psylbotbfrgpywetb lohcieltf` kgy afh , Pbf Louhsfiehk ^sylboiokest, >0) ..72

Lgsf Ceif` 7:/7 ^gkfE@4 535

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ve

@rfslbfr, D., Wuffr @egkhosfs4 ^grgiifis gh` Lohtrgsts eh tbf Bestory oc Boaosfxugiety, Kfh`frSgreghlf, gh` tbf @egkhostel gh` \tgte stelgi Aghugi, Grlb. \fx. Jfbgv. (:>7>)72

Lgsf Ceif` 7:/7 ^gkfE@4 5;>

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^IGEHPECC\ ZF^IU AFAOZGH@VA EH \V^^OZP OC PBFEZ AOPEOH COZ G^ZFIEAEHGZU EHDVHLPEOH GH@ EH O^^O\EPEOH PO @FCFH@GHP\ AOPEOH

PO @E\AE\\

LOAF HO[ ^igehteccs, jy gh` tbroukb louhsfi, gh` ceif tbes Afaorgh`ua eh \upport oc

tbfer Aoteoh cor g ^rfieaehgry Ehduhlteoh gh` eh Opposeteoh to @fcfh`ghts Aoteoh to @esaess .

EHPZO@VLPEOH

Oh Hovfajfr 77, :>7

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:

^rfieaehgry Ehduhlteoh, sfvfrgi ifhktby `fligrgteohs, gh` crevoious gh` errfifvght ojdflteohs to

^igehteccs sujaettf` agtfregi. ( \ff @mt. 7; to 7;-77). Pbes Lourt bgs hot ruif` oh K\Fs aoteoh

to ehtfrvfhf, so gii oc tbf agtfregis sujaettf` grf hot propfriy jfcorf tbes Lourt. ^igehteccs

tbfrfcorf ojdflt to K\Fs ceiehks eh tbfer fhterfty gh` a ovf tbgt tbfy jf strelmfh croa tbf rflor`

gh` tbgt tbfer aoteoh to ehtfrvfhf jf `fhef`. <

Oh @flfajfr 3, :>7

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6). Pbf gppielgteoh

bfrf es hotbehk aorf tbgh two pfopif sbgrehk tboukbts gh` fxprfssehk opeheohs tbroukb tbfer orgi

loaauhelgteohs. Pbfrf es hotbehk ehbfrfhtiy loh`ult-rfigtf` gjout tbgt. Et es spfflb. Pbf

gppielgteoh oc prehlepifs gh` prolf`urfs eh psylbotbfrgpy , bowfvfr, agy eapiy soaftbehk

aorf lohsestfht wetb tbes Lourts ghgiyses. ^sylbotbfrgpy es `fcehf` gs tbf trfgtafht oc afhtgi

gh` faoteohgi `esor`frs wetb psylboiokelgi tflbhequfs. E`. gt 570. [beif tbes agy ehvoivf soaf

cora oc loaauhelgtevf fifafhts gh` spfflb, et lgh giso ehliu`f otbfr tflbhequfs aorf gmeh to

purf loh`ult f.k., prfslrejehk af`elgteohs, byphoses, ftl. Hfvfrtbfifss, tbf stgtutf aust jfrfg` gs agmehk g `estehlteoh jftwffh tbf gppielgteoh oc prehlepifs eh louhsfiehk gh` tbf

gppielgteoh oc prehlepifs eh psylbotbfrgpy . Ohf ehvoivfs ohiy tgimehk, gh` tbf otbfr ehvoivfs

tbehks gppropregtfiy uh`frstoo` gs bgvehk soaf loapohfhts oc loh`ult. Jflgusf ^igehteccs grf

ohiy rflfevehk louhsfiehk tbgt es soifiy tgimehk, tbfer louhsfior es seapiy gppiyehk tbf prehlepifs

gh` prolf`urfs oc louhsfiehk . (@mt. 0-:, @fligrgteoh oc Dobh @of , Dobh @of @fli. 7

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3

@fcfh`ghts `o hot fvfh g``rfss ^igehteccs vefwpoeht `eslreaehgteoh ligeas jflgusf oc

tbfer frrohfous gssuapteoh tbgt G

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;

liefhts wetb uhwghtf` \\G or tbgt tbfer liefhts aekbt jf jfttfr sfrvf` jy lboosehk \OLF es

seifhlf` gh` lfhsorf`. Gs sulb, G

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2

probejets `eslusseoh oc ohiy lfrtgeh lohtfht, hgafiy \OLF tbgt `ofs hot ehvoivf g trghseteoh to

g `eccfrfht kfh`fr e`fhtety, oc gh otbfrwesf pfraessejif topel tbgt tbf rfkuigteoh es sujdflt to

bfekbtfhf` slrutehy. Zfkuigteohs tbgt pfraet tbf Kovfrhafht to `eslreaehgtf oh tbf jgses oc tbf

lohtfht oc tbf afssgkf lghhot jf toifrgtf` uh`fr tbf Cerst Gafh`afht. \eaoh & \lbustfr, Ehl.

v. Afajfrs oc H.U. \tgtf Lreaf Selteas J`. , 6>: V.\. 7>6, 773 (7557) (quotehk Zfgkgh v. Peaf,

Ehl., 032 V.\. 307, 302-05 (7520)). Zfkuigteohs sulb gs G

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5

Pbf Cerst Gafh`afht rfquerfs g aorf lgrfcui gssfssa fht gh` lbgrgltfrezgteoh oc gh fvei

eh or`fr to dustecy g rfkuigteoh gs swffpehk gs tbes. Vhetf` \tgtfs v. ^igyjoy Fhtat Krp., Ehl. ,

6:5 V.\. 2>>>). [bfh tbf kovfrha fht sffms to rfstrelt spfflb, ]eQt aust `faohstrgtf

tbgt tbf rfletf` bgras grf rfgi, hot afrfiy lohdflturgi . Purhfr Jrog`. \ys., Ehl. v. C.L.L. , 67:

V.\. 3::, 330 (7550) (fapbgses g``f`). Pbes es fspflegiiy truf wbfh tbf \tgtfs owh sourlfs

g`aet tbfrf es ho lohlrftf fve`fhlf oc bgra lgusf` jy \OLF. G^G Zfport gt 57, 0:. ]CQrff`oa

oc spfflb . . . agy hot jf ehcrehkf` oh sulb sifh`fr krouh`s. Pbfy grf suslfptejif oc rfstrelteoh

ohiy to prfvfht krgvf gh` eaaf`egtf `ghkfr to ehtfrfsts wbelb tbf stgtf agy igwcuiiy

protflt. [fst Sg. \tgtf J`. oc F`ul. v. Jgrhfttf , > afajfrs. 6 Pbf ohiy

dustecelgteoh cor lgiiehk GGLL afajfrs out oc tbf agehstrfga es `esgkrffafht wetb tbfer vefws,

6 \ff Gafrelgh Gssolegteoh oc Lbrestegh Louhsfiors (@fl. 7>, :>7

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7>

gh` gh e`foiokelgi opposeteoh to tbfer poseteoh. Pbf Cerst Gafh`afht, bowfvfr, `ofs hot `fpfh`

oh g sbow oc bgh`s. Eh`ff`,

]tQbf vfry purposf oc g Jeii oc Zekbts wgs to wetb`rgw lfrtgeh sujdflts croa tbf

velessetu`fs oc g poietelgi lohtrovfrsy, to piglf tbfa jfyoh` tbf rfglb ocagdoretefs gh` occelegis gh` to fstgjiesb tbfa gs ifkgi prehlepifs to jf gppief` jytbf lourts. Ohfs rekbt to iecf, iejfrty, gh` propfrty, to crff spfflb , g crff prfss,crff`oa oc worsbep gh` gssfajiy, gh` otbfr cuh`gafhtgi rekbts agy hot jfsujaettf` to votf= tbfy `fpfh` oh tbf outloaf oc ho fiflteohs .

Jgrhfttf ,

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77

e`fhtety (uhifss et es uh`frtgmfh to gssest eh lbghkehk tbf liefhts kfh`fr) fvfh ec tbf liefht `fserfs

tbgt louhsfiehk gh` es sekhecelghtiy jfhfcettehk croa et. Potgi probejeteohs oh lohstetuteohgiiy

protfltf` spfflb grf bgr`iy gh fxfrlesf oc hgrrow tgeiorehk. Gwg` v. Teregx , 3;> C.7:). \ulb fxtrfaf afgsurfs grf ehvgie` gh` sboui` jf fhdoehf`. ^igehteccs

bfrfjy ehlorporgtf jy rfcfrfhlf tbf hgrrowiy tgeiorf` sflteoh oh pp. :>-:: oc tbfer orekehgi

afaorgh`ua gs ec cuiiy sft cortb bfrfeh.

0. Fvfh ec G (7< [I

65;>

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7:

Gssuaehk tbes Lourt wgs lorrflt tbgt aost liefhts sffm louhsfiehk wetbout ghy

lohse`frgteoh oc tbf vefwpoeht oc tbf louhsfior (wbelb tbf fve`fhlf sbows es hot truf), tbgt steii

`ofs hot hfkgtf tbf cglt tbgt \OLF louhsfiors prove`f sulb louhsfiehk to lohvfy g afssgkf tbgt

lbghkf es possejif gh` tbgt et lgh jf jfhfcelegi to tbf liefht wbfh tbfy `fserf sulb lbghkf. (@mt.

0-6, @fligrgteoh oc Zohgi` Hfwagh, Hfwagh @fli. 0) ( Aghy oc ay liefhts loaf to af

jflgusf oc ay Lbrestegh e`fhtety gh` tbfer trust tbgt tbfer Lbrestegh vgiufs gh` jfiefcs weii

jf rfspfltf` eh trfgtafht .) (fapbgses g``f`)= ( e`. ) (E bgvf g Jejielgi wori`vefw, gh` cor

tbosf liefhts wbo sffm louhsfiehk croa g Lbrestegh pfrspfltevf gh` `fserf to lohcora tbfer

louhsfiehk kogis wetb tbfer sehlfrfiy bfi` rfiekeous jfiefcs, E colus oh Jejielgi ehtfkrgteoh eh tbflouhsfiehk rfigteohsbeps wbelb E cora wetb tbfa. ). Aghy \OLF louhsfiors grf spflecelgiiy

soukbt out jflgusf oc tbf afssgkf tbgt es fspousf` eh tbfer louhsfiehk. ( E`. 6) (Gs es truf wetb

aulb oc ay prgltelf, tbf eh`eve`ugis wbo sffm \OLF louhsfiehk croa af `o so jflgusf tbfy

bgvf g `fserf to lohcora tbfer gttrglteohs, jfbgveor, gh` e`fhtety to tbfer sehlfrfiy bfi` rfiekeous

jfiefcs. Aghy oc tbfsf eh`eve`ugis sffm to rf`ulf or fieaehgtf tbfer uhwghtf` sgaf-sfx

gttrglteohs jflgusf tbfer rfiekeous jfiefcs ehcora tbfa tbgt lbghkf es possejif. E giso jfiefvf tbgt

lbghkf es possejif. ). Et es jfyoh` pfrg`vfhturf tbgt tbosf louhsfiors grf occfrehk sulb

louhsfiehk jflgusf tbfy ehtfh` to loaauhelgtf tbf afssgkf tbgt lbghkf es possejif gh` tbgt g

liefht sffms sulb louhsfiehk jflgusf oc tbgt afssgkf. Gs tbf Pber` Lerluet rflokhezf`, tbes es ho

ifss truf afrfiy jflgusf tbfrf es g cuhlteohgi loapohfht to tbf fxprfssevf loaauhelgteoh tbgt

tgmfs piglf `urehk tbgt louhsfiehk.

@fcfh`ghts iemfwesf rfst tbfer fhterf prfaesf tbgt \OLF louhsfiehk es hot fxprfssevf oh

tbf afrf cglt tbgt tbfrf es g cuhlteohgi loapohfht to gh otbfrwesf fxprfssevf loaauhelgteoh.

(@fc. Zfspohsf gt 72). @fcfh`ghts `eslusseoh es giso cuh`gafhtgiiy aeskue`f`, gs tbfy

Lgsf Ceif` 7:/7 ^gkfE@4 52:

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7 (:>>:)). Bfrf, tbf

lohtfxt ovfrwbfiaehkiy supports tbf hoteoh tbgt liefhts grf sffmehk tbes louhsfiehk jflgusf oc

tbf afssgkf et lohvfys gh` louhsfiors grf occfrehk tbf louhsfiehk jflgusf oc tbfer jfiefc eh etsafssgkf. Pbgt lohtfxt sbows tbgt tbfrf es gh ehbfrfhtiy loaauhelgtevf fifafht to g louhsfior

`oehk hotbehk aorf tbgh spfgmehk to g liefht to fxprfss tbf afssgkf tbgt lbghkf es possejif. Pbf

rfifvght qufsteohs lohlfrhehk tbf loaauhelgtevf fifafht rfvfgi wby tbes lohtfxt es lrulegi.

Eh `ftfraehehk wbftbfr loh`ult es succelefhtiy eajuf` wetb loaauhelgtevf fifafhts, tbf

Pber` Lerluet bgs ghgiyzf` two qufsteohs. Cerst, wf fxgaehf` wbftbfr tbf ]louhsfiorQ ehtfh`f`

sujdfltevfiy ( e.f., gltugiiy ehtfh`f`) cor bes loh`ult to loaauhelgtf to pfrsohs wboa bf

fxpfltf` to ojsfrvf et ( e.f., bes ehtfh`f` gu`efhlf) . . . \floh`, wf lohse`frf` wbftbfr ojsfrvfrs

uh`frstoo` tbf afssgkf tbf ]louhsfiorQ ehtfh`f` to lohvfy. Pfhgciy , 5 C.0-76:< (AIL), :>>3 [I :3) (quotehk

Pfhgciy , 5 C.>3).

Lgsf Ceif` 7:/7 ^gkfE@4 52

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70

Eh`ff`, g hgrrow, sullehltiy grte luigjif afssgkf es hot g loh`eteoh oc lohstetuteohgi protflteoh,

wbelb ec lohcehf` to fxprfsseohs lohvfyehk g pgrteluigrezf` afssgkf . . . woui` hfvfr rfglb tbf

uhqufsteohgjiy sbefi`f` pgehtehks oc Dglmsoh ^oiiolm, ausel oc Grhoi` \lbofhjfrk, or

Dgjjfrwolm y vfrsf oc Ifwes Lgrroii. Burify v. Eresb-Gafrelgh Kgy, Ifsjegh & Jesfxugi Krp. oc

Jostoh , 676 V.\. 66;, 635 (7556) (letgteohs oaettf`)= sff giso Jgrhfs v. Kifh Pbfgtrf, Ehl ., 6>7

V.\. 63>, 633 (7557) ( hu`f `ghlehk oc tbf meh` soukbt to jf pfrcoraf` bfrf es fxprfssevf

loh`ult wetbeh tbf outfr pfreaftfrs oc tbf Cerst Gafh`afht, tboukb wf vefw et gs ohiy

agrkehgiiy so ). Vh`fr tbes Lourts rgteohgif, hu`f `ghlehk eh g strep liuj es fhtetif` to krfgtfr

protflteoh uh`fr tbf Cerst Gafh`afht tbgh g ielfhsf` afh tgi bfgitb procfsseohgis louhsfiehk oh\OLF, fvfh tboukb tbgt louhsfiehk ehvoivfs hotbehk aorf tbgh spfgmehk to tbf liefht.

Bfrf, wbeif g pgrteluigrezf` afssgkf es hot g prfloh`eteoh to lohstetuteohgi protflteoh,

\OLF louhsfiors uh`oujtf`iy sgtescy tbgt rfquerfafht. Et es lifgr tbgt tbosf louhsfiors

sujdfltevfiy ehtfh` to lohvfy tbf afssgkf tbgt lbghkf es possejif. (Hfwagh @fli. 0) (E bgvf g

Jejielgi wori`vefw, gh` cor tbosf liefhts wbo sffm louhsfiehk croa g Lbrestegh pfrspfltevf gh`

`fserf to lohcora tbfer louhsfiehk kogis wetb tbfer sehlfrfiy bfi` rfiekeous jfiefcs, E colus oh

Jejielgi ehtfkrgteoh eh tbf louhsfiehk rfigteohsbeps wbelb E cora wetb tbfa.)= ( e`. 6) (E giso

jfiefvf tbgt lbghkf es possejif.). Et es giso lifgr tbgt aghy oc tbosf liefhts wbo sffm \OLF

louhsfiehk `o so jflgusf oc tbf afssgkf loaauhelgtf` eh tbgt louhsfiehk. ( E`. 0) (\oaf oc

ay liefhts gltugiiy trgvfi lohse`frgjif `estghlfs to rflfevf tbf typf oc louhsfiehk tbgt E occfr,

ehliu`ehk soaf wbo `revf ovfr gh bour gh` g bgic ohf wgy to gttfh` louhsfiehk sfsseohs croa

tbf pfrspfltevf tbgt E occfr gh` tbf fxpfrtesf E ehlorporgtf ehto tbfer louhsfiehk. ) (fapbgses

g``f`)= ( e`. 6) ( Gs es truf wetb aulb oc ay prgltelf, tbf eh`eve`ugis wbo sffm \OLF

Lgsf Ceif` 7:/7 oc 0> ^gkfE@4 520

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76

louhsfiehk croa af `o so jflgusf tbfy bgvf g `fserf to lohcora tbfer gttrglteohs, jfbgveor, gh`

e`fhtety to tbfer sehlfrfiy bfi` rfiekeous jfiefcs. ).

Kevfh tbgt aghy liefhts sffm \OLF louhsfiehk cor ets afssgkf gh` bgvf jfhfcettf`

krfgtiy croa et, tbfrf es iettif `oujt tbgt tbf eh tfh`f` gu`efhlf oc tbf louhsfiors afssgkf (tbf

liefhts) uh`frstgh`s tbf afssgkf tbfy grf ehtfh`ehk to loaauhelgtf. (Dobh @of @fli. 7

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73

gppfgrs tbgt tbf G^G opfrgtf` wetb g ietaus tfst wbfh lohse`frehk tgsm corlf afajfrsbep tbf

ohiy vefws oc boaosfxugiety tbgt wfrf toifrgtf` grf tbosf tbgt uhecoraiy fh`orsf` sgaf-sfx

jfbgveor gs g aorgi koo`. Pbus croa tbf outsft oc tbf tgsm corlf, et wgs prf`ftfraehf` tbgt

lohsfrvgtevf or rfiekeous vefwpoehts woui` ohiy jf gllfptgjif wbfh tbfy cet wetbeh tbfer prf-

fxestehk wori`vefw.). @fspetf tbes jegs, tbf G^G Zfport steii couh` tbgt ehsuccelefht fve`fhlf

fxestf` to lohliu`f \OLF wgs bgracui to g`uits, gh` tbgt tbfrf wgs ho fve`fhlf rfkgr`ehk

aehors . G^G Zfport gt 0:, 57. Eh`ff`, tbf G^G Zfport lohliu`f` tbgt tbfrf wgs fve`fhlf to

support jfhfcets pro`ulf` jy \OLF. E`. gt :-, 7:>.

Pbf G^G Zfport giso glmhowif`kf` tbgt sfxugi orefhtgteoh essufs eh lbei`rfh grfvertugiiy uhfxgaehf` . E`. gt 57 (fapbgses g``f`). Pbes rflor` es uttfriy ehsuccelefht to support

g jgh oh \OLF kfhfrgiiy, ift giohf g jgh oh \OLF to aehors eh pgrteluigr. ^igehteccs bfrfjy

ehlorporgtf jy rfcfrfhlf tbfer eaportght ehtfrfst sflteoh oh pp. :6-:3 oc tbfer orekehgi

afaorgh`ua gs ec cuiiy sft cortb bfrfeh.

j. G

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7;

ohf sffmehk to lbghkf bfr kfh`fr). Gs tbf ighkugkf oc tbf jeii agmfs lifgr, G

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72

pgrteluigr rfiekeous jfiefcs. Occelegi glteoh tbgt tgrkfts rfiekeous loh `ult cor`estehltevf trfgtafht lghhot jf sbefi`f` jy afrf loapieghlf wetb tbfrfquerfafht oc cglegi hfutrgiety. Pbf Crff Fxfrlesf Ligusf protflts gkgehstkovfrhafhtgi bosteiety wbelb es agsmf`, gs wfii gs ovfrt .

Lburlb oc tbf Iumuae Jgjgiu Gyf, Ehl. v. Lety oc Begifgb , 6>2 V.\. 6:>, 6), (\oaf sekhecelght lohtrgsts

jftwffh rfpgrgtevf tbfrgpests gh` @\A-S [ormkroup afajfrs wbo trfgt kfh`fr vgreght

lbei`rfh grf tbgt hohf oc tbf igttfr prgltelf croa g rfiekeous orefhtgteoh , tbfer pujiesbf` worms

`o hot fxpieletiy letf rfiekeous `okag, tbfy `o hot tbehm boaosfxugiety es g seh or gh eiihfss,

tbfy `o hot tbehm et es wrohk to jf kgy, tbfy `o hot sff g kgy outloaf gs g trfgtafht cgeiurf, tbfy

`o hot lgii wbgt tbfy `o rfpgrgtevf tbfrgpy, gh` tbfy `o hot rfcfrfhlf rfpgrgtevf tbfrgpy

ietfrgturf eh support oc tbfer liehelgi gpproglbfs.) (fa pbgses g``f`)= (@mt. 7;-3, @fligrgteoh oc

Igurg @gvefs 7;) (Ghy fccorts tbgt sukkfst tbf pgtefht bgs tbf wrohk sfxugi orefhtgteoh grf

eheaelgi to tbes kogi ]oc rfpgerehk sfic- fstffaQ.).

Lgsf Ceif` 7:/7 ^gkfE@4 522

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75

Gs tbfsf quotgteohs rfvfgi, tbes lgsf es aorf gjout g ligsb oc vefwpoehts oc wori`vefws

tbgh gjout ghy fpbfafrgi bgra croa \OLF, gh` sulb g ligsb tgmfs `erflt gea gt tbf rfiekeous

jfiefcs oc eh`eve`ugis iemf ^igehteccs gh` tbf louhsfiors tbfy sffm. ]EQc tbf ojdflt oc tbf igw es to

ehcrehkf upoh or rfstrelt prgltelfs jflgusf oc tbfer rfiekeous aotevgteoh, tbf igw es hot

hfutrgi . Iumuae , 6>2 V.\. gt 6

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:>

jfiefcs or loapiy wetb tbf igws `eltgtfs . Pbf \uprfaf Lourt, bowfvfr, bgs hot bfsetgtf` to

ehvgie`gtf igws jflgusf oc tbfer tfh`fhly to ehbejet lohstetuteohgiiy protfltf` gltevety.

\bfrjfrt v. Sfrhfr ,

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:7

G

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::

gh eh`eve`ugi to trghseteoh croa ohf kfh`fr to tbf otbfr, tbfh bf es lfrtgehiy louhsfiehk tbf

liefht to lbghkf kfh`fr jfbgveors, kfh`fr e`fhtety, gh` kfh`fr fxprfsseohs. Eh`ff`, louhsfiehk

tbgt gssests g pfrsoh eh tbfer lbghkf oc kfh`fr es louhsfiehk sffmehk to lbghkf gii oc tbosf tbehks

G

C.

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:7< [I 65;>

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:0

loh`ult tbgt es hot rfiekeousiy aotevgtf` gh` tbgt uh`fraehfs tbf purposfs oc tbf igw to gt

ifgst tbf sgaf `fkrff gs tbf lovfrf` loh`ult tbgt es rfiekeousiy aotevgtf` . Jiglmbgwm v.

^fhhsyivgheg , 5 (>0). G

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:6

G hgrrowiy tgeiorf` rfkuig teoh es ohf tbgt glbefvfs tbf kovfrhafhts ehtfrfst wetbout

uhhflfssgreiy ehtfrcfrehk wetb Cerst Gafh`afht crff`oas . \gjif Loaalhs oc Lgi., Ehl. v.

CLL , 05: V.\ 776, 7:3 (7525) (fapbgses g``f`). G loapiftf probejeteoh oh ^igehteccs rekbt to

sffm \OLF louhsfiehk croa g ielfhsf` procfsseohgi uh`fr ghy lerluastghlfs es hot tbf ifgst

rfstreltevf afghs. G loapiftf jgh es bgr`iy gh fxfrlesf oc hgrrow tgeiorehk, fspflegiiy wbfh tbf

ageh sourlf rfief` upoh jy tbf \tgtf (tbf G^G Zfport) glmhowif`kfs tbfrf es fve`fhlf tbgt

\OLF es jfhfcelegi to soaf wbo sffm sulb louhsfi gh` tbf ohiy fve`fhlf oc giifkf` bgra es gt

jfst ghfl`otgi, gh` et aust jf uh`frslorf` tbfrf es ho rfsfgrlb oh aehors . \ff, f.k. , G^G

Zfport gt

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:3

outse`f tbf purvefw oc G

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:;

loiieseohs ollur, tbf preagly oc tbf pgrfhts gutborety aust jf rflokhezf` gh` sboui` yefi`

ohiy wbfrf tbf ]kovfrhafhtsQ glteoh es tef` to g loapfiiehk ehtfrfst . Krufhmf v. \fep , ::6

C., 6 (>>) (fapbgses g``f`). Gs tbf Pber` Lerluet hotf`, ]sQtgtf `fcfrfhlf to

pgrfhtgi lohtroi ovfr lbei`rfh es uh`frslorf` jy tbf Lourts g`aoheteohs tbgt tbf lbei` es hot g

afrf lrfgturf oc tbf \tgtf. E`. gt ; (quotehk ^efrlf v. \oly oc \estfrs , :32 V.\. 67>, 6

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:2

stgtfafhts gresf croa tbf G^G Zfport etsfic, wbelb es ehlohliusevf oh tbf purportf` bgra oc

\OLF louhsfiehk gh` wboiiy ehg`fqugtf to dustecy tbf \tgtfs eaposeteoh oc tbes uhprflf`fhtf`

ehtruseoh ehto pgrfhtgi rekbts. Pbf G^G Zfport, wbosf afajfrs wfrf bgh`-pelmf` pro-

boaosfxugi gltevests, 2 `fspetf tbfer jfst fccorts to `eslrf`et \OLF couh` soaf fve`fhlf oc

jfhfcets pro`ulf` jy \OLF. G^G Zfport gt :-, 7:>. Hotgjiy, wetb rfspflt to tbf

fccflts oc \OLF oh aehors, tbf G^G Zfport couh` tbgt sfxugi aehorety g`oifslfhts grf

uh`frrfprfsfhtf` eh rfsfgrlb oh fve`fhlf-jgsf` gpproglbfs, gh` sfxugi orefhtgteoh essufs eh

lbei`rfh grf vertugiiy uhfxgaehf` . E`. gt 57 (fapbgses g``f`). Pbf G^G Zfport lohliu`f`

tbgt tbfrf es g `fgrtb oc slefhtecelgiiy souh` rfsfgrlb oh tbf sgcfty oc \OLF. Fgriy gh` rflfhtrfsfgrlb stu`efs prove`f ho lifgr eh`elgteoh oc tbf prfvgifhlf oc bgracui outloafs . . .

jflgusf ho stu`y to `gtf oc slefhtecel rekor bgs jffh fxpieletiy `fsekhf` to `o so. E`. gt 0:

(fapbgses g``f`). Pbf ohiy fve`fhlf oc bgra wgs ghfl`otgi soaf eh`eve`ugis rfportf`

jfehk bgraf` jy \OLF. E`. gt 7:> (fapbgses g``f`). Pbes ehlohliusevf fxgaehgteoh oc \OLF

louhsfiehk seapiy lghhot d ustecy G

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:5

Loaalhs , 05: V.\. gt 7:; (quotehk Jutifr v. Aelbekgh ,

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tbosf wbo sffm louhsfiehk lohsestehk oc tbf uhgpprovf` afssgkf tbgt \\G lgh jf rf`ulf` or

fieaehgtf` (uhifss tbfy `o so to gssest g liefht eh lbghkehk bfr kfh`fr). E`. Pbf ifkesigtevf

ceh`ehks lohtgehf` wetbeh G

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>5, jut et wgs hot uhtei cour yfgrs igtfr tbgt sulb gh fafrkfhly wgs g``rfssf`.

Aorfovfr, tbf G^G Zfport lohlf`f` tbgt tbfrf wgs ho fve`fhlf oc bgra to lbei`rfh , yft tbf jgh

eaposf` uh`fr G>)). Bfrf, jflgusf G

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2Iyhlbjurk, SG :06>:Pfi. 0>>Cgx4 0>lourtNIL.ork

* Gppielgteoh to gppfgr ^ro Bgl Self pfh`ehk

Lgsf Ceif` 7:/7>

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LFZPECELGPF OC \FZSELF

E bfrfjy lfrtecy tbgt g truf gh` lorrflt lopy oc tbf corfkoehk wgs ceif` fifltrohelgiiy wetb

tbf lourt oh @flfajfr 77:: ^gkfE@4 7>>0