311 chapter 3: the muse of fire (90-129) the muse of fire
Post on 21-Dec-2015
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TRANSCRIPT
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The Story of English
By Don L. F. Nilsen
Based on The Story of EnglishBy Robert McCrum, Robert MacNeil
and William Cran (Penguin, 2003)
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The English Renaissance
• 1476: Caxton’s Printing Press at Westminster—resulted in a rise of the middle class
• Henry VIII broke with Rome—established the Anglican Church
• Queen Elizabeth was threatened by the superpowers of France and Spain (Napoleon & Spanish Armada)
• James I had the Bible translated (McCrum 93)• Greek & Latin Inkhorn Terms had entered
English (Inkhorn, European, Four-Letter Words)
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James VI James I
• James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots and he wrote broad Scots, but when he left Holyroodhouse to move South to Edinburgh, he became a Lowland Scot (McCrum 148).
• James VI of Scotland became James I of the British Isles. He was the first king of the entire British Isles and wanted to unite everybody in the Kingdom.
• So he had the Bible translated into the best English possible
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Shakespeare’s Comedies
• All’s Well that Ends Well
• Comedy of Errors
• Love’s Labors Lost
• Merry Wives of Windsor
• Midsummer Night’s Dream– Bottom’s Dream
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Shakespeare’s Histories
• Antony and Cleopatra• Henry V• Henry VIII• Julius Caesar• Richard II• Richard III• The Tempest: written 2 years after
Jamestown about the wreck of the Sea Venture 500 miles East of Charlestown, SC.
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Shakespeare’s Romances
• Much Ado about Nothing
• The Taming of the Shrew
• Romeo and Juliet (started as a comedy; became a tragedy when Mercutio was killed)
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Shakespeare’s Tragedies• Hamlet
– The Mad Scene (Polonius in wings)– The Grave-Digger’s Scene (Yorick)– To be or not to be (Slings and Arrows)– The Mouse Trap (cf. Agatha Christie)– Good Night, Sweet Prince
• King Lear– The fool is not the fool
• MacBeth– Drunken Porter’s Scene– Lady MacBeth’s “Out out, damn spot”
• The Merchant of Venice– Portia in drag as a lawyer (her defense)
• Othello– Put out the light and then put out the light (McCrum 102-
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English Authors
• Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World
• George Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion
• Lerner & Lowe’s My Fair Lady
• George Orwell’s Animal Farm & 1984
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The King-James (Authorized) Bible
• 6 Groups of Translators of at least 8 translators per group (6 years of hard work)– Two groups in Westminster (London)– Two groups in Oxford (Royalist)– Two groups in Cambridge (Puritan)
– (McCrum 113, 116)
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English Comes to America
• New England (r-less) was settled by Puritans from East Anglia, Kent, Yorkshire & Devon (r-less and British /a/)—The Mayflower sailed from Plymouth to Plymouth Rock, MA in 1620
• Rest of America (with r & flat /æ/) was settled by immigrants from Southwestern England (with r and flat /æ/) (McCrum 116-117)
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English in America
• /r/ is generally pronounced
• Flat /æ/ is most frequent
• Missile, fertile, sterile (stress front shifted)
• Secretary, laboratory advertisement (stress front shifted)
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English Colonization Names
CITIES:Baltimore
Boston
Cambridge
Charleston
Columbus
Durham
Elizabethtown
Georgia
Jamestown
STATES:
N/S Carolina
Hoytoyters (from the Tidewater States)
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English Colonization Names II
CITIES:
Lewiston
Lincoln
New Bedford
New Brunswick
New Hampshire
New Haven
Newport
Norfolk
STATES:
New England
Newfoundland (Canada)
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
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English Colonization Names III
CITIES:
Plymouth (Rock)
Portland
Portsmouth
Raleigh
Richmond
St. George
Williamsburg
STATES:
Nova Scotia (Canada)
(W) Virginia
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Indian Names
CITIES:Chataqua
Chattanooga
Cheyenne
Cincinnati
Minneapolis
Missoula
Mojave
Saginaw
STATES (26=Indian):Arkansas
Connecticut
Delaware
N/S Dakota
Illinois
Iowa
Massachusetts
Minnesota
Missouri
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Indian Names II
CITIES:
Sioux City
Sioux Falls
Spokane
Tuscaloosa
Wichita
Yosemite
Yuma
STATES:Montana
Nebraska
Ohio
Oregon
Tennessee
Utah
Wisconsin
Wyoming
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Indian Words
Plants:
Hickory
Pecan
Squash
Sequoia
(McCrum 122-123)
Animals:
Chipmunk
Moose
Racoon
Terrapin
Woodchuck
Etc:Igloo
Kayak
Moccasin
Mugwump
Papoose
Pow-Wow
Squaw
Tomahawk
Teepee
Wigwam
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Indian Loan Translations
• Firewater (whiskey)
• Indian summer
• To bury the hatchet
• To go on the warpath
• To play possum
• To smoke the peace pipe
• warpaint
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Dutch Words
Boss (white domestic servants used this word rather than “massa”)
Brooklyn
Caboose
Coleslaw
Cookie
Haarlem
New Amsterdam
Poppycock
Sleigh
Spook
Waffle
Yankee (McCrum 128)
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French Colonization Names
CITIES:
Baton Rouge
Coeur d’Alene
Des Moines
Detroit
Dubuque
Eau Claire
STATES:
Louisiana
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French Colonization Names II
CITIES:
Louisville
New Orleans
St Cloud
St Louis
St Paul
Terre Haute
STATES:
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French Words (McCrum 126)
Bayou
Cajun
Castle
Depot
Dime
Gopher (go-for) (honeycomb)
Hotel
Levee
Parlay
Porter
Porpoise
Puny
Saloon
Voyageur
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Spanish Colonization NamesNew Spain: AZ, CA, NM TX (125)
CITIES: A-E
Alama Gordo
Amarillo
Butte
Cape Canaveral
El Dorado
El Paso
Fresno
STATES:
Arizona
California
Colorado
Florida
Nevada
New Mexico
Texas
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Spanish Colonization Names II
CITIES: K-O
Las Vegas
Los Angeles
Mesa
Rio Salado
Sacramento
San Diego
San Luis Obispo
STATES:
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!Spanish Colonization Names III
CITIES: P-Z
Santa Barbara
Santa Fe
Santa Maria
Santa Rosa
Sierra Madres
Sierra Nevada
STATES:
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!!Spanish Words
Ranch CultureDesparado
Hacienda
Hoosegow
Machismo
Mosquito
Rodeo
Sombrero
Stampede
Tornado
Food:
Cafeteria
Enchilada
Marijuana
Pinto (Beans & Horse)
Taco
Tortilla
Tostado
Etc:
Armadillo
Cockroach
Coronado
Dago
Incommunicado
(McCrum 125-126)
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!!!Nilsen PowerPoint & DVD
• My Fair Lady DVD by Lerner and Lowe, based on Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw
• Spanish-English Contrastive Analysis