7/22/2019 307874729

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/307874729 1/7

Contemporary

LinguisticsAn Introduction

Editedby

W I L L I A M   O GRADY

MICHAEL DOBROVOLSKY

FRANCIS KATAMBA

LONGMAN

London and

 New York

7/22/2019 307874729

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/307874729 2/7

Table of contents

Dedication   v

Epigraph  v i

  eries list  xiii

Acknowledgements   xivPreface  xv

Preface to the original edition published by

Copp Clark Pitman L td Canad a  xvii

List of technical abbreviations   xix

  Language: a preview

WILLIAM  O CRADY,  MICHAEL DOBROVO LSKY AN D FRANCIS KATAMBA 1

1 A creative system 1

2 Gramm ar and linguistic competence 43 Changeability: grammars change over time 94 Biological specialization for language 13

Summing up  14Note  15Sources  15Recommended reading  15Questions  16

2 Pho netics: the sounds of language

MICHAEL DOBROVOLSKY AND FRANCIS KATAMBA  8

1 Phonetic transcription 192 The sound-producing system 203 Sound classes 234 Consonant articulation 255 Manners of articulation 276 Vowels 357 Phonetic transcription of R vowels and consonants 418 Suprasegmentals 41

9 Processes 4910 Other vowels and consonants advanced) 57

Summing up  62Notes  64

7/22/2019 307874729

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/307874729 3/7

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sources  64Recommended reading  64Questions  65

3 Phono logy: the fun ctio n and patterning of sounds

MICHAEL DOBROVOLSKY AN D FRANCIS KATAMBA 68

1 Segments in contrast 702 Phonetically conditioned variation: phonemes and allophones 723 Phonetic and phonemic transcription 824 Above the segment: syllables 835 Features 956 Derivations and rule ordering 1027 Representations advanced) 1088 Stress and metrics advanced) 113

Summing up  121Notes  122Sources  122Recommended reading  123Appendix: Hints for solving phonology problems  123Questions  125

4 Mo rpho logy: the analysis of wo rd structure

WILLIAM  O GRADY  AND VIDEA  P. DE GUZMAN  3 2

1 Words and word structure 132

2 Derivation 1443 Compounding 1514 Other types of word formation 1565 Inflection 160  Further examples of inflection 164

Summing up  170Notes  171Sources  171Recommended reading  172Append ix: How to identify morphemes in unfamiliar languages  v  172

Questions  173

5 Syntax: th e analysis of sentence stru ctur e

WILLIAM  O GRADY  1 8 1

1 Categories and structure 1822 Complement options . 1963 Transformations 2024 Universal grammar and parametric variation 2145 Some extensions advanced) 2226 Other types of syntactic analysis 229

Summing up  234

7/22/2019 307874729

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/307874729 4/7

TABLE OF CONTENTS IX

Notes  234Sources  235Recommended reading  236Appendix: H ow to build tree structures  236

Questions  239

6 Interfaces

MICHAEL DOBROVOLSKY, WILLIAM O GRADY  A N D   FRANCIS KATAMBA   2 4 5

1 Morphology and phonology 2452 Phonology and syntax 2543 Morphology and syntax 260

Summing up  264Notes  264

Sources  265Recommended reading  265Questions  265

7 Sem antics: the analysis of m eaning

WILLIAM  O GRADY   2 6 8

1 The nature of meaning 2682 The conceptual system 2763 Syntax and sentence interpretation 2844 Other factors in sentence interpretation 295

Summing u p  305Notes  305Sources  306Recommended reading  307Questions  307

8 Histo rical linguistics: th e study of langu age chan ge

ROBERT W MURRAY  3  1  3

1 The nature of language change 313

2 Sound change 3183 Morphological change 3324 Syntactic change 3375 Lexical and semantic change 3406 The spread of change 3467 Language reconstruction 3498 Language change and naturalness 362

Summing u p  363Notes  364Sources  364Recommended reading  365Questions  366

7/22/2019 307874729

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/307874729 5/7

TABLE OF CO NTE NTS

9 The classification of languagesALEKSANDRA STEINBERGS  37 2

1 Some preliminaries 3722 Typological classification 374

3 Genetic classification 389Summing up  410Notes  411Sources  411Recommended reading  412Questions  412

10 Brain and languageGARY LIBBEN  41 6

1 The human brain 416

2 Investigating the brain 4213 Aphasia 4244 Acquired dyslexia and dysgraphia 4295 Linguistic theory and aphasia 4316 Where is language? 434

Summing up  435Notes  435Sources  435Recommended reading  436Questions  436

11 Psycholinguistics: the study of language processingGARY LIBBEN  43 8

1 Methods of psycholinguistic research 4382 Language processing and linguistics 4483 Putting it all together: psycholinguistic modelling 457

Summing up  460Sources  460Recommended reading  461Questions  462

12 Language acq uisition : the emergence of a gram ma rSOOK W HAN C HO AND WILLIAM  O GRADY   4 6 4

1 The study of language acquisition 4642 Phonological development 4663 Morphological development 4714 Syntactic development 4765 Semantic development 4816 Determinants of language acquisition 488

Summing up  496

Notes  497

7/22/2019 307874729

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/307874729 6/7

TABLE  OF   C O N T E N T S   XI

Sources  497

Recommended reading  499

Questions  499

  3 Second language acquisitionJOHN ARCHIBALD   503

1 The study of second language acquisition  5 4

2 Interlanguage grammars  511

3 Factors affecting SLA  523

4 The L2 classroom  528

Summing up  534

Notes  535

Sources  535

Recommended reading  536

Appendix: L pedagogy  536Questions  537

  4 Language in social conte xts

RONALD  H.  SOUTHERLAND  AND  FRANCIS KATAM BA   540

1 Fundamental concepts  54

2 Social differentiation of language  542

3 Regional differentiation  of language  563

4 Mixed languages  571

5 Speech situations  576

Summing up  585

Note  586

Sources  586

Recommended reading  588

Questions  588

  5 W riting  nd language

MICHAEL DOBROVOLSKY AND WILLIAM O GRADY 5 9 1

1 Types of writing  591

2 The history of writing  592

3 The evolution of writing  595

4 Some other writing systems  6 4

5 English orthography  613

6 Writing and reading  619

Summing up  62

Notes  621

Sources  622

Recommended reading  623

Questions  623

7/22/2019 307874729

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/307874729 7/7

TABLE OF CO NTENTS

  6 Animal comm unicationMICHAEL DOBROVOLSKY   625

1 Non-vocal communication2 Com munication structure: the study of signs

3 The bees4 The birds5 Non-human primates

6 Testing non-human primates for linguistic ability7 Com paring comm unication systems: design features

Summing upNotesPicture creditsSourcesRecommended reading

Questions

Computational linguistics

JDITH KL V N S

1 Computational phonetics and phonology

2 Computational morphology3 Com putational syntax4 Com putational lexicology5 Com putational semantics6 Practical applications of computational linguistics

Summing u pRecommended readingQuestions

Glossary

Language IndexSubject Index

625627

635638

641

648

656

659

660

661

661

662

662

6 6 4

666

671

676

684

689

693

700

700

700

703

736

740