30420130403002

International Journal of Industrial Engineering Research and Development (IJIERD), ISSN 0976 –

6979(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6987(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, September - December (2013), © IAEME

13

APPLICATION OF GREEN SIGMA TO BUILD ENERGY EFFICIENT

LIGHTING SYSTEM AND REDUCE CARBON FOOTPRINT AT GAS

POWER STATION USING LIGHTING ANALYSIS SOFTWARE –

TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT

Mrs. Devibala.B1, Dr. G. Karuppusami

2, Mr. Rajalingam.P

3 and Mr. Sujit Kumar Jha

4

1Part time PhD Scholar (Mechanical), Karpagam University, Coimbatore,

2Dean-Research and Innovations-Sri Eshwar College of Engineering, Coimbatore,

3Faculty, Engineering Department, Ibra College of Technology, Sultanate of Oman,

4Faculty, Engineering Department, Ibra College of Technology, Sultanate of Oman,

ABSTRACT

The concept of green sigma is the latest trendsetter which encompasses the important

strategies of six and lean sigma together under one roof. This paper explains the concept of

green sigma initially, then feasibility of applying this model in a power station was

thoroughly analyzed and applied to replace the existing fluorescent lighting system of the

power plant with LED lightings and valid proofs in terms energy savings were generated to

substantiate LED. The methodology employed were the five steps of green sigma modified

suitably to study, analyze and generate results on the lighting system. A complete LED

lighting design was developed for 12 rooms in the administration block of the power station

(indoors) and the benefits derived by implementing LEDs daylight was simulated and

optimized using DIALUX lighting software in terms of energy savings, wattage savings,

reduced carbon dioxide footprint, and other potential environmental benefits such as mercury

savings were calculated and statistical results were generated for each room of the

administration block. The analysis resulted in potential energy savings and carbon reduction

to the tune of 50%due to revised lighting system.

Keywords: Carbon foot-print, Dialux, Energy savings, Green sigma, LED lighting.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (IJIERD)

ISSN 0976 – 6979 (Print) ISSN 0976 – 6987 (Online)

Volume 4, Issue 3, September - December (2013), pp. 13-29 © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijierd.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.1283 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJIERD

© I A E M E



14

I. INTRODUCTION

With the public’s growing environmental awareness all the consumers, regulators,

industries and shareholders are switching over to “greener” options. A growing number of

companies work to become more environmentally sustainable (Deloitte 2008). Environmental

issues have challenged our self awareness and sparked a global initiative to respond to critical

issues such as Global warming, Global climate change, Green house gases, resource scarcity,

environmental risk and carbon footprint (Eric 2010). Carbon footprint is the amount of Green

house gases like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide emissions emitted by a building,

organization etc. It relates to the amount of greenhouse gases we are producing in our day-to-

day lives through burning fossil fuels for electricity, heating, transportation etc .Every gram

of mercury and carbon dioxide released into the air places an unknown future cost on the

national economy.

Different types of studies done on energy savings and lighting analysis were

surveyed. Energy conservation measures were proposed to reduce the energy intensity by

6.43% in a paper based industry (Saidur et al. 2012). A Meta analysis of average lighting

energy savings potential using various lighting controls has been researched. (Alison et al.

2012). A case study on lighting systems of buildings was conducted to assess the potential

energy savings using cluster analysis method (Siriwarin et al. 2012). The calculation and

evaluation of energy losses associated with lighting systems and how to reduce the cost of

lighting through modifications in existing facilities is illustrated with realistic examples

(Durmus 2003). Lighting systems have the largest potential of any known appliance to reduce

United States energy use (Desroches and Garbesi 2011). An overview on the emissions and

risk of mercury from fluorescent light during production and disposal and measures for

reducing the risk is discussed (Yuanan and Hefa 2012). A method is proposed for estimating

the energy consumption and associated carbon emissions of a defined electrical lighting

configuration in an office building accounting for daylight contribution (David and Marcus

2007). A framework is proposed to define and use KPI to track the performance and measure

the success of an energy management plan (John 2005). A lot of work has been done in the

area of six sigma and lean sigma for years, hence it was time to evolve a new concept which

integrates the best of six and lean sigma with major focus aimed at conserving environment.

This idea was conceived and given the name as Green Sigma by the research and

development department of IBM Corporation, USA. The definition of green sigma as given

by IBM is “It is a methodology that enables transformation for environmental stewardship by

applying a proven process and incorporates newly developed robust analysis tools and

technology solutions” (Eric and Brady 2009). The DMAIC procedure followed in Six Sigma

was revised as DEMOC by IBM to suit the green sigma process, further a new methodology

DMAGC was evolved combining the benefits of DMAIC and DEMOC to suit the lighting

study project has been shown in Figure 1.

International Journal of Industrial Engineering Research and Development (IJIERD), ISSN 0976

6979(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6987(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, September

Fig. 1 DMAGC STEPS

A natural gas power station was selected for analysis and implementation of the green

sigma concept. A detailed study of the power station was done for two weeks through

personal interaction with employees at different levels, a total orientation through seminars

and video presentations were given by the company. A tour was made into the plant except

for restricted areas. The study revealed that the plants environmental and Quality objectives

are focused on system effectiveness and performance enhancement through continual

improvement programs. The power station achieved accreditation to ISO 9001:2000 for its

Quality Management system and ISO 140001:1996 for its Environmental Management

Systems and OHSAS 18001 for Health and Safety. After conducting a detailed study of all

activities it was found that the lighting system used in the power station needs an up

gradation to LED system, which will reap huge benefits in terms of energy, CO

savings. A data sheet was prepared for each room to collect all the parameters requ

carry out the software analysis of the lighting system. The software was useful in preparing

3D models of each room and generating results. The study was restricted to the

administration block of the power station, as the data and calculations invo

station is massive. Hence it was decided to concentrate on one block and later the study may

be extended to other blocks of the power station.

Industrial Engineering Research and Development (IJIERD), ISSN 0976

6987(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, September - December (2013), © IAEME

15

DMAGC STEPS- Integration of DMAIC and DEMOC

tation was selected for analysis and implementation of the green



sentations were given by the company. A tour was made into the plant except



ovement programs. The power station achieved accreditation to ISO 9001:2000 for its



ities it was found that the lighting system used in the power station needs an up

gradation to LED system, which will reap huge benefits in terms of energy, CO2

savings. A data sheet was prepared for each room to collect all the parameters requ



administration block of the power station, as the data and calculations involved for the whole


be extended to other blocks of the power station.

Industrial Engineering Research and Development (IJIERD), ISSN 0976 –

December (2013), © IAEME

tation was selected for analysis and implementation of the green



sentations were given by the company. A tour was made into the plant except



ovement programs. The power station achieved accreditation to ISO 9001:2000 for its



ities it was found that the lighting system used in the power station needs an up

2 and mercury

savings. A data sheet was prepared for each room to collect all the parameters required to



lved for the whole




16

1.1 Overview of LED Benefits over Fluorescent A LED lamp is a solid state lamp that uses light emitting diodes as the source of light.

LEDs have gained admirable popularity over its other counterparts due to the following

reasons:

• Long-lasting – LED bulbs are not affected by frequent on/off cycling and hence last

up to 10 times longer than fluorescents. The lifetime indicated in the table1 for the

chosen luminaries stands as an example to prove this point.

• Durable – They are not damaged by jarring and bumping as there are no glass tubes to

break, the internal parts are rigidly supported, making them resistant to vibration and

impact.

• Cool light – LEDs prevent heat build-up, thereby helping to reduce air conditioning

costs at home/office.

• Mercury-free – LED are RoHs compliant and no mercury is used in the

manufacturing of LEDs which is toxic and proved to be a dangerous threat to life and

environment.

• Efficient – LED can emit more light per watt. A 9-13 watt fluorescent tube gives a

light output of 450 lumens which can be replaced by 4-5 watt LED. It turns on

instantly, quick start without flicker without any time to warm up.

• Energy efficient – The LED tube gives an energy savings of up to 40% when

compared to conventional TL-D luminaries, thereby reducing green house gas

emissions. An 8 watt LED can reduce carbon emissions by 56% when compared to 14

watt CFL.

• Cost-effective – LEDs are initially expensive but the investment cost is recouped over

time in the form of energy cost, maintenance cost, replacement and most important

environmental cost which is not accounted normally.

• Wider applications – LEDs are insensitive to low temperatures and humidity, hence

find applications in freezer case lighting. Being compact they can be integrated within

smart cameras and vision sensors. The low power requirement for LEDs makes it

compatible with solar panels. LED light bulbs are also ideal for use with small portable

generators and so on the list continues.

Just as a coin has two sides even LEDs have their own demerits such as temperature

dependence, voltage sensitivity, blue pollution and high price of the product. It’s also true

that its merits outweigh the demerits, giving it a back seat. The fact that LED is expensive is

true but it’s also anticipated that future will bring affordable LED lights to market as

component prices are coming down every year.

1.2 About the Power Station The Al Kamil Power Company (AKPC) is the first independent private sector power

plant located at Al-Kamil in the Sharqiya region of Sultanate of Oman providing 285 MW of

electricity into the northern 132 KV transmission grid started on 19th

July 2003 has been

shown in Figure 2. The plant life is about 30 years, and as of date its just 9 years old, which

makes it clear that investment in lighting system would make a big impact for the remaining

life of the power station (21 years).



17

Fig. 2 Three Power Generating Units of Al Kamil Power Plant

The plant consists of GE frame 9E technology with DLN1 burners, a sophisticated

firing system which substantially reduces NOx gas production. Emissions of gases are

monitored on a continuous basis; records of NOx, CO and unburned hydrocarbons are

maintained at the power station and also sent to the Ministry of Regional Municipality,

Environment and Water resources in line with the requirements of the environmental license.

The emissions from the plant are well within the limits laid down by the government.

II. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

At the onset, it’s important to define the aims and objectives of the task at hand. The

power station was chosen as target for study as it was felt that the energy generating sector

must also set an example to other industries by being energy saving sector. With fuel and

energy costs on the rise, reducing the use of electricity, natural gas, diesel fuel and other

energy sources is both good business and a laudable environmental act.

The investigation revealed that though the plant is compliant to the environmental

norms of the country, still it has scope for improvement. The energy charges of the plant

include fuel cost, variable operating cost of generation and start up charge, of which our

concern is to reduce the operating cost of generation. Of the 285 MW generated by the plant,

approximately 4 MW (17%) of energy is being consumed to meet the auxiliary power

requirements to run the plant, of which lighting consumes nearly 2.85 MW (1%).

Good lighting serves a myriad of functions. Lighting is one area which is often

overlooked but has a lot of scope in terms of energy savings, emission reduction and longer

life with increase in efficiency and less pollution. The power consumption by the industrial

lighting varies between 2 to 10% of the total power depending upon the type of industry

(BEE-Government of India 2005). The current lighting system was installed in the year 2003

while the plant started its operation. The company has verified the lux values of existing

lighting system in the year 2008, and made a record of it. Now it’s 2013, almost 5 years have



18

passed since last verification. Its well known fact that lighting efficiency (light output per unit

level of input) lumens/watt decreases with time, hence its evident that lighting study and

findings would prove useful to the power station. The objective of the work was to suggest a

suitable and modern lighting system which will reduce the carbon footprint of the power

station, calculate the energy savings taking into account daylight factor, mercury savings,

improved life time thereby reducing the replacement interval, less number of tubes required

to give the same light output (lumens/watt), less load on the air conditioner due to less

dissipation of heat energy and provide the justification on adopting LED lighting system. The

administration block of the power station was chosen for study which consists of 12 rooms.

The study was done for rooms excluding furniture and any kind of decoration objects.

III. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The five steps of green sigma DMAGC were applied to study and analyze the lighting

system of the administration block of the power plant.

a. Define Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)

b. Measure the inputs

c. Analysis using software

d. Generate optimum results

e. Control of performance

3.1 Define KPIs When assessing the opportunities for improvement presented by an existing lighting

system, the first step is to define the Key performance indicators. KPIs define a set of values

used to measure against. They are quantifiable measurements that reflect the critical success

factors of an organization, differing based on type of organization. For example:

• Any business or trade may have as one of its Key Performance Indicators the

percentage of its profit that is earned from its customers.

• A college may focus its Key Performance Indicators on the percentage of successful

outgoing graduates.

• A Key Performance Indicator for a service sector might be number of clients

assisted during the year.

The Key Performance Indicators for lighting system was identified as Energy savings,

Wattage savings, Carbon dioxide savings and Mercury savings. The main emphasis was

placed on the impact made on environment while selecting KPIs as that is the pedestal of the

study.

3.2 Establish Measurement Systems The second step is to measure how effectively the existing levels and characteristics

serve their function. The data was collected on the current lighting system (Brand-Philips,

specification-TL-D18W/54-765) in the administration block. Initially the software was

explored thoroughly to identify the input data required to measure the existing system. Then

the data sheet was prepared as presented in Table 1a and 1b. It gives the complete details of

the input parameters collected for lighting design and energy analysis for each room. The

data was individually fed for each of the 12 rooms and a total of 24 simulation results were

generated for fluorescent and LED system.



19

Table 1a Data Sheet for Lighting 1 General Name of the Block

Name of the Room

2 Room

Dimensions

Room Dimension Length Width Height

Work Plane Wall Zone Light Loss Factor (From 0.1 -

1.0)

Height

Room Form Rectangular L - Shaped Polygonal

3 Room

Surfaces

Ceiling Walls (Wall 1, Wall 2, Wall 3,

and Wall 4 )

Floor

Reflection

Material

Color

( OR )

Standards 70 / 50 / 20

70 / 30 / 20

50 / 50 / 20

50 / 30 / 20

30 / 50 / 20

30 / 10 / 20

4 Related Room All Inclusive Reference Values Very Clean Room, Low Years usage

Clean Room, 3 - Year maintenance Cycle

Exterior Installation, 3 - Years Maintenance

Cycle

Interior or Exterior Installation, High

Pollution

Extended (EN

12464)

Ambient

Conditions

Very Clean

Normal

Polluted

Maintenance

Interval

Semi - annually

Annually

Every 1.5 years

Every 2.0 years

Every 2.5 years

Every 3.0 years

5 Alignment North Alignment

Deviation of north from the y - axis (Clock wise)

6 Quantity Eavg ( Fc ) Rows Luminaires per Row

Luminaire alignment

in the room

Lengthways Continuous Rows Across

Starting Point

and End Point

X1

X2

Y1 Dx

Y2 Dy

7 Mounting

Height

Surface Mount

User Defined Suspension height Mounting Height Height

8 Luminaire

Selection

Company Name Model Specification Make



20

Table 1b Data Sheet for Energy Evaluation

Sl.No General Options Name of the Block

Name of the Room

1 Window

(Daylight Properties)

Degree of

Transmission

Typical Glass Material

Window glass

Wired glass

Milk glass

Frosted glass

Acrylic glass (Colorless)

Acrylic glass (White)

Solar Control glass

Pollution factor Typical Environment (Pollution)

Rural area (Low)

Rural area (High)

Residential area (Low)

Residential area (High)

Industrial area (Low)

Industrial area (High)

Framing factor Wooden window ( to open)

Wooden window ( fixed)

Plastic window (to open)

Plastic window (fixed)

Metal window (to open)

Metal window (fixed)

Roof light with bar

Doom light

Energy Evaluation

(Obstruction Index)

Obstruction Angle

Horizontal Overhang Angle

Vertical Fin Angle

Atrium

Courtyard

Glazed Double Façade

Roof lights Shed Roof

Height Light Shaft (m)

Slope Angle Light Shaft

Doors No. of doors

Position - distance from left

Size - height x width, material

Window

No. of window

Position

Size/dimensions Height x Width

Material

Distance from left

Sloping roof Angle & height



21

3.3 Analyze using Software The lighting software DIALUX, latest version 4.10 was used to compare the results of

LED lamps with existing fluorescent tubes. The software uses two standards EN15193

(European) and DIN 18599 (Germany) to compute energy requirements of lighting. The

European standards were used for the analysis.

3.3.1 DIALUX 4.10 software Many lighting software are available in market supplied by various light brands and

companies. Keeping the objectives in mind the search was narrowed down to DIALUX

lighting software. The first version of the software was introduced in the year 2000 by a

German based company DIAL. It is complete lighting calculation software for professional

light planning supporting 26 different languages. It enables planning with the luminaries of

the world’s leading lighting manufacturers (137 dialux partners share data) and thus has the

greatest possible freedom in the design process, also continuously being developed by a

dedicated team. The software supports international database from Philips lamps plug-in

which is used to select the required luminaire configuration including all photometric data

and 3D models suitable for visualization, also user can include the lighting design data for an

energy evaluation project. Hence it was decided to use Dialux for lighting analysis.

3.3.2 Selection of LED tube from plug-ins (luminaire data) The first task was to select an appropriate LED replacement for existing setup in the

plant. Though a wide range of LED tubes are available, restrictions were present in the form

of dimension of LED tube, wattage, availability in the database and functional properties. The

plant has chosen LED24T8SM series LED tube manufactured by LEDTRONICS, a US based

company and installed around 10 tubes for trial purpose. With this knowledge an extensive

search was conducted in different catalogues available in the software and the following two

were selected from Philips plug-ins database for analysis, which are close to the

specifications of existing fluorescent lighting. The details are presented in Table 2.

Table 2 Specification Details

Type Existing Used in software

Fluorescent

tube

Philips-TL-D18W/54-765 Philips Centura2

TCS1604xTL-D18W HFPC3

Lifetime: 16,000-20,000hrs

Dimensions-0.62x0.62x0.082

LED tube

Ledtronics-LED24T8SM

series

Philips Coreline recessed

RC122BW62L621xLED37S/840

Lifetime: 30,000-35,000hrs

Energy savings-40%

Dimensions-0.62x0.62x0.045

Each room of the administration block was independently analyzed for fluorescent

and LED lighting. There were 12 rooms; hence 24 results were generated in total. The



22

opening page of the software is shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4 showing the three important

work areas-

1. CAD window

2. Project Manager with inspector

3. The Guide

Fig. 3 Basic layout at starting and Control room 3D view

Fig. 4 Basic layout at starting and Control room 3D view

Each of these areas help to access certain software functions, edit objects, tree

structures (Project, color, luminaries, object and output).

The following parameters were given as input in the software:

Dimensions of the room-Length, width and height or instead the room x and y

coordinates can also be given. After creating the room; data in terms of maintenance plan,

reflection percentage of the walls, ceiling and floor of the room and the room alignment i.e.

deviation of north from Y axis (clockwise) is to be fed. The software has vast database to

choose from and insert windows, doors, furniture, columns, calculation surfaces, luminaries

etc. A model 3D view of control room with doors, windows and luminaries position are

shown in Figure 3 and 4. After giving the necessary inputs; the software generates outputs

based on our preference. Table 3 gives the list of standard lux values to be adopted for each

type of room. The standards are available in the software for different types of trades and

industry.

The initial analysis of the rooms with fluorescent lighting was performed based on the

input data procured from plant and standards lux values from table 3 were used while

planning the rooms with LED lighting which resulted in less number of luminaries keeping

the light output same.



Table 3 Standard lux values for power station

S.no Interiors/Activities

1 Offices

2 Meeting and conference

rooms

3 Control room

4 Staffrooms and restrooms

5 Washrooms and toilets

3.4 Generate the Optimum Results (Energy evaluation of lighting system)

3.4.1 Overview of CO2 emissionsThe data collected by the

Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) for the

emissions from the burning of fossil fuels

land use, land-use change and forestry

countries by annual CO2 emissions which is 29,888,121 thou

position emitting 1,742,698 thousand tons of CO

metric tons of CO2. The CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production, total (million

metric tons) in Oman shown in

increasing from 0.01 in 1971 to 19.81 in 2008.

This statistics exposes the fact that the emissions are steadily ascending and it’s time

to take remedial steps to keep it under control to protect the people an

country.

Fig. 5 CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production (million metric tons)

3.4.2 Energy Directives The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations

Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

industrialized countries and the European community for reducing greenhouse (GHG)

emissions. Under the Kyoto protocol, Europe is committed seriously to reduce CO2

emissions. One instrument to achieve this is the directive 200

of Buildings Directive “of the European Parliament and Council. The directive’s

requirements hold for both new and to be renovated buildings and for both residential and

non-residential buildings. Member states of the EU were co



23

Standard lux values for power station

Interiors/Activities Average illuminance E

(lux)

500

Meeting and conference 300

Control room 300

Staffrooms and restrooms 100

Washrooms and toilets 100

Results (Energy evaluation of lighting system)

emissions-Oman The data collected by the United States Department of Energy's Carbon Dioxide

(CDIAC) for the United Nations considering the carbon dioxide

fossil fuels and cement manufacture, but not emissions from

use change and forestry in the year 2008 reveals that China tops the list of

emissions which is 29,888,121 thousands of tons, India taking 4

position emitting 1,742,698 thousand tons of CO2 and Oman taking 66th

position with 45,749

emissions from electricity and heat production, total (million

metric tons) in Oman shown in Figure 5 reveals the emission trend over the past 37 years

increasing from 0.01 in 1971 to 19.81 in 2008.


to take remedial steps to keep it under control to protect the people and environment of the

emissions from electricity and heat production (million metric tons)

The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations

Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It sets binding targets on 37



emissions. One instrument to achieve this is the directive 2002/91/EC “Energy Performance



residential buildings. Member states of the EU were committed to implement this



Em

Carbon Dioxide

considering the carbon dioxide

and cement manufacture, but not emissions from

in the year 2008 reveals that China tops the list of

sands of tons, India taking 4th

position with 45,749

emissions from electricity and heat production, total (million

eals the emission trend over the past 37 years


d environment of the

emissions from electricity and heat production (million metric tons)

The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations

It sets binding targets on 37



2/91/EC “Energy Performance



mmitted to implement this



24

directive into national right. As a guideline the EU created a general framework for the

calculation of energy performances of buildings, which stated which aspects the calculation

methodology must at least include. These aspects are heating, ventilation, air- conditioning,

hot water supply and lighting.

To support the implementation of the directive in the EU member states, the European

committee for standardization CEN created a set of CEN standards. This set consists of more

than 30 parts, includes more than 40 standards and drafts and covers 5 CEN technical

committees. The part concerning lighting is EN 15193: “Energy performance of buildings

– Energy requirements for lighting“. This standard specifies the calculation methodology

for the evaluation of the amount of energy used for indoor lighting inside the building and

provides a numeric indicator for lighting energy requirements used for certification purposes.

3.4.3 Calculating energy used for lighting Properties of the room and the project (geometry, obstruction, location and north

alignment) are automatically identified, analyzed and reused for energy evaluation by dialux.

The same holds for windows and roof lights. In particular day lit and non-day lit assessment

zones are determined automatically. The specific connected load is taken directly from the

planned luminaries in the room. Each energy evaluation room belongs to exactly one

utilization zone. Utilization zones cannot be created explicitly; they are generated during

creation of energy evaluation rooms. Each energy evaluation room has one or more

assessment zones. Each assessment zone is either completely supplied with daylight or not.

Figure 6 shows the screen shot of assessment zones in different colors to distinguish between

daylight supplied (yellow) and non-daylight supplied zones(violet).

Fig. 6 Display of assessment zones with daylight and without daylight

The assessment zones do not intersect one another and build up the complete area of

the room. These assessment zones can be displayed in 2D and 3D views of the associated

DIALux room. DIALux is complemented by the extensive support of daylight calculations.

Daylight scenes can be inserted in the project allowing the influence of day lighting the

interior and exterior scenes to be simply calculated. The different sky models (clear,

overcast, partially overcast), as well as the direct sunlight influences the calculation. The

location, time and alignment, as well as the daylight obstruction have been taken into

consideration in the energy calculations. The total estimated energy required in period t, by

the luminaries when operating and parasitic loads when the luminaries are not operating, in a

room or zone, shall be estimated by the equation:



25

Wt= W L,t + W P,t [KWhr] .........................................................(1)

An estimate of lighting energy required to fulfill illumination function and purpose in the

building in period t, is given by the equation:

W L,t = ∑{(Pnx Fc) x [(tDx Fox FD) + (tNx Fo)]}/1000 [KWhr].........................................(2)

Where

Pn- Total installed lighting power in the room/zone (W)

FC - Constant illuminance factor

tD- Day light time usage (hrs)

Fo- Occupancy dependency factor

FD - Daylight dependency factor

tN- Non day light time usage (hrs)

An estimate of parasitic energy required to provide charging energy for emergency lighting

and for stand by energy for lighting controls in the building in period t, is given by the

equation:

W P,t = ∑{{(Ppcx [ty – (tD +tN)]} + (Pemx tem)}/1000 [KWhr] ......................................(3)

Where

Ppc- Total installed parasitic power of the controls in the room/zone

ty- Standard year time (8760hrs)

tD- Day light time usage (hrs)

tN- Non day light time usage (hrs)

Pem- Total installed input charging power of the emergency lighting luminaries in the

room/zone

tem- Total emergency lighting charging

Total annual energy used for lighting:

W= W L + W P [KWhr/year]..................................................................(4)

The sum of annual lighting energy to fulfill illumination function (WL) and annual parasitic

energy for emergency lighting (WP) gives the total annual energy used for lighting (W).

Lighting energy numeric indicator (LENI) for building: LENI = W/A [KWhr / (m

2.year)] [21]

Where W- Total annual energy used for lighting [KWhr/year]

A - Total useful floor area of the building [m2]

3.5 Control performance The last step is to ensure the effectiveness of the implemented system and assess them

periodically through routine maintenance plans suggested by the software and keep the

performance under control. Apart from routine maintenance, it’s suggested to measure the

lighting consumption using any one of the following methods to compare the theoretical and

real energy consumption, also use metering devices to obtain regular feedback on the

effectiveness of lighting controls.



26

a. Kilowatt hour meters can be installed on dedicated lighting circuits in the electrical

distribution.

b. Local power meters can be coupled to or integrated in the lighting controllers of a

lighting management system.

c. A lighting management system should be developed to calculate the local consumed

energy and make this information available to Building Management System.

d. A lighting management system should be developed to calculate the consumed energy

per building section and make this information available in an exportable format

[EN15193 standards, 2006].

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The DIALUX software produces a generous 70 pages output for each room. This

proves that the software takes care of every minute detail in the analysis. For research

purpose only the following important outputs were chosen: Project summary, Input protocol,

Maintenance plan, Luminaries part list, luminaries layout plan, photometric results, false

color rendering, 3D rendering, energy evaluations summary, Utilization zone and assessment

zone details. A sample of summary of energy evaluation output and photometric results

generated by software for control room using LED lighting is shown in Figure 7 and

Figure 8.

Fig. 7 Energy Evaluation results

Fig. 8 Photometric results

The generated output was tabulated to show the resulting energy difference for each

room of Administration block and all the results are presented numerically and graphically

for better understanding and comparison purpose. The Figure 9 depicts the energy savings

resulting from the two types of lighting. The bar height of each room is different due to room

size variations and number of luminaires used in each room is different. The total energy

consumed by fluorescent lighting is 16549.7 KWhr/annum, whereas for LED it is

8266.3KWhr/annum, thus resulting in tremendous energy savings of 50%. The Figure 10

depicts the savings in lamp wattage. LED is capable of giving the same light output as



fluorescent with lesser wattage tube, thereby increasing the system e

shows the most important outcome of the study, the main culprit of green house gas

emissions, carbon dioxide emissions is cut down by 50%. The number of hours of operation

per day and number of working days per year was used to com

consumption of each room per annum and CO

0.826grams of mercury savings due to switching over to LED

the manufacture of LED as is the case with CFL and other

number of LED tubes required to replace has reduced by 30%. Of all the rooms the control

room shows huge savings in all charts due to the size and number of luminaries used in the

room.

Fig. 9 Energy savings in KWhr per annum f

Fig. 10

Fig.



27

fluorescent with lesser wattage tube, thereby increasing the system efficiency. The



per day and number of working days per year was used to compute the annual power

consumption of each room per annum and CO2 emissions was calculated. Figure 12

0.826grams of mercury savings due to switching over to LED since mercury is not used in

the manufacture of LED as is the case with CFL and other lamps.. The requirement of



Energy savings in KWhr per annum for each room

10 Total wattage savings per room

Fig. 11 Carbon offset due to LED



fficiency. The Figure 11



pute the annual power

ure 12 shows

since mercury is not used in

. The requirement of





Fig. 10 Reduction in harmful mercury dosage

V. CONCLUSION

This is a step towards environmental stewardship improvement shown by a socially

responsible company, plus the carbon credits earned by the organization. Most important of

all is that results have been computed for one block of the power plant and when the studies

are extended to other blocks the results will have a bigger impact on energy and carbon

dioxide savings of the entire plant.

The study of lighting system can further be extended to check the payback period and

return on investments as LED installation demands high initial investment

of the new lighting system when included into the

study. The study provides more scope for enhancement as the project benefits will increase

multifold by incorporating solar energy, dimmers, occupancy sensors, timers and other

controls which accentuate the energy s

Street lights would prove to be very successful as the country experiences arid climate

throughout the year. Thus it can be said that innovation and technological advancements

along with appropriate standard software’s prove that there is tremendous scope to achieve

energy savings in lighting area.

VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors sincerely thank the management of Al Kamil Power Plant, Oman for

permitting us to conduct the study. The authors would also like

the employees of the power plant for their kind support and cooperation and our special

thanks to Mr. SrinivasVadlamani

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28

Reduction in harmful mercury dosage


the carbon credits earned by the organization. Most important of



vings of the entire plant.


installation demands high initial investment. The cost analysis

of the new lighting system when included into the project would add more weight age to the



controls which accentuate the energy savings to a higher level. Solar energy powered LED



rd software’s prove that there is tremendous scope to achieve

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


permitting us to conduct the study. The authors would also like to extend their gratitude to all


Vadlamani, Mr. Harshang Patel, Mr. Umesh, and Mr. Humaid.

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