300 200 100€¦ · r = 0.873 mbe = 3.06% 0 50 100 150 200 ragged point (13.2n, 59.4w, 45m) month...
TRANSCRIPT
● ● ● ●
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010
020
030
0Alert (82.4N, 62.5W, 210m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
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ajkzh
r = 0.545 MBE = −28%
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010
020
030
0
Barrow (71.3N, 156.6W, 11m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ● ● ● ● ● ●●
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r = 0.0276 MBE = −27.2%
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010
020
030
0
Mace Head (53.3N, 9.9W, 25m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
●●
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●
● ●
r = 0.422 MBE = −10.2%
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010
020
030
0
Park Falls (45.9N, 90.2W, 472m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
●
●● ●
●●
●●
●● ● ●
r = −0.596 MBE = 40.1%
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010
020
030
0
Niwot Ridge (40.0N, 105.6W, 3475m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ● ●● ●
● ● ● ●● ● ●
r = −0.687 MBE = 12.9%
●●
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010
020
030
0
Tae−ahn Peninsula (36.7N, 126.1E, 20m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ●
● ●
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●
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●
●●
r = 0.755 MBE = −0.738%
●● ● ● ●
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010
020
030
0
Gozo (36.0N, 14.1E)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
●● ● ● ● ● ●
●
● ●● ●
r = 0.191 MBE = −21.8%
●● ● ●
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010
020
030
0
Key Biscayne (25.7N, 80.2W, 3m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
●● ● ●
● ●
● ●
● ● ● ●
r = 0.178 MBE = 36.9%
● ●● ●
●●
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●
010
020
030
0
Mauna Loa (19.5N, 155.6W, 3397m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ● ● ●●
● ● ● ● ●● ●
r = 0.873 MBE = 3.06%
● ● ● ●●
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050
100
150
200
Ragged Point (13.2N, 59.4W, 45m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
●●
● ●●
● ● ●● ●
● ●
r = 0.529 MBE = 2.35%
●●
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● ● ● ● ●● ●
050
100
150
200
Christmas Island (1.7N, 157.2W, 3m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ●● ● ● ●
●
●● ● ● ●
r = −0.303 MBE = 22.9%
● ● ● ●● ● ●
●● ●
●●
050
100
150
200
Ascension Island (7.9S, 14.4W, 54m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ● ● ●●
● ●
●
●
●● ●
r = 0.746 MBE = 24.3%
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●
● ●●
050
100
150
Samoa (14.2S, 170.5W, 42m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ●●
● ●● ● ● ● ● ●
●
r = 0.821 MBE = 29%
● ● ● ● ●●
●●
● ●●
●
050
100
150
Easter Island (27.1S, 109.4W, 50m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ●●
●●
● ●● ● ●
●●
r = 0.84 MBE = 18.7%
● ● ● ●● ●
● ●● ●
●●
050
100
150
Cape Grim (40.7S, 144.7E, 94m)
Month
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
●
●
●
●●
● ●● ●
●●
●
r = 0.801 MBE = 55.3%
●● ● ●
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●●
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020
4060
80
Crozet Island (46.5S, 51.8E, 120m)
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ●●
●
●●
●● ● ●
●
●
r = 0.911 MBE = 33.4%
● ● ● ●●
●●
●● ●
●
●
020
4060
80
Syowa Station (69.0S, 39.6E, 11m)
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ●●
●●
●
●●
● ●
●
●
r = 0.965 MBE = 37.1%
● ● ●●
●●
●●
● ●
●
●
020
4060
80
South Pole (90.0S, 24.8W, 2810m)
CO
(pp
b)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
● ●●
●●
●
●●
● ●
●
●
r = 0.977 MBE = 38.7%
●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●
●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
INTEX−NA East Coast 2004 07 Lat 32.5 − 40 Lon 296.5 − 307
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
356290172243206170225133203139222ajkzh
Emmons CO comparison
●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●
●●
●●
●●
●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
INTEX−NA Central 2004 07 Lat 30 − 40 Lon 259.5 − 285
CO (ppb)A
ltitu
de /k
m
3842892002131961532119915284200
●●●●●●●●●●●
●●●●
●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
INTEX−NA North East 2004 07 Lat 42.5 − 52.5 Lon 285 − 310
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
459295154208176124174145190254180
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
INTEX−NA West Coast 2004 07 Lat 32.5 − 45 Lon 217 − 240
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
2111101011101910101660
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●
●●●●●●●●
●●
●●
●●●●●●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
OP3 2008 07 Lat 2.5 − 7.5 Lon 112.5 − 120
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
2188177941513951
●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●●●
●●●●●●●●●
●●
●●●●
●●
●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 1400
24
68
10
PEM−Tropics−B Christmas−Island 1999 03 Lat 0 − 10 Lon 200 − 220
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
520240731331639814061
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
PEM−Tropics−B Tahiti 1999 03 Lat −20 − 0 Lon 200 − 230
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
82340997208279522130151
●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●
●●●
●●
●●
●●
●●
●●
●●
●●●●
●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
PEM−West−B Japan 1994 02 Lat 25 − 40 Lon 135 − 150
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
2223812514571481302018840145
●●
●●
●●●●●●●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
TRACE−A E−Brazil 1992 09 Lat −15 − −5 Lon 310 − 320
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
691252425576130482714812
●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●
●●
●●
●●
●●
●●●●●●●●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
TRACE−A E−Brazil Coast 1992 09 Lat −35 − −25 Lon 310 − 320
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
422342951514121412852
●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●
●●
●●
●●
●●
●●
●●
●●
●●●
●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
TRACE−A S−Africa 1992 09 Lat −25 − −5 Lon 15 − 35
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
3077898144138464732147
●●●●●●●●●
● ● ● ● ●●
●●
●●
●●●
●●
●●
●●
●●
●●
●●●●
●●
20 40 60 80 100 140
02
46
810
TRACE−A W−Africa Coast 1992 09 Lat −25 − −5 Lon 0 − 10
CO (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
732318114212023971417468
●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●
●●
●●
●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
INTEX−NA East Coast 2004 07 Lat 32.5 − 40 Lon 296.5 − 307
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
2781788911019098128138145144155ajkzh
Emmons HNO3 comparison
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●
●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
INTEX−NA Central 2004 07 Lat 30 − 40 Lon 259.5 − 285
HNO3 (ppt)A
ltitu
de /k
m
27816611486182761131049577131
●●●●●●●
●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
INTEX−NA North East 2004 07 Lat 42.5 − 52.5 Lon 285 − 310
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
390235116152164131153114222212208
●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
INTEX−NA West Coast 2004 07 Lat 32.5 − 45 Lon 217 − 240
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
10744362322420
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
OP3 2008 07 Lat 2.5 − 7.5 Lon 112.5 − 120
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●
●●
●●●
●●●●●
●●
●●
●●
●●●
●●
●●●
0 50 100 150 2000
24
68
10
PEM−Tropics−B Christmas−Island 1999 03 Lat 0 − 10 Lon 200 − 220
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
1857623624339276
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 50 100 150 200
02
46
810
PEM−Tropics−B Tahiti 1999 03 Lat −20 − 0 Lon 200 − 230
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
3311593379711312919
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●●●
●●
●●
●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
PEM−West−B Japan 1994 02 Lat 25 − 40 Lon 135 − 150
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
321182010316116911
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
TRACE−A E−Brazil 1992 09 Lat −15 − −5 Lon 310 − 320
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
121341531328
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
TRACE−A E−Brazil Coast 1992 09 Lat −35 − −25 Lon 310 − 320
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
11310124122123
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●
●●
●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
TRACE−A S−Africa 1992 09 Lat −25 − −5 Lon 15 − 35
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
109201182165215
●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ●
●●
●●●●
●●
●●
●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
TRACE−A W−Africa Coast 1992 09 Lat −25 − −5 Lon 0 − 10
HNO3 (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
204829435161240
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
INTEX−NA East Coast 2004 07 Lat 32.5 − 40 Lon 296.5 − 307
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
333237123168171136154158190183230ajkzh
Emmons NOx comparison
●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
INTEX−NA Central 2004 07 Lat 30 − 40 Lon 259.5 − 285
NOx (ppt)A
ltitu
de /k
m
353227137147161124135119137105197
●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
INTEX−NA North East 2004 07 Lat 42.5 − 52.5 Lon 285 − 310
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
402241131174162137183167285193208
●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●
0 100 200 300 400 500
02
46
810
INTEX−NA West Coast 2004 07 Lat 32.5 − 45 Lon 217 − 240
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
22101892481661123102
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
OP3 2008 07 Lat 2.5 − 7.5 Lon 112.5 − 120
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 20 40 60 80 1000
24
68
10
PEM−Tropics−B Christmas−Island 1999 03 Lat 0 − 10 Lon 200 − 220
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
26213711782831343152
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 20 40 60 80 100
02
46
810
PEM−Tropics−B Tahiti 1999 03 Lat −20 − 0 Lon 200 − 230
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
37123043327468485390226
●●●●●●●
●●●●
●●●
●●
●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 200 400 600 800 1000
02
46
810
PEM−West−B Japan 1994 02 Lat 25 − 40 Lon 135 − 150
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
22819143121882815229185581
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
TRACE−A E−Brazil 1992 09 Lat −15 − −5 Lon 310 − 320
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
43801717313617217204
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
TRACE−A E−Brazil Coast 1992 09 Lat −35 − −25 Lon 310 − 320
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
2411182968887422
●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 500 1500 2500
02
46
810
TRACE−A S−Africa 1992 09 Lat −25 − −5 Lon 15 − 35
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
1833393514491418650
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0 100 200 300 400 500
02
46
810
TRACE−A W−Africa Coast 1992 09 Lat −25 − −5 Lon 0 − 10
NOx (ppt)
Alti
tude
/km
351311631310104754229
−50 0 50
UKCA ajkzh
Latitude
Pre
ssur
e (h
Pa)
[OH] Air mass weighted
(106 molecules cm−3)
Red: Spivakovsky values
Values in ( ): Std devMean OH = 5.64e+0510
0075
050
025
0
0.29 1.3 1.8 0.7
0.36 1.3 1.6 0.72
0.33 0.85 1 0.54
0.47 1.44 1.52 0.76
0.72 2 1.99 0.88
0.64 1.43 1.36 0.64
(0.29) (0.15) (0.17) (0.52)
(0.27) (0.19) (0.15) (0.37)
(0.22) (0.13) (0.16) (0.29)
010
030
050
0
r = 0.912 mbe =−57.6 ppbv
South Pole
Ozo
ne (
ppbv
)
r = 0.68 mbe =−34.3 ppbv
Southern Midlat
r = 0.826 mbe =7.77 ppbv
Tropics2
r = 0.635 mbe =−3.71 ppbv
Tropics3
r = 0.449 mbe =−2.36 ppbv
East US
ajkzh Tilmes ozone sonde comparison
r = −0.0217 mbe =−12 ppbv
Japan
r = 0.907 mbe =−21.3 ppbv
West EU
r = 0.608 mbe =−71.4 ppbv
Canada
r = 0.937 mbe =−89.7 ppbv
North Pole East
r = 0.896 mbe =−156 ppbv
250 hPa
North Pole West0
2040
6080
100
r = 0.158 mbe =−3.14 ppbv
Ozo
ne (
ppbv
)
r = 0.564 mbe =−4.39 ppbv
r = 0.642 mbe =8.02 ppbv
r = 0.833 mbe =−4.41 ppbv
r = 0.869 mbe =10.2 ppbv
r = 0.678 mbe =7.52 ppbv
r = 0.905 mbe =6.25 ppbv
r = 0.711 mbe =6.84 ppbv
r = 0.886 mbe =−0.411 ppbv
r = 0.776 mbe =3.8 ppbv
500 hPa
020
4060
8010
0
r = 0.903 mbe =0.685 ppbv
Ozo
ne (
ppbv
)
r = 0.73 mbe =4.71 ppbv
r = 0.813 mbe =22.4 ppbv
r = 0.907 mbe =21.7 ppbv
r = 0.819 mbe =9.49 ppbv
r = 0.379 mbe =12 ppbv
r = 0.801 mbe =17.3 ppbv
r = 0.175 mbe =19 ppbv
r = 0.647 mbe =6.73 ppbv
r = 0.357 mbe =13.1 ppbv
700 hPa
020
4060
80 r = 0.957 mbe =−3.66 ppbv
Jan May Sep
Ozo
ne (
ppbv
)
r = 0.927 mbe =−1.75 ppbv
Jan May Sep
r = 0.395 mbe =15.5 ppbv
Jan May Sep
r = 0.695 mbe =12.4 ppbv
Jan May Sep
r = 0.916 mbe =−4.67 ppbv
Jan May Sep
r = 0.823 mbe =1.9 ppbv
Jan May Sep
r = 0.892 mbe =2.78 ppbv
Jan May Sep
r = −0.159 mbe =0.329 ppbv
Jan May Sep
r = −0.141 mbe =−8.83 ppbv
Jan May Sep
r = −0.634 mbe =−1.64 ppbv
Jan May Sep
900 hPa
−50 0 50
510
1520
UKCA ajkzh Ox Net Chemical Production
Latitude (degrees)
Alti
tude
(km
)
−2e−19
−1e−19
0e+00
1e−19
2e−19
Ox Prod = 4.77e+03Tg/yrOx Loss = 3.77e+03Tg/yr
Ox Net = 993Tg/yrSTE inferred = 206Tg/yrSTE diag. = 157Tg/yr
Lifetime = 22.9days
HO
2+N
O
MeO
2+N
O
RO
2+N
O
Oth
er
ajkzh Production of Tropospheric Ox
Con
trib
utio
n (%
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
70 19 9 2O
1D+
H2O
Min
or
HO
2+O
3
OH
+O
3
O3+
Alk
NxO
y
O3d
ry
NO
ydep
ajkzh Loss of Tropospheric Ox
Con
trib
utio
n (%
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
33 0 29 10 2 1 21 3
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
010
2030
4050
6090S − 60S
Ozone (ppm)
Alti
tude
/km
ajkzhACEUARSMLSMIPASTES
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
010
2030
4050
60
60S − 30S
Ozone (ppm)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
010
2030
4050
60
30S − 30N
Ozone (ppm)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
010
2030
4050
60
30N − 60N
Ozone (ppm)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
010
2030
4050
60
60N − 90N
Ozone (ppm)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
010
2030
4050
60
90S − 60S
HONO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
ajkzhACEUARS
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
010
2030
4050
60
60S − 30S
HONO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
010
2030
4050
60
30S − 30N
HONO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10 120
1020
3040
5060
30N − 60N
HONO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
010
2030
4050
60
60N − 90N
HONO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10
010
2030
4050
6090S − 60S
NO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
ajkzhACEUARS
0 2 4 6 8 10
010
2030
4050
60
60S − 30S
NO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10
010
2030
4050
60
30S − 30N
NO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10
010
2030
4050
60
30N − 60N
NO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
0 2 4 6 8 10
010
2030
4050
60
60N − 90N
NO2 (ppb)
Alti
tude
/km
−50 0 50
05
1015
20UKCA ajkzh
Latitude (degrees)
Alti
tude
(km
)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Methane lifetime = 9.69 yr
% CH4 + OH flux (moles cm−3 s−1)