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Problem Description Tools

Force File Analysis

Pareto Chart

Check Sheet

Line Graph

Bar Graph

Pie Chart

Presented to:

Dr. Betty T. Polido

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Subject

N414-F

Tayo, April Rose V.

Tinasas, Anne Jillian D.

July 10, 2012


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Objectives

1. To be able to define and show examples to the different problem description

tools such as Force File Analysis, Pareto Chart, Check Sheet, Line Graph, Bar

Graph, and Pie Chart.

2. To be able to differentiate the uses of problem description tools.

Introduction

Understanding processes so that they can be improved by means of a systematic

approach requires the knowledge of a simple kit of tools or techniques. The effective use of

these tools and techniques requires their application by the people who actually work on

the processes, and their commitment to this will only be possible if they are assured that

management cares about improving quality. Managers must show they are committed by

providing the training and implementation support necessary.


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Force Field Analysis

It is a technique for identifying forces which may help or hinder achieving

a change or improvement. By assessing the forces that prevent making

the change, plans can be developed to overcome them. It is also

important to identify those forces that will help with the change. Once

these forces have been identified and analyzed, it is possible to

determine if a proposed change is viable.

What It Is Used For

To show how process variables or factors impact the process

status quo.

When to Use It

When looking at a complex situation to organize the variables

that affect the situation in one direction or another.


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Arrows are drawn to signify the forces pushing on an issue or situation.

The relative size of each arrow should be adjusted to indicate its

relative impact on the issue.

Parties from all aspects of the issue or situation should be

involved in setting up the force field.


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Pareto chart

A Pareto chart, named after Vilfredo Pareto, is a type of chart that

contains both bars and a line graph, where individual values are

represented in descending order by bars, and the cumulative total is

represented by the line.

Simple e

xample of a Pareto chart using hypothetical data showingthe relative frequency of reasons for arriving late at work.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pareto.PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pareto.PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pareto.PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pareto.PNG


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The purpose of the Pareto chart is to highlight the most important among

a (typically large) set of factors. In quality control, it often represents the

most common sources of defects, the highest occurring type of defect,

or the most frequent reasons for customer complaints, and so on.

Wilkinson (2006) devised an algorithm for producing statistically based

acceptance limits (similar to confidence intervals) for each bar in the

Pareto chart. A Pareto diagram or chart pictorially represents data in the

form of a ranked bar chart that shows the frequency of occurrence of

items in descending order. Usually, Pareto diagrams reveal that 80% of

the effect is attributed to 20% of the causes; hence, it is some-times

known as the 80/20 rule.


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Check Sheet

Also called: defect concentration diagram

A check sheet is a structured, prepared form for collecting and analyzing

data. This is a generic tool that can be adapted for a wide variety of

purposes.

When to Use a Check Sheet

1. When data can be observed and collected repeatedly by the

same person or at the same location.2. When collecting data on the frequency or patterns of events,

problems, defects, defect location, defect causes, etc.

3. When collecting data from a production process.


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Check Sheet Procedure

1. Decide what event or problem will be observed. Develop

operational definitions.

2. Decide when data will be collected and for how long.

3. Design the form. Set it up so that data can be recorded simply by

making check marks or Xs or similar symbols and so that data do not have to

be recopied for analysis.

4. Label all spaces on the form.

5. Test the check sheet for a short trial period to be sure it collects the

appropriate data and is easy to use.

6. Each time the targeted event or problem occurs, record data on

the check sheet.


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Check Sheet Example

The figure below shows a check sheet used to collect data on

telephone interruptions. The tick marks were added as data was

collected over several weeks.


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Line Graph

A line graph, at its simplest, is a diagram that shows a line joining

several points, or a line that shows the best possible relationship

between the points. Sometimes the line will go through all of the

points, and sometimes it will show the best possible fit. The line does

not have to be a straight one; it can be a curve, though the

techniques for drawing curved line graphs are beyond the scope of

this unit. Line graphs are the most versatile and most extensively usedfamily of graphs. It is also called line chart.


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Each type of graph has characteristics that make it useful in certain

situations. Some of the strengths of line graphs are that:

They are good at showing specific values of data, meaning that

given one variable the other can easily be determined.

They show trends in data clearly, meaning that they visibly show

how one variable is affected by the other as it increases or decreases.

They enable the viewer to make predictions about the results of

data not yet recorded.


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When is line graph used?

A line graph shows a relationship between two

variables. In other words, it shows how one

thing varies by comparison to another. For

example, a distance-time graph shows

distance varying against the time of day, or

the start time of a journey. The distance

increases when a vehicle is moving but

remains the same when the vehicle is

stationary.


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Bar Graph

Bar graphs are used to display data in a similar way to line graphs.However, rather than using a point on a plane to define a value, abar graph uses a horizontal or vertical rectangular bar that levels offat the appropriate level.

There are many characteristics of bar graphs that make them useful.

Some of these are that:

They make comparisons between different variables veryeasy to see.

They clearly show trends in data, meaning that they show

how one variable is affected as the other rises or falls.

Given one variable, the value of the other can be easilydetermined.

When to Use It To display data.


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Pie Chart

A pie chart is a circular chart in which the circle is

divided into sectors. Each sector visually represents an

item in a data set to match the amount of the item as apercentage or fraction of the total data set. Pie charts

are perhaps the most ubiquitous chart type; they can

be found in newspapers, business reports, and many

other places. But few people actually understand the

function of the pie chart and how to use it properly.


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When to Use Pie Charts

There are some simple criteria that you can use to determine

whether a pie chart is the right choice for your data:

Do the parts make up a meaningful whole? If not, use a

different chart. Only use a pie chart if you can define the entireset in a way that makes sense to the viewer.

Are the parts mutually exclusive? If there is overlap

between the parts, use a different chart.

Do you want to compare the parts to each other or the

parts to the whole? If the main purpose is to compare between

the parts, use a different chart. The main purpose of the pie chart

is to show part-whole relationships.


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How many parts do you have? If there

are more than five to seven, use a different

chart. Pie charts with lots of slices (or slices of

very different size) are hard to read.

In all other cases, do not use a pie

chart. The pie chart is the wrong chart type

to use as a default; the bar chart is a much

better choice for that. Using a pie chart

requires a lot more thought, care, and

awareness of its limitations than most other


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Lessons Learned

Problem description tools are so essential most especially in

terms of quality development. Data are easier to interpret when

it is in the form of the different description tools. Knowing thedifferent description tools such as bar graph, check sheet, line

graph, pareto chart, pie chart, and force field analysis makes us

understand more how to apply these to different given

problems. Its also beneficial to know its different functions

because one may differ from another and may have limitations

to its uses. Proper application of these descriptive tools is very

important so that it may not defeat its sole purpose or function.


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Bibliography

Books

Tague, Nancy R. (2004) The Quality Toolbox, Second Edition, ASQ QualityPress, pages 141142.Toma, Amaro R. (1998) Effective Management of Sources and Materials: AnExperential/Skill, pages 100-105

Online Resources

http://www.businessballs.com/dtiresources/TQM_process_improvement_tools.pdfhttp://mste.illinois.edu/courses/ci330ms/youtsey/barinfo.html

http://mste.illinois.edu/courses/ci330ms/youtsey/lineinfo.htmlhttp://www.mathsteacher.com.au/year8/ch17_stat/06_pie/charts.htmhttp://openlearn.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=398924&section=4.1.2http://www.qualitytrainingportal.com/resources/problem_solving/problem-solving_tools-bar_charts.htm

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