• CAUSE ANALYSIS TOOLS are Cause and Effect diagram, Pareto analysis & Scatter diagram.
• EALUATION AN! !ECISION "A#IN$ TOOLS are decision matrix and multivoting
• !ATA COLLECTION AN! ANALYSIS TOOLS are check sheet, control charts, DOE, scatter diagram, stratification, histogram, survey.
• I!EA C%EATION TOOLS are Brainstorming, Benchmarking, Affinity diagram, Normal group technique.
 
&s#'one c#art ) DESCRITION
•  The fshbone diagram identifes many possible causes or an eect or problem. It can be used to structure a brainstorming session. It immediately sorts ideas into useul categories.
'(EN TO USE
• When identiying possible causes or a problem.
 
Ishikawa iagram • !raphical tool used to identiy" e#plore" and
depict problems and the causes and eects o those problems. It is oten reerred to as a cause$ and$eect diagram or a fshbone diagram.  – %roblem at right &fsh head)
 – %ossible causes drawn as 'bones' o main backbone
 – (rainstorm or $* main categories o possible causes
6-4
• Ea!*"e
 
DESCRITION
 
6+EN TO USE
• When data can be obser,ed and collected repeatedly by the same person or at the same location.
• When collecting data on the re-uency or patterns o e,ents" problems" deects" deect location" deect causes" etc.
• When collecting data rom a production process.
 
%/0E1E • ecide what e,ent or problem will be
obser,ed. e,elop operational defnitions. • ecide when data will be collected and or
how long. • esign the orm. 2et it up so that data can
be recorded simply by making check marks or 3s or similar symbols and so that data do not ha,e to be recopied or analysis.
• +abel all spaces on the orm. •  Test the check sheet or a short trial period
to be sure it collects the appropriate data and is easy to use.
 
E#A$!%E
 
• Histogram: T#e !ost
 
6+EN TO USE
• T#e data are nu!erica" 5a"ues4 • To see t#e s#a*e o1 t#e data8s distri'ution0
i4e4 out*ut o1 a *rocess is distri'uted a**roi!ate"2 nor!a""24
• Ana"23in %#et#er a *rocess can !eet t#e custo!er8s re7uire!ents4
• Ana"23in %#at t#e out*ut 1ro! a su**"ier8s *rocess "oo$s "i$e4
• 6#et#er a *rocess c#ane #as occurred 1ro! one ti!e *eriod to anot#er4
• To deter!ine %#et#er t#e out*uts o1 t%o or !ore *rocesses are diferent4
 
+istora! S#a*es and /eanin 
 
• S$e%ed4 The skewed distribution is asymmetrical because a natural limit pre,ents outcomes on one side. The distribution’s peak is o center toward the limit and a tail stretches away rom it.These distributions are called right- or
left-skewed according to the direction of the tail.
 
 
 
 
areto C#art (or) areto diara! (or) areto ana"2sis 
 
problems or causes in a process.
 When there are many problems or causes
and you want to focus on the most significant.  When analyzing broad causes by looking at
their specific components. When communicating with others about your
data.
 
 To identiy the 9VITAL E6 RO/ TRIVIAL /ANY8  and to concentrate on the ,ital ew or impro,ement.
ARETO DIA.RA/
4 %areto diagram indicates which problem we should sol,e frst in eliminating deects and impro,ing the operation.
  T#e areto :; < =; ru"e
 
Scatter Diara! (or) Scatter *"ot (or) >?Y ra*#
 
6#en to Use • When you ha,e paired numerical data.
• When your dependent ,ariable may ha,e multiple ,alues or each ,alue o your independent ,ariable.
• When trying to determine whether the two ,ariables are related" such as when trying to identiy potential root causes o problems.
 
Strati&cation (or) "o%c#art (or) Run c#art
 
6#en to Use
• (eore collecting data.
• When data come rom se,eral sources or conditions" such as shits" days o the week" suppliers or population groups.
 
@ene&t 1ro! strati&cation.
• A"%a2s consider 'e1ore co""ectin data %#et#er strati&cation !i#t 'e needed durin ana"2sis4 "an to co""ect strati&cation in1or!ation4 A1ter t#e data are co""ected it !i#t 'e too "ate4
 
VARIATIONS
• Diferent t2*es o1 contro" c#arts can 'e used0 de*endin u*on t#e t2*e o1 data4 T#e t%o 'roadest rou*ins are 1or 5aria'"e data and attri'ute data4
 
• Attri)ute data are counted and cannot ha,e ractions or decimals.
• 4ttribute data arise when you are determining only the presence or absence o something= success or ailure" accept or re<ect" correct or not correct.
 
 –np chart
 –u chart