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k|sf]k 1ffgdfnfn] ljz]ifu/L k|sf]k–s]lGb|t ljifonfO{ dfq ;d]6]sf] x'Fbf o;dfljsf;sf cGo kIfsf] ljj]rgf ug'{ ;fGble{s klg x'g ;Sb}g . 1ffgdfnfn];d'bfo–s]lGb|t ljsf; sfo{stf{nfO{ k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf ;Gbe{df1ffg lbg] k|of; ul/Psf sf/0f ljsf; zAbn] ;d]6]sf cGo ljifonfO{ oxfFpNn]v ug'{ ;Dej klg lyPg .

g]kfnh:tf ljsf;zLn d'n'sdf lbuf] ljsf;sf sfo{ lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'g]oyfy{nfO{ la;{g ;lsFb}g . ljZjJofkL ?kdf ;x>ffAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;nug]{ nx/ rln/x]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{nfO{k|fyldstf lbg' h?/L ePsf] / lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;d'bfo;Ddk'¥ofpg' h?/L ePs} sf/0f lbuf] ljsf;sf cjwf/0ffsf] ljZn]if0f klg h?/L7flgPsf] xf] . k|sf]ksf] kL8f :yfgLo txdf a9L kg]{ / o;n] clwsf+z;LdfGt gful/ssf] b}lgs hLjgk4ltdf ljrng Nofpg] sf/0fn] ljsf;sf]jf:tljs sfo{ tNnf] txaf6} ;~rfng ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . To;}n] k|sf]k1ffgdfnfsf] o; z[ª\vnfdf :yfgLo 1ffg, ;Lk / k|ljlwsf] pkof]u u/Lk|sf]ksf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug]{ ljlwsf] ljj]rgf ul/Psf] xf] .

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ljifok|j]zljsf; a[xt\ ljifoj:t' ;d]6\g] zAb xf] . x/]s ljifo / If]qdf x'g] kl/jt{gsf];sf/fTds kIfnfO{ ljsf;sf ¿kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L ljsf; zAbn]s'g} klg d'n'ssf] cu|ufdL dfu{nfO{ ;ª\s]t u/]sf] x'G5 eg] s'g} d'n'ssf nflujt{dfg cfly{s, ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf ?kfGt/0f u/L ;d[4 aGg] k|lqmofnfO{hgfpF5 . ljsf;zLn d'n'ssf nflu eg] ul/aL lgjf/0f, cfwf/e"t lzIff jf;fIf/tfsf] k|ltztdf j[l4 / hg:jf:Yodf ul/a ju{sf] kx'FrnfO{ ljsf;sf¿kdf lnOg] ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn / ljZjsf ljsf;zLn d'n'ssf] ;Gbe{dful/aL lgjf/0f, ;fgf tyf demf}nf :t/sf pBf]usf] :yfkgf, s[lif ;8ssf]lgdf{0f, hnljB't\ cof]hgf ljsf;sf] k|fylds ;"rLdf kg]{ u/]sf 5g\ eg]ljsl;t d'n'ssf nflu ljZjahf/df cfˆgf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg', ljB'tLo /]nsf]ult cem tLj| agfpg', cGt/LIfdf e"pku|x / /s]6 k|If]k0f ug'{, cf0fljspmhf{sf] pTkfbg a9fpg', cfly{s ;d[l4nfO{ cem pRr agfP/ ljZjahf/dfcfˆgf] zlQm prf] b]vfpg' ljsf;sf] kIfdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 .

gsf/fTds ljifosf] lj:tf/ x'g] k|lqmofnfO{ klg af]nLrfnLdf ljsf; g} eGg]ul/G5 . c/fhgLlts lqmofsnfksf] ljsf; eof], cfk/flws ultljlwsf] ljsf;n]k|>o kfof], rf]/L–8s}tLsf] ljsf;n] c;'/Iffsf] ljsf; u¥of] cflb cflb .

jf:tljs cy{df ljsf; zAbnfO{ ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf] ;+jfxssf ¿kdflng'kg]{ x'G5 . o;n] dflg;sf] cfly{s, k|fljlws, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, z}lIfs/ :jf:Yosf If]qdf x'g] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf] k|ltlglwTj u5{ . ljsf;dfgjLo sfo{sf] kl/0ffd ePaf6 klg dfgjLo lqmofsnfkaf6 pTkGg x'g]k|lts"n k|efjn] ljleGg k|sf/sf hf]lvd pTkGg ug]{ x'G5 . dflg;n] u/]sf]kl5Nnf] cf}Bf]lus pGgltn] tLj| ¿kdf cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;fy;fy} 8/nfUbf]jftfj/0fLo ;d:of klg pTkGg u/]sf] 5 . ef}lts ;+/rgf lgdf{0f / cfly{sljsf;df ePsf] k|lt:kwf{sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 x'g] k|sf]ksf


36gfsf] k|ToIf k|efj dlg;df kg{ yfNof] . af9Lklx/f], e'OFrfnf], cfunfuL,cfFwLa]x/L, dxfdf/Lh:tf k|sf]ksf 36gfn] dflg;sf b}lgs hLjgk4ltdf;d]t kl/jt{g Nofpg yfn]sf] 5 . ljz]ifu/L jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofsf sf/0fk|sf]ksf 36gfdf j[l4 ePsf] dflgPsf] 5 . To;}n] kl5Nnf] 36gfdf lbuf]ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffn] ljZjdf kbfk{0f u/]sf] 5 . o; cjwf/0ffn] dfgjhLjgsfx/]s kIfnfO{ hf]lvd/lxt agfpg hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . k|sf]k 1fgdfnfsf] o;v08df xfdLn] s:tf] ljsf;n] k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd a9fpF5 / s:tf] ljsf;n]k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{ ;S5 eGg] ljifodf 5f]6f] ¿kdf rrf{ ug]{ k|of; u/]sf5f}F .

ljsf;sf] kl/ro;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, cfly{s, k|fljlws tyf :jf:Yosf If]qdf x'g] ;sf/fTdskl/jt{g tyf ;'wf/nfO{ ljsf; elgG5 . ;do, sfn, kl/l:yltcg';f/ ljsf;sf]lrgf/Ldf klg kl/jt{g x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . krf; jif{cl3 cfly{s ;d[l4nfO{ g}ljsf; elgGYof] eg] kl5Nnf] ;dodf dfgj ;+:ffwg / hLjg:t/sf] ;'wf/nfO{klg ljsf;sf] bfo/fleq /fVg yflnof] . k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]u,:yfgLo 1fg, k|ljlw, ;Lksf] pRrtd pkof]uåf/f :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] kx'Fragfpg] cfwf/ ;lxtsf] ;'wf/sf] sfo{nfO{ ljsf;sf] ¿kdf lng yflnof] .jt{dfg ;dodf t ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f, n}ª\lus ;dfgtf, :jfoQzf;gk|0ffnLnfO{ klg ljsf;sf] 3]/fleq ;d]l6Psf] 5 . ljsf;n] dflg;sf]hLjgnfO{ ;'vdo tyf ;d[4 agfpg] x'Fbf cfly{s, k|fljlws, ;fdflhs,;f+:s[lts, z}lIfs tyf :jf:Yo hLjgk4ltpk/ ;Dk"0f{ gful/s ;dfhsf];j{;'ne kx'Fr x'g' cfjZos x'G5 .

;g\ !(^) eGbf klxn] cfly{s pGgltnfO{ ljsf; eg]/ kl/eflift ul/Psf] lyof]eg] clxn] cfly{s pGglt;Fu} :jR5 jftfj/0f / u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf nflucfjZos ;a} k|sf/sf ;'ljwfsf] ;Gt'ngnfO{ ljsf;sf] ;"rssf ¿kdf lnOPsf]5 . dflg;sf] hLjgk4ltdf x'g] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g g} ljsf; xf] h;n]cfly{s, k|fljlws, ;fdflhs, z}lIfs, / ;f+:s[lts If]qdf hghflt, blnt,ul/a tyf lk5l8Psf ju{, dlxnf, k'?if ;a}sf] ;xh kx'Fr ePsf] k'li6 u5{ //fHodf ;'zf;g / gful/s clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt ePsf] oyfy{nfO{ Oª\lutu5{ .


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zf/Ll/s ljsf; M dflg; hlGdFbf aRrf] x'G5 . lj:tf/} a9]/ afns, o'jf/ jo:s x'Fb} j[4 x'G5 . dflg; tyf hLjdf x'g] o; k|sf/sf] zf/Ll/skl/j{tgsf] k|lqmof zf/Ll/s ljsf;sf] ;"rs xf] .

1fg M afnsn] 3/ kl/jf/af6 lzIff k|fKt u5{, ljBfyL{sf ¿kdf ljBfnohfG5, x/]s jif{ >]0fL pSnG5 / pRr lzIffdf cfˆgf] kx'Fr agfpF5 .lzIffdf x'g] o; kl/jt{gnfO{ klg ljsf;sf] ¿kdf g} lnOG5 .

cyf]{kfh{g M dflg;n] hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu d]xgt u5{ . hLljsf]kfh{gsfnflu dflg;nfO{ vfBfGg, sk8f / cfjf; rflxG5 . dflg;n] v]tLkftL,pBf]u tyf Jofkf/ u/]/ jf gf]s/L u/]/ vfBfGg, sk8f / a;f]af;sf]Joj:yf u5{ . /fd|f] cfDbfgL ug{;Sg] dflg;n] dL7f] vfgf vfG5, /fd|f] n'ufnufpF5 / /fd|f] 3/df a:5 . sd cfDbfgL x'g]sf] vfgf, sk8f / a:g] 7fpF;fdfGo x'G5 . To;}n] x/]s dflg;n] cfgf] cfDbfgL a9fpg] k|of; u5{ .o:tf] k|of; ubf{ cfly{s :t/ dfly p7\b} hfg] k|lqmofnfO{ cfly{s ljsf;elgG5 .

;'ljwfsf] pkef]u M dflg;sf] cfDbfgLsf] cg'kftdf p;n] pkef]u ug]{;'ljwfsf ;fwgdf j[l4 x'G5 . ;Gtfgn] /fd|f] ljBfnodf k9\g kfpF5g\ jfpRr lzIff k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ . To;}u/L cfly{s ljsf;df x'g] kl/jt{g;sf/fTds eO/x]df ;'v ;'ljwfsf ;fwgdf j[l4 x'g] qmd rln/xG5 .o:tf] kl/jt{gnfO{ klg cfly{s ljsf;s} ¿kdf lnOG5 .

ljsf; ;DaGwL plNnlvt JofVofaf6 dfq ljsf;sf] ;xL cy{ nfUg ;Sb}g .casf] ;dodf ljsf;nfO{ ;–lj:tf/ a'‰g ;g\ !((@ df a|flhnsf] /fhwfgLl/of] b] h]g]l/of]df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] cfof]hgfdf ePsf] ljZj lzv/ ;Dd]ngåf/fkfl/t lbuf] ljsf;af/] cWoog ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .

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5 . jt{dfg ;dodf b]lvPsf] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gnfO{ eljiodf s'g} k|sf/af6xflg k'Ug' x'Fb}g jf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf lqmofsnfkåf/f k|fs[lts ;|f]tdfly cgk]lIftcltqmd0f jf bafa lbg] sfd ul/g'x'Gg eGg] dfGotf lbuf] ljsf;sf] /x]sf] 5 .s'g} :yfgdf ;~rfng x'g] ;fdflhs ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmd, ;+/If0fsfo{qmd jf ljsf;–lgdf{0fsf sfo{n] lg/Gt/tf kfpg'kg]{ z'lglZrttfsf ;fy}To;n] jftfj/0fsf cGo kIfdf k|lts"n c;/ kfg'{ x'Fb}g eGg] s'/fsf] ;d]tk|Tofe"lt lbg'k5{ . To;}n] ;8s, k'n l56} elTsg', ;8s lgdf{0fsf sf/0f klx/f]hfg', ;d'bfodf cfocfh{gsf nflu lbOg] tflndsf] ;b'kof]u gx'g', /f]lkPsfla?jf dg'{, afn'jf tyf u]u|ØfgL;d]t aUg] lsl;dn] l;FrfOsf nflu gx/ jfs'nf] lgdf{0f x'g' / o:tf sfo{ ubf{ k|b"if0f j[l4 eP/ jftfj/0fsf] u'0f:t/dfx|f; cfpg] cj:yf pTkGg x'g'nfO{ lbuf] ljsf; dfGg ;lsFb}g .

jftfj/0f k|b"if0f / cksif{0fsf sf/0f dflg;sf] hLjg hf]lvddo aGg] qmdal9/x]sf] 5 . jfo'k|b"if0fn] hg:jf:Yodf tTsfnLg k|efj t kf5{ g}, jfo'd08nsf];+/rgfdf kl/jt{g eP/ k[YjLsf] tfkqmd j[l4 x'g] qmd klg a9\bf] cj:yfdf5 . o;af6 ljZjn] hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf]5 . cf}Bf]lus ljsf; / cfw'lgs k|ljlwo'Qm dflgg] s[lifk|0ffnLn] ;d]t jfo',hn / e"lddf x'g] k|b"if0fnfO{ tLj| agfPsf] 5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]tdfly dflg;sf]cltqmd0f tyf rfk a9]/ ltgLx¿sf] k'g?Tkfbg Ifdtfdf Jofks x|f; cfPsf]5 . of] cj:yf /x];Dd :jR5 jftfj/0f / u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf] ;f]r k"/f x'Fb}g/ dfgjhLjg vt/fd'Qm x'g ;Sb}g . oxL oyfy{nfO{ cfTd;ft u/]/ g} lbuf]ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff cufl8 cfPsf] xf] . ljgfzsf/L lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUgdfgjLo ultljlwnfO{ lglZrt bfo/fleq /fv]/ ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ cufl8a9fpg ;s]df dfq jt{dfg ;dosf xfd|f cfjZostf k"/f x'Fb} eljiosf nfluklg ;|f]tsf] lbuf] ;+/If0f x'g]5 .

o;} oyfy{nfO{ dgg ub}{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo ljsf; tyf jftfj/0f cfof]un]lbuf] ljsf;nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5– ælbuf] ljsf;n] efjL k':tfsfnflu cfjZos kg]{ k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pTkfbgzLn Ifdtfdf s'g} ;Demf}tfgul/sg jt{dfg cfjZostfsf] k"lt{ u5{ .Æ

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ljsf;sf] ;"rs xf] . lbuf] ljsf;sf] cfwf/ lgdf{0fdf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f,;fj{hlgs lghL If]qaLr ;dembf/L, JolQmut tyf ;+:yfut rfnrngdf;'wf/, Ifdtf clej[l4h:tf ljifon] ;fwgsf] ¿kdf sfo{ u/]sf] x'G5 . /fHosf;Dk"0f{ tx tyf ;d'bfodf kl/jt{gzLn gLlt sfof{Gjog, /fli6«o tyf :yfgLotxdf clwsf/ / bfloTjsf] x:tfGt/0f ljs]Gb|Ls[t ¿kdf ePsf] x'G5 .

lbuf] ljsf;sf ;+j]bgzLn kIflbuf] ljsf; PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] d"n d'2f xf], h;nfO{ jftfj/0f / k|fs[lts;|f]tsf] a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]u tyf :jR5 pmhf{ / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] cfwf/e"tl;4fGtsf] ¿kdf klg lng ;lsG5 . cfly{s, ;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo nfesflqkIfLo ;dfgtfsf cwf/df ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg ;lsPdflbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0fn] jf:tljs dfgjljsf;sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{5 . o;sfnflu dflg;n] lgDg ljifodf Wofg lbg' cfjZos x'G5 M

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ljsf;n] ljklQ lgDTofp“5;x/Ls/0f Pjd\ cf}Bf]uLs/0fsf] k|lqmofaf6 3gfa:tL Pj+ hg;ª\Vofsf] lj:tf/x'G5 . 3gf cfjfbL ePsf ;x/df e'OFrfnf]sf] k|sf]k cfPdf cfjf;If]q eTsg],gi6 x'g] / w]/} dflg; k|efljt x'g] x'Fbf p4f/ sfo{ hl6n aGb5 . e'OFrfnf]sfsf/0f cfunfuL x'g], dxfdf/L km}ng] / clgsfn nfUg] ;Defjgf Jofks x'G5 .ctM cf}Bf]lus If]q / ;x/sf] lj:tf/ / ljsf; of]hgfa4 9ª\un] ul/g'k5{ /k|sf]k k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtfdf klg clej[l4 ul/g'k5{ .

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ljsf; / k|sf]ksf] cGt;{DaGw

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ljsf;n] k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd a9fpg] sf/0f

cfly{s ljsf;sf] xf]8df nfu]sf] dflg;n] ;+/rgfsf] y'k|f]nfO{ dfq ljsf;sf]¿kdf x]g]{ k|of; u¥of] . clxn];Dd klg d'b|fdf k|ToIf d"Nofª\g ug{ ;lsg]j:t'nfO{ ;DklQsf] d]?b08 dflgPsf] 5 . k|fs[lt ;|f]tsf] pkof]u hlt u/] klgTo;n] s]xL km/s kfb}{g eGg] wf/0f clxn] klg /x]sf] kfOG5 . k|sf]ksf36gfnfO{ b}jLzlQmsf] OR5f ePsfn] dflg;n] o;af6 aRg hlt k|of; u/]klg ;Dej 5}g eGg] wf/0f ;dfhaf6 x6\g ;s]sf] 5}g . To;}n] 3/ agfpFbf,;8s, k'n, jf cGo ;fj{hlgsf lgdf{0fsf sfd ubf{ To;af6 eljiodf kg]{k|efj jf Ifltaf/] rf;f] lng] ul/Psf] 5}g .

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z}lIfs If]qsf] ljsf;

z}lIfs ljsf;sf] tLj|tfn] klg k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd a9fPsf] 5 . d'n'ssf clwsf+zlghL tyf ;fj{hlgs ljBfnosf ejgsf] lgdf{0f pko'Qm dfkb08sf] bfo/feGbfaflx/ 5g\ . cem u|fdL0f If]qsf ljBfnox¿ af9Lklx/f]sf] hf]lvddf /x]sfhUufhldgdf lgdf{0f x'g] / lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] u'0f:t/df Ps¿ktf gx'Fbfk|sf]ksf ;fdfGo 36gfaf6} klg Ifltu|:t x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . sdhf]/ljBfno ejgsf sf/0f ljBfyL{x¿ ljZjd} Hofb} hf]lvddf /x]sf dflgG5g\ .

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k|fs[lts tyf ef}uf]lns cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f gul/sg lgdf{0f ul/Pdf .

k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd tyf ;ª\s6fled'vtfsf] ljZn]if0f gul/Pdf .

jftfj/0f k|b"if0f tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]tdfly cltqmd0f a9]/ jftfj/0fcksif{0f a9]df .

jftfj/0f k|efj d"Nofª\sg / k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd ljZn]if0f gul/Pdf jful/P klg tYo n'sfP/ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfd u/]df .

cf}Bf]lus If]qdf q'l6k"0f{ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ePdf .

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f gul/Psf cjf; If]qsf] lj:tf/ ePdf jf clgof]lht¿kdf sdhf]/ ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ePdf .

ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{df JolQmut :jfy{ tyf e|i6frf/ xfjL ePdf .

k|sf]kn] ljsf;sf] cj;/ lbG5

k|sf]kaf6 ljZjdf x/]s jif{ nfvf}F dflg;sf] Hofg hfG5, xhf/f}F dflg;x/fpF5g\, nfvf}F kl/jf/ 3/af/ljxLg x'G5g\ / c/af}F ?k}ofFa/fa/sf] wg;DklQgi6 x'G5 . ;g\ @))% sf] clGtddf Pl;of tyf k|zfGt If]qdf cfPsf] ;'gfdLn]k'¥ofPsf] Iflt / To;n] kf/]sf] ljZjJofkL k|efjsf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ k|sf]kn]ljsf;sf] cj;/ klg pknAw u/fpg] JofVof ug'{ xf:of:kbh:tf] nfUg;S5 . ;g\ @))) df cd]l/sfl:yt ljZjJofkf/ s]Gb|df ePsf] cfqmd0fsf]glthfn] klg k|sf]kn] ljsf;sf] cj;/af6 dfgj;dfhnfO{ jl~rt g} ug]{b]vfPsf] 5 .

s'g} klg ljifonfO{ ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'j} kIfaf6 cWoog tyf ljZn]if0fug'{ ;fGble{s x'G5 . To;f] ul/Pdf g/fd|f kIfsf] pko'Qm pkrf/ ug{ dflg;nfO{;xof]u ldNg] x'G5 .


pRr k|ljlw, 1fg / ;Lksf] k|of]u gePsf lgld{t ;+/rgf s'g} sf/0faf6Ifltu|:t geP;Dd To;sf] dd{t tyf ;Def/ ug]{ jf To;nfO{ eTsfP/ k'gMlgdf{0f ug]{ k/Dk/f xfdLsxfF a;]sf] 5}g . To;}n] sdhf]/ 3/ ;fgf] e'OFrfnf]cfP/ 3/ elTsof] eg] x'g] Ifltsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsFb}g . k'/fgf] ejg telTsG5 g} ToxfF a;f]af; ug]{ s}of}F dflg; dg]{ / 3fOt] x'g] ;Defjgf klgTolQs} /xG5 . t/ ejg elTsPkl5 ToxfF e"sDkk|lt/f]wL ejg aGg] af6f] v'nfx'ghfG5 . o;}nfO{ k|sf]kn] ljsf;sf] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ pbfx/0f dfGg ;lsG5 .

ljutdf dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ngn] ljleGg lhNnfdf k'¥ofPsf] hgwgsf] IfltnfO{dfgjs[t k|sf]ksf] >]0fLdf /fVg ;lsG5 . dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0faf6 ;/sf/sfk'/fgf tyf yf]qf sfof{no ejg Ifltu|:t eP . ;/sf/n] tL sfof{no ejggofF / k|sf]kk|lt/f]wL agfpg ;Sof] eg] To;nfO{ klg k|sf]kaf6 ljsf;sfnflu k|fKt cj;/sf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .

ljz]ifu/L t/fO{ If]qsf ;fj{hlgs ljBfnosf 5fgf x'/Latf;af6 jif]{gL Ifltu|:tx'g yfn]kl5 9nfg u/L kSsL 5fgf nufpg k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 . x'/Latf;af65fgf Ifltu|:t gePsf eP tL ljBfnodf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{n] h:tfkftfsf]tftf] ;x]/ klg lzIff k|fKt ug'{kg]{ cj:yf h:tfsf] t:t} /xGYof] eg] s'g} klg;do rNg] x'08/Ln] 5fgf p8fP/ Iflt ug]{ ;Defjgf /lx/xGYof] . ;'wf/o'Qmljsf;sf nflu k|sf]kaf6 cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . oBlk kSsL5fgf] nufOPsf :s"n e"sDkLo hf]lvd axg ug{;Sg] 5g\ of 5}gg\ eGg]tkm{klg Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 .

ljsf;n] k|sf]khGo Iflt Go"g u5{ljsf;sf d"Vo cfwf/ dflgg] ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f lbuf], e/kbf]{ /u'0f:t/Lo agfpg ;s]df k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd Go"g x'G5 . lgoldt ¿kdf x'g]k|sf]ksf 36gfsf] P]ltxfl;s cWoog u/]/ To:tf] hf]lvdsf] ;fdgf ug{;Sg]Ifdtfsf ;+/rgf lgdf{0f u/]df k|sf]kaf6 kg]{ k|efj sd x'G5 / Iflt lgoGq0fx'G5 . o;sf nflu hf]lvdsf] gS;fª\sg, k|sf]k k|efj d"Nofª\sg, hg;xeflutfclej[l4 ug'{k5{ . oltdfq ug{ ;lsof] eg] ljz]if k|sf/sf] k|sf]khGo 36gfnfO{5f]8]/ lgoldt x'g] k|sf]kaf6 aRg / ;dfhnfO{ arfpg w]/} d2t ldN5 .


k|sf]khGo hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfdf vt/f / hf]lvdsf]klxrfg tyf ljZn]if0f u/L ;ª\s6fled'tf ljZn]if0f ug]{ kl/kf6L w]/} xb;Ddljsl;t eO;s]sf] 5 . oBlk d'n'ssf (% k|ltzt k|sf]k k|efljt If]qdfo:tf] kl/kf6Lsf] lj:tf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

casf] ;dodf k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ub}{ ;fdflhs, cfly{s, k|fljlwsljsf;df tLj|tf lbg' h?/L 5 . o;sf nflu lbuf] ljsf;sf lgDg k|of; ul/Pdfq klg hgwgsf] Ifltsf] cfFs8fdf pNn]Vo ¿kn] sdL cfpg;Sg] ck]Iffug{ ;lsG5 M

a;f]af;sf] Joj:yf ;s];Dd ;'/lIft :yfgdf u/]/,

k|sf]k;DaGwL tYout ljifodf hgr]tgf clej[l4 u/]/,

of]hgfa4 ¿kdf ;x/ tyf ufpFdf alnof 3/ agfpg] k|of; u/]/,

k|sf]ksf] vt/f sd ug]{ lgdf{0fk4lt cjnDag u/]/,

k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] lbuf] tyf a'l4dtfk"0f{ k|of]u u/]/,

dfgjLo cfjZostfsf j:t'sf] plrt Joj:yfkg u/]/,

jg / s[life"ldsf] pkof]u / ef}uf]lns cj:yfcg'¿k ljsf; sfo{qmd;~rfng u/]/ .

g]kfnh:tf ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿df k|sf]kaf6 x'g] Iflt 36fpg] k|of;ul/aLsf sf/0f g} r'gf}tLk"0f{ ag]sf] 5 . hg;ª\Vof lg/Gt/ a9]sf] 5 /ljsf;lgdf{0fsf If]q ylkFb} uPsf 5g\ . jt{dfg cj:yfdf ljZjsf w]/}ul/a d'n'sn] cfˆgf gful/ssf] afFRg kfpg] clwsf/sf] /Iff;Dd ug{g;Sg] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg zflGt, ;dembf/L,;f}xfb|{tf / lbuf] ljsf;sf cfwf/e"t dfGotfk|lt k|lta4tf x'g'k5{ . lbuf]ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffn] alnof ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f, k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf]a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]u, :jR5 pmhf{ / jftfj/0f d}qL cf}Bf]lus ljsf;nfO{k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 . ljsf;sf k|To]s kIf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] Ifdtf,bIftf / cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ¿kn] u|x0fof]Uo x'g' kg]{ kIfnfO{ o;cjwf/0ffn] ;d]6]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f, blnt, hghflt /lk5l8Psf ju{sf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;d]t k|ToIf ;xeflutf x'g'kg]{ tYonfO{;d]t oxfF la;{g ;lsFb}g .


k|sf]ksf] ;dodf To;sf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf h'g ;d'bfodf x'Fb}g, To:tf];d'bfo g} k|sf]ksf b[li6n] ;ª\s6fled'v /x]sf] x'G5 . hLljsf]kfh{gsf]lbuf] cfwf/ k|fKt ug{ c;dy{ / :jf:Yosf] ;d:ofaf6 kLl8t /x]sf];d'bfo k|sf]ksf ;fgf 36gfaf6 g} kLl8t x'G5g\ . ;d'bfodf k|sf]kk"j{ePsf k"j{tof/L tyf ;du| k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf ljifodf ePsf sfo{nfO{lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffcg'¿k ePsf] jf gePsf] k/LIf0f x'g' h?/Lx'G5 . o:tf] k/LIf0f k|sf]ks} ;dodf ug'{ cem k|efjsf/L x'g]5 . o:tf]k/LIf0f / tyf ljZn]if0fnfO{ ;d'bfosf] Ifdtf tyf ;ª\s6fled'vtf ljZn]if0fklg elgG5 . o;sf] ljZn]if0f o;/L ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g]5 M

Ifdtf tyf ;ª\s6fled'vtf ljZn]if0f

ljifo ;ª\s6fled'vtf Ifdtf

ef}lts sf/s ef}uf]lns k|sf]k -af9L, e"sDk_ pTkfbsTj Ifdtf

cfly{s sl7gfO -;'Vvf_ pTkfbfgsf ;|f]tdf kx'“'r

-e"ld, jg, ;d'b|, k"“hL_

ul/aL -ckof{Kt ;|f]t_ k|ljlw -s[lif jgk|0ffnL,

lbuf] e"Joj:yfkg_

k"jf{wf/sf] cefj kof{Kt k"jf{wf/

sdhf]/ hg:jf:Yo /fd|f] :jf:Yo

;fdflhs ;ª\u7g ;dGjoljxLg ;ª\u7g ;dGjo / ;xsfo {dfk|lta4tf

5l/Psf ;fdflhs ;+/rgf d]nldnfk / ;d:of;dfwfgdf s]lGb|t

hftLo c;dfgtf ;dfgtf /;dfj]zLs/0fo'Qm ;dfh

ul/a / wgLaLr vf8n ljsf;sf] k|ltkmnsf];dfg'kflts ljt/0f

b[li6sf]0f k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs wf/0ff tYok|lt ;+j]bgzLn /


j}1flgs wf/0ffsf] ljsf;

;fdflhs lje]bsf] cg';/0f ;dfgtfk|lt k|lta4tf;lxtsf] ;r]t b[li6sf]0f

;fdflhs åGå, u[xsnx zflGt / ljsf;k|ltk|lta4 r]tgzLn /fhgLlt

pk/f]Qm ljj]rgfsf cfwf/df Ifdtfsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf]:j¿kn] g} ;Dk"0f{ If]qdf k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . o; oyfy{nfO{ lgDg cg';f/ljZn]if0f ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g]5 .

ef}lts sf/s M vt/fsf] ;fdgfsf ;Gbe{df b]vf kg]{ e"pkof]u, jftfj/0fLocj:yf, :jf:Yo;DaGwL Joj:yf, >d tyf ;Lk / k|ljlwsf] pkof]u, ef}lts;+/rgf / ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/sf] cj:yf, ;ª\s6sf ;dodf cfjZos kg]{vfBfGg, cfjf; u[x / ;d'bfoåf/f ePsf] nufgLsf] k|ltkmnh:tf If]qdf;d'bfosf] kx'Fr / Ifdtfsf] pknAwtfsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 < eGg] tkm{ Wofgk'¥ofpg'k5{ .

;fdflhs ;ª\u7g M ;d'bfosf] ;DaGw ;d'bfosf ;b:o / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf;+:yfaLr s:tf] /x]sf] 5 eg]/ klxrfg x'G5 . o:tf ;+:yfdf /fhgLlts:j¿k / o;;Fu ;DalGwt ;ª\u7gx¿, lg0f{o ug]{ cf}krfl/s lgsfo, g]t[TjbfoLIfdtf / ;d'bfosf ;fdflhscfly{s lqmofsnfksf] ljZn]if0f o;sf] pbfx/0fdfGg ;lsG5 .

b[li6sf]0f M k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ ;d'bfosf] b[li6sf]0fdf s:tf] ljsf; ePsf]5 / ltgLx¿sf] b[li6sf]0f jf ;f]r s:tf] 5 eg]/ x]g'{k5{ . ;d'bfosf Ifdtf/ sdhf]/ kIfaLrsf] b"/L / Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿sf]rfxgf, kLl8tk|ltsf] wf/0ffaf/] klg ljZn]if0f ug'{k5{ .


k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd / ;x>fAbL

ljsf;–nIo

k|sf]kaf6 a9\b} uPsf] Ifltn] ljZjsf w]/} d'n'ssf] ;x>fAbL ljsf; nIo k"/fx'g] ;Defjgf sd b]lvPsf] 5 . ul/aLdf j[l4 / hLljsf]kfh{gsf] ;d:ofn]k|sf]khGo 36gfaf6 ljsf;sf cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfdf x'g] Ifltsf] kl/0ffd wfGgg;lsg] cj:yf pTkGg eO;s]sf] 5 . k|sf]kaf6 x'g] Ifltsf] k|efj z[ª\vnfa4¿kdf k|fljlws, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, jftfj/0f /hg:jf:Yoh:tf x/]s If]qdf k5{ . ljsf;df ul/Psf ;a} k|sf/sf nufgLdfk|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf ¿kdf k|sf]kn] k|efj kfg'{sf ;fy} lzIff, :jf:Yo;]jf,vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOsf ljljw If]qdf k|efj lj:tf/ x'G5 . o:tf ;d:ofn]tTsfn /fHosf] Wofg cfslif{t u/]/ ljsf;lgdf{0fsf sfo{df cj/f]w pTkGg tu/fpF5 g}, ljsf;zLn d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] ult cj?4 kf/]/ ul/aLlgjf/0fsf sfo{qmddfly g} cf3ft k'¥ofpF5 . ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf] 3f]if0ffdfklg k|sf]ksf] hf]lvdsf ljifodf sfo{ ug{ kof{Kt ;xof]u k|bfg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .ljsf; of]hgfsf k|To]s k|fylds nIon] k|sf]k hf]lvd;Fu cGtlq{mof u/]sf] 5/ k|fs[lts ljkb\;Fu dflg;sf] ;ª\s6fled"vtfsf] ;Sbf] ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|of;u/]sf] 5 . t}klg k|To]s nIo k|fKt ug]{ k|lqmof s;/L ckgfOPsf] 5 eGg] s'/fn]k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd s'g xb;Dd Go"g ePsf] 5 eg]/ lgwf{/0f u5{ . t;y{ ljsf;of]hgfsf] b'O{ k|sf/sf] ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5, Pp6f ;x;|fAbLsf] ljsf; nIodfcu|;/ x'g] / csf]{ k|sf]ksf] hf]lvdnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ ljsf;sf k|lqmof cl3a9fpg] . ;x;|fAbL nIo xfl;n ug]{ k|d'v bfloTj k|To]s /fi6«df g} /x]sf] x'G5 .dfgjLo tyf ljsf;nfO{ ;d'bfoaLr ;fd~h:o x'g] u/L sfo{ u/]df dfqk|sf]ksf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

ljZjJofkLs/0fn] k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd a9fp“5

cfly{s ljsf; tyf ;fdflhs ;'wf/n] gofF k|sf/sf] k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd a9fpg];Defjgfk|lt klg lrGtg cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . tLj| ;x/Ls/0fsf sf/0f x'g]cJojl:yt a;f]af;, e'mk|f a:tL, cGt/f{li6«o a;fOF;/fO jf cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fOn]


cl:y/ a;f]af;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf u5{ . ;fF3'/f] If]q, le/fnf] hldg, af9Ln]b'Mv lbg] If]q, cf}wf]lus jf kf/jxg ;'ljwfsf sf/0fn] a;f]af;sf nfluvt/fo'Qm If]qdf k|foM a;f]af; x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{g jfjftfj/0fLo cksif{0fsf :yfgLo k|efjn] u|fdL0f hLljsf]kfh{g hf]lvddf /xg]x'Fbf ljZjJofkLs/0f aGb} uPsf] cy{tGq;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf j[l4x'G5 . o;n] :yfgLo 1fg, ;Lk / k|ljlwo'Qm Ifdtfsf] Ifdtfsf] cjd"Nog x'G5/ lbuf]ljsf;sf] nIonfO{ ;ª\s6fkGg kf5{ h;n] k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd a9fpg;xof]u u5{ .

ljsf; of]hgfdf k|sf]khGo hf]lvdsf] ;Daf]wg

k|sf]ksf] kL8f ef]lu/x]sf /fi6«n] ljsf;sf] of]hgf agfpFbf k|sf]ksf] hf]lvdGo"gLs/0fdf ljz]if dxTj lbg'k5{ . of]hgf b'O{ k|sf/sf k|sf]k hf]lvdJoj:yfkgdf ljeQm x'g'k5{ . pko'Qm k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkgnfO{ eljiodfx'g;Sg] hf]lvd sd ug]{ vfnsf] lbuf]ljsf;sf sfo{ of]hgfdf x'g'k5{ . ljsf;sfo{qmd tyf kl/of]hgfnfO{ ;ª\s6fled"vtf / hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] nfluk'g/fjnf]sg ug'{k5{ . To;}u/L Ifltk"lt{ x'g] k|sf/sf] k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf]sfo{nfO{ of]hgfdf ;d]]z ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . o;f] ubf{ k|sf]k k"j{tof/L /k|ltsf/sf sfo{ klg of]hgfa4 ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg ;lsG5 . ljsf;sf]of]hgfdf k|sf]k Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;dfj]z ubf{ ljBdfg ;ª\s6fled"vtfsf]l:yltdf ;'wf/ eP/ clwsf+z ljsf; sfo{qmd hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf s]lGb|tx'G5 . o;/L /fHo, :yfgLo ;/sf/ / ;d'bfon] cf–cfkm\gf ljsf; sfo{qmddfhf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf] ;Daf]wg ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g]5 .

k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf tLg 36s

lbuf] ljsf;åf/f k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd Go"g ug{ lgDg tLg dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ftug'{kg]{ x'G5 M

k|sf]k hf]lvdsf cfwf/e"t tYofª\ssf] ;ª\sng tyf of]hgf ;+oGqsf]ljsf; u/L ljsf; gLlt / k|sf]k hf]lvdaLrsf] ;DaGw klxNofpg] .

ljsf; of]hgf tyf gLltdf pQd cEof;sf] ;ª\sng tyf lj:tf/ u/Lk|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug]{ .


ljsf; tyf k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] ljifonfO{ Jojxfl/s agfpg /fhgLltsOR5f zlQm ;zQm kfg]{ .

k|sf]kdf cGt/f{li6«o ?k/]vf

;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdn] ljsf; / k|sf]ksf] hf]lvdaLrsf] ;DaGwsf]a'emfOdf kl/jt{g ug{ k|sf]k hf]lvd ;"rsfª\ssf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . o;;"rsfª\s kl/of]hgfn] ljleGg /fi6«x¿aLr vt/f, ;ª\s6fled"vtf tyfhf]lvd pGd'v x'g;Sg] ef}lts cj:yfsf] ;fk]lIfs :t/sf] dfkg tyf t'ngfu/L ;ª\s6fled"v ;"rsfª\ssf] klxrfg ug{ ;kmn agfPsf] 5 . e"sDk,cfFwL, af9L / v8]/Lh:tf rf/ k|sf/sf k|sf]kaf6 dfq dg]{ dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof($ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

dfgjLo Ifltdf dfkg x'g] ;"rsfª\s eg]sf] dfgj d[To' g} xf] . t/ ;du|cfly{s tYofª\s x]g]{ xf] eg] ljsf;sf ;+/rgfdf ePsf] Iflt tyf dfgjkL8fsf] Hofb} guGo b]lvG5 . ljZjJofkL ¿kdf k|To]s tLg xhf/ d/]sfdflg;df Pshgf k|sf]kaf6 d/]sf] x'G5 . dflysf rf/ k|d'v k|sf]kn] Hofbfcfly{s ljsf; ePsf] /fi6«dfeGbf sd cfly{s ljsf; ePsf] d'n'sdf Hofbfhf]lvd k}bf u/]sf] x'G5 . pRr cfly{s Ifdtf ePsf /fi6«sf] hg;ª\Vofn]k|sf]kdf kg]{ ;du| ljZj hg;ª\Vofsf] !% k|ltzt k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] x'G5 t/d[To' eg] !=* k|ltztn] dfq k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] x'G5 .

e"sDk M e"sDksf]] hf]lvddf k|To]s jif{ !# s/f]8 dflg; /x]sf x'G5g\ .

cf“wL÷t'kmfg M k|To]s jif{ !! s/f]8 () nfv dflg; o;sf] hf]lvddf kg]{u/]sf 5g\ .

af9L M () eGbf a9L /fi6«sf sl/a !( s/f]8 ^) nfv dflg;k|To]s jif{ af9Lsf] hf]lvdaf6 u'lh|G5g\ .

v8]/L M @ s/f]8 dflg; v8]/Lsf sf/0f kLl8t x'g] u/]sf 5g\ .o;sf] ;jf{lws ;ª\s6df clk|msL ;d'bfo /x]sf 5g\ . v8]/Lsfsf/0f clgsfn a9]kl5 ;dfhdf lx+;f, åGå, cfGtl/s lj:yfkg,PrcfOeL P8\; / /f]uhGo dxfdf/Ln] cfly{s ;ª\s6nfO{a9fO/x]sf] x'G5 . h;n] k|zf;gnfO{ klg sdhf]/ agfpF5 .


k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gug]{ ljsf;sf tŒj

cfly{s ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf k|sf]ksf] k|efj k/]sf] x'G5 . o:tf] k|efjsf]ljZn]if0fn] k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd;Fu ljsf;sf] cj:yf tyf k|lqmofsf] ;DaGwnfO{b]vfpg ;lhnf] agfpF5 . h:t} M

e"sDk M sdhf]/ t/ pRr ef}lts ;+/rgf ePsf /fi6«x¿ e"sDksf]pRr hf]lvddf /x]sf x'G5g\ .

cf“wL÷t'kmfg M pRr k|ltztdf s[lif e"ld /x]sf], ;d'b|L lsgf/df ef}ltsljsf; ePsf /fi6«x¿ Hofbf hf]lvd x'G5g\ .

af9L M Go"g s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg, Go"g k|ltJolQm cfo, Go"g:t/sf]hg3gTj tyf Hofbf ef}lts ljsf; ePsf /fi6« Hofbfhf]lvddf /x]sf] 5g\ .

/fli6«o ljsf; gLltdf kl/jt{g

hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf sfo{ ug]{ x/]s kIfn] :yfgLo :t/df ePsf k|sf]ksf]hf]lvdsf tYofª\s ;ª\sngdf k|of;/t /xg'k5{ . o;n] /fli6«o :t/sf] lg/LIf0ftyf :yfgLo :t/sf] ;dfwfgsf pkfosf] k|To'Tkfbg;lxt tYofª\ssf] cfwf/tyf ;"rssf] lgdf{0fdf ;3fp k'¥ofpF5 . k|sf]]ksf/L 36gfn] ;fgf:t/sfk|sf]k klg a9fpF5 . :yfgLo :t/sf] k|sf]ksf] hfgsf/Ln] ljsf; gLltdfk|sf]k hf]lvdsf tTjx¿nfO{ ;dfg'kflts¿kdf ;dfj]z ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .o;n] k|fs[lts / dfgjs[t hf]lvdsf] cGtlq{mof s;/L x'Fb}5 eGg] klg b]vfpF5 .

To;}u/L k|To]s k|sf]k;Fu ;DalGwt cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs 36sx¿af6ax'ljkb\sf] gd"gf agfpg ;lsG5 . of] ;"rs hf]lvd s]lGb|t ljZn]if0faf6yfxf kfpg ;lsg] cnUu} gjl;h{gfTds klxrfg ljlw xf] . ;ª\s6fled"v36s / k|sf]ksf k|j[ltnfO{ PsLs[t u/]/ ;"rssf] gd"gf tof/ ug'{k5{ .hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf /fli6«o gLltdf klg o; gLltsf] k|sf]k hf]lvddf /x]sf]k|efjsf] cfsngnfO{ ;dflxt ug'{k5{ . ljZjJofkL k|sf]k hf]lvd ;"rsfª\sn]k|sf]ksf / cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kdf 5l/P/ /x]sf hfgsf/LnfO{ PsLs[tul/Psf] /fli6«o:t/sf] cWoogsf] nflu dfu{k|z:t ug]{5 .


ljsf;sf] dfWodaf6hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f

w]/} dflg;sf ljrf/df ljsf;n] hf]lvdnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . k|sf]ksf]a9\bf] ;ª\Vof / o;sf] k|j[lQn] ;ª\s6 kSs} cufl8 v8f 5 eGg] yk k'li6 u/]sf]5 . k|sf]k hf]lvd ;"rsfª\s cg';f/ k|sf]k hf]lvddf ;x/L tyf u|fdL0fhLljsf]kfh{gsf ¿kdf b'O{ 36s /x]sf 5g\ . s'g} dxŒjk"0f{ ultzLn bafan]oL 36ssf] ljz]iftfdf kl/jt{g klg ug{ ;S5 . ;x/Ls/0f;Fu} ljZjJofkLs/0faGb} uPsf] cfly{s gLltsf] ljZn]if0f ;x/L If]qsf] cWoogdf ul/g]5 eg]u|fdL0f hLljsf]kfh{gdf ljZjJofkL hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{k5{ .o;sf cltl/Qm s]xL dTjk"0f{ ljsf;sf bafa, lx+;f tyf xftxltof/ ;lxtsf]åGå, dxfdf/Lsf] kl/jt{gLo :j¿k, k|zf;lgs ;+oGq tyf ;fdflhs k"FhLsf]d"Nofª\sg k|sf]k hf]lvd ;"rsfª\ssf] u0fgfsf] ;dodf ;+nUg ug'{k5{ h;n]u'0ffTds ljZn]if0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

ljZjsf !)) ;x/df ;g\ !(%) /x]sf] @! nfv hg;ª\Vof !(() ;Ddf %!nfv k'u]sf] lyof] . o; hg3gTjsf] hl6ntfn] hf]lvd tyf hf]lvd u/fpg]tTjdf gofF em'sfj l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . ;fgf tyf dWod :t/sf ;x/dfhg3gTj a9L kfOG5 . ;fgf ;x/n] ljZj hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf sd k|b"if0fu5{g\ t/ pRr :t/sf] cfGtl/s jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0f tyf hf]lvdsf] l;h{gfu5{g\ . of]hgfa4 ;x/Ls/0f tyf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] k|aGwn] s'g} k|sf/sf]k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd l;h{gf gu/L ljsf;sf cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ ahf/sf] Ifdtfsf]ljsf; u5{ eGg] 7fGg' plrt x'g]5 . lsgeg] ;x/Ls/0f x'Fb}df k|sf]ksf]hf]lvd a9\b}g . plrt Joj:yfkg;lxtsf] ;x/Ls/0fn] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf;xof]u g} u5{ .

;x/L If]qdf hf]lvdsf] :j¿k lgwf{/0f ug{ of]ubfg ug]{ w]/} tTj 5g\ . o:tftTjaf/] yfxf kfpg ;x/ s;/L :yfkgf eof] / vt/fsf] :yfgsf] ¿kdf s;/Llj:tf/ eof] eg]/ d"Nofª\sg ug'{ h?/L 5 . hf]lvdpGd"v If]qdf ;x/Ls/0fn]s;/L hg3gTj a9fof] / ;x/leqsf hf]lvdsf :yfgdf s;/L a;f]af; ug{


afWo agfof] eg]/ klg x]g'{ h?/L 5 . ;x/L lgsfo tyf lghL If]qsf] ejglgdf{0f, cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/ pknAw ug]{ Ifdtf / tLj| ultdf ePsf] hg;ª\Vofj[l4n] NofPsf ;d:ofsf kl/0ffdn] eg] hf]lvd a9fPsf] 5 . ;x/sf ul/aju{hf]lvdsf ;DaGwdf k|foM sl7g lg0f{o lng afWo x'G5g\ . sfdsf] pknAwtftyf d"Nofª\sgsf lx;fan] ul/a ;d'bfo hf]lvdo'Qm :yfg 5gf]6 ug{ afWox'G5g\ . ;x/Ls/0fn] ljkb\sf :j¿knfO{ klg kl/jt{g u5{ . lsgls clgof]lht;x/L lj:tf/sf k|lqmofn] j[xt If]qdf hf]lvdsf] lj:tf/ ub}{ jftfj/0fdf klgkl/jt{g u/]/ gofF hf]lvd pTkGg u5{ . kfgLsf ;|f]t tyf cfwf/nfO{ kl/jt{gu/L ef}uf]lns :j¿knfO{ cl:y/ agfpF5 / af9L tyf klx/f]sf] hf]lvd a9fpF5 .P]ltxfl;s ejgx¿sf] Iflt eP/ ;f+:s[lts d"NodfGotfsf] x«f; x'G5 .

ljZjJofkLs/0f / ljZj ;dfhsf] a9\bf] cGt/;DaGwn] Ps:yfgsf] ljkb\n]csf]{:yfg hLjg tyf ;fj{hlgs gLltdf k|efljt ub}{ gofF cfly{s ;DaGw /;Fu;Fu} cfpg] ef}uf]lns hf]lvd klg lgwf{/0f u5{ . oL cj:yfsf sf/0f /fli6«otyf cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ;Defljt k|efj If]qsf] s'g} lj:t[t hfgsf/L tyftYofª\sljgf ljBdfg hf]lvd :j¿knfO{ lnP/ cl3 a9\g sl7g x'G5 . cfly{sljZjJofkLs/0fn] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] lj:tf/ tyf hLljsf]kfh{gsf] u'0f:t/dfj[l4 u5{ . cfly{s ljZjJofkLs/0fsf sf/0f gofF nufgLaf6 kmfObf x'g] ePtfklgnufgLaf6 pTkGg x'g] 7"nf] c;dfgtf /f]Sg tyf hf]lvddf kg]{ / gkg]{aLrw'|jLs/0f x'g glbg ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] kmfObf tyf cj;/nfO{ j[xt¿kdfafF8kmfF8 x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ . ul/aL Go"gLs/0f /0fgLltsf] k|of]u u/Lul/a ;d'bfodf ;dGofosf] k|Tofe"lt tyf ;ª\s6fled"vtf Go"gLs/0f ub}{ljsf;sf sfo{ cl3 a9fpg' k5{ . oL ;a}sf] nflu ;zQm k|zf;lgs ;+oGqsf]h?/L x'G5 . o;sf nflu lgDg ljifodf Wofg s]lGb|t ug'{ h?/L 5 M

cfof]hgf:ynsf] 5gf]6ljsf;lgdf{0fsf sfo{ k|f/De ug'{k"j{ To:tf ljsf;lgdf{0fnfO{ lbuf] agfpgkl/of]hgf ;'? ug{ nfluPsf] 7fpFsf] ef}ule{s / ef}uf]lns cj:yfsf] cWoogul/g'k5{ . pQm If]q k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 k|efljt eO;s]sf] jf x'g;Sg] xf]–xf]Og, olsg u/]/ dfq ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] sfo{ k|f/De ug'{k5{ . lgdf{0f tyf


ljsf; ul/Psf ef}lts ;+/rgfnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd k|sf]kaf6 ;'/lIft /fVglgDg s'/fk|lt ;r]t x'g'kb{5 M

s= k|sf]ksf] c;/ klxrfg M ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] k|f¿k tof/

kfbf{b]lv sfof{Gjog ubf{;Dd k|fs[lts k|sf]kn] kfg{;Sg] c;/sf] klxrfgu/L ltgLx¿sf] /f]syfd ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . To;f] gu/]df ljsf; cfof]hgftx;gx; x'g;S5 / /fHon] w]/} 7"nf] gf]S;fgL a]xf]g'{kg]{ x'G5 .

v= ljsf;sf] k|f¿k tof/L M k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] c;/af6

ljsf; cfof]hgf k"0f{ jf cf+lzs¿kdf Wj:t x'g ;S5 . To;f] ePdfTo;sf] k'glg{df{0fdf y'k|f] wg/fzL vr{ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;af6 cGoqnufgL ug{ ;lsg] k'FhLnfO{ Ifltu|:t cfof]hgfsf] dd{t;Def/ tyfk'glg{df{0fdf nufpg'kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yf cfpg glbg lgDg kIfdf

Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ M

c_ k|fs[lts k|sf]k / ljsf; cfof]hgfaLrsf] cGt/;DaGwsf] cWoog ug]{,

cf_ ljsf;nfO{ lbuf] agfpg k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf nflu PsLs[t cfof]hgfsf]k|f¿k tof/ kfg]{ .

u= Ifltsf] cfj[lQsf] cWoog M ljsf; cfof]hgfnfO{ lbuf]

agfpg g;s] jf ;Defljt k|sf]ksf] :j¿k / k|j[lQsf] klxrfg ug{ g;lsPk|sf]kaf6 w]/} 7"nf] Iflt x'g ;S5 . o;/L k|sf]kaf6 pTkGg x'g] Ifltsf] k|j[lQ/ cfj[lQdf klg lj:tf/ x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu le/fnf] hldgdf jf To;eGbftn a:tL a;fn]df x'g;Sg] Ifltsf] cj:yfnfO{ lng ;lsG5, h;sf] ;fdflhs/ cfly{s k|efjnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M

k|sf]kaf6 x'g] Ifltsf] k|j[lQ / cfj[lQ b'j} ef}ule{s Pjd\ ef}uf]lns :j¿k /k|sf]ksf] k|sf/ tyf :t/af6 lgwf{l/t x'G5 . klx/f] hfg;Sg] le/fnf] hldgdfa;f]af; u/fPdf x'g;Sg] Ifltsf] k|j[lQ / cfj[lQsf] t'ngfdf ;dy/ e"efusf]cfjf; If]qdf cfpg] af9Ln] kfg]{ k|efjdf w]/} cGt/ x'g ;S5 . o:tf ljifodfk|fljlws 1fgsf] pkof]u, :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] lbuf] pkof]u, cfly{s ;|f]tsf] lbuf]Joj:yfkg / ;Ifd Joj:yfksLo kIfsf] ljsf;df Wofg lbg' cfjZos x'G5 .


;kmn ljsf; cfof]hgfdf lglxt tŒjs'g} klg ljsf; cfof]hgf cfkm}F k"0f{ / lbuf] x'Fb}g . ljsf; cfof]hgf ;~rfngubf{ cfjZos kg]{ k|fljlws ;'ema'em / sfof{Gjog Ifdtfn] cfof]hgf lgdf{0f/ To;sf] lbuf]kgdf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . s'g} klg cfof]hgfnfO{;kmn agfpg lgDg tŒjx¿n] cxd\ e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{g\ M

;DefJotf cWoog M k|sf]kaf6 kg]{ k|efj, lbuf]kgsf] ;Defjgf /k|ltkmnsf] d"Nofª\sg,

ljsNksf] vf]hL M k|sf]k clglZrt¿kdf cfpg] ;ª\s6 ePsfn] o;af6x'g;Sg] Iflt Go"gLs/0f ug]{ tyf cfof]hgfsf] lbuf] lgdf{0fsf j}slNks;|f]tsf] vf]hL,

cfof]hgfsf] k|f¿k M Pstkm{ ljsf;n] k|ltkmn lbg], csf]{tkm{ k|sf]klgDTofpg] cj:yf cfpg glbg / ljsf; cfof]hgfnfO{ lbuf] agfpgPsLs[t ljsf; cjwf/0ffcGtu{t cfof]hgfsf] k|f¿k tof/L,

cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog M eljiodf cfpg;Sg] k|sf]kaf6 ljsf;nfO{;'/lIft /fVg] k"jf{wf/ tof/ x'g]u/L lgwf{l/t dfkb08df /x]/ cfof]hgfsfof{Gjog ug]{ .

;+nUgtf tyf bfloTjk|:tfljt ljsf; cfof]hgfdf ;Defljt k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 kg{;Sg] c;/sf]Vofn gu/Lsg sfof{Gjog ul/Pdf cfof]hgfn] ljklQ lgDTofpg] ;Defjgf/xG5 . To:tf] cj:yf cfpg glbg / cfof]hgfnfO{ k|sf]k k|lt/f]wfTdsagfP/ ;Defljt Iflt sd ug{ ljsf; cfof]hgf;Fu k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf tj/n];DaGw /fVg] lgsfo tyf ltgsf kbflwsf/LnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg' pko'Qmx'G5 . ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Ln] cf–cfˆgf] If]qdf cWoog u/L k|fljlws, cfly{s,;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, k|fs[lts tyf ef}ule{s / ef}uf]lns cj:yfcg'¿k

hLjg hLljsf

;fdflhs ljz[ª\vntf nufgLsf] Iflt

Hofg hf]lvd k'glg{df{0f nfut

:yfgfGt/ ug'{kg]{ cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf c;/


b"/ufdL ;f]r /fvL cfof]hgfsf] ;DefJotf cWoogsf] cj:yfb]lv ;dflKt;Ddcfˆgf] pQ/bfloTj lgjf{x ug'{k5{ . ;fdfGotof, ljsf; cfof]hgfsf ljleGgr/0fdf lgDg lgsfo Pjd\ kbflwsf/Lx¿ ;+nUg ePsf] x'g' kb{5 M

!= ;/sf/ -:yfgLo÷s]Gb|Lo_ @= k|zf;g

#= e"ue{ljb\ ÷OlGhlgo/ $= jf:t'snfljb\

%= ljlwj]Qf÷sfg'gljb\ =̂ ;e]{o/

&= lg/LIfs *= 7]s]bf/

(= pkef]Qmf

ljsf; cfof]hgfnfO{ kmnbfoL tyf k|ltkmnd'vL agfpg dfly pNn]v ePsflgsfo Pjd\ kbflwsf/Lafx]s :yfgLo pkef]Qmf tyf ;d'bfo / cGo:yfgLo ;ª\3;+:yfnufotsf ;/f]sf/jfnf / ltgsf kbflwsf/LnfO{ klg;dfj]z ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 .

lbuf] ljsf; / nfut–nfe ljZn]if0fljsf; cfof]hgfdf k|sf]k Joj:yfkg / Iflt Go"gLs/0fsf] sfo{qmdnfO{;dflxt ubf{ cfof]hgfsf] nfut j[l4 x'G5 g} . t/ tTsfn s]xL j[l4ePsf] nufgLsf] k|ltkmn bL3{sfn;Dd sfod /xg] / ljsf; cfof]hgflbuf] aGg]x'Fbf k|sf]k /f]syfdsf nflu k"j{tof/L:j¿k ul/g] Go"gtdnufgLn] sfnfGt/df k|sf]kn] k'¥ofpg] cyfx IfltnfO{ 36fpF5 . t;y{,k|sf]kn] k'¥ofpg] Jofks Ifltsf] t'ngfdf k"j{tof/L / k|sf]k /f]syfdsfnflu ul/g] vr{ gu0o x'G5 . nuft / nfenfO{ ;Gt'lnt t'Nofpgljsf; cfof]hgf ;~rfngsf ljleGg kIfdfly Wofg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . tLkIf tyf tŒjn] nfut Go"g ug{ / ljsf;nfO{ lbuf] agfpg ;xof]uLsf]e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5g\, h;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M

cfly{s M lj1x¿nfO{ lbg'kg]{ kfl/>lds, k|lt/f]wfTds k|ljlw tyflgwf{l/t dfkb08cg'¿k lgdf{0f vr{ .

k|fljlws M k|ljlwsf] klxrfg, cWoog / :jLs[lt .

/fhgLlt M /fhgLlts k|lta4tf / g]t[Tj Ifdtf .


Joj:yfkg M lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] e"ldsf, sfo{k|efjsfl/tf, lgoldtcg'udg tyf d"NofÍg .

*= k|sf]k /f]syfdsf pkfog]kfndf klg ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] ;kmntfsf nflu jftfj/0fLo k|efjd"Nofª\sg ug]{ k|rng k|f/De eO;s]sf] 5 . :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o:t/dfk|fs[lts jftfj/0fnfO{ arfpg ul/g] jftfj/0f k|efj d"NofÍgsf] PscleGg cª\usf ¿kdf k|sf]k lgoGq0f tyf Iflt Go"gLs/0fsf pkfosf]klg cWoog ul/g' cfjZos x'G5 . ljsf; sfo{df k|sf]k Joj:yfkg tyfIflt Go"gLs/0fsf nflu lgDg ljifodf Wofg lbg;s] k|sf]k /f]syfdsfsfo{ k|efjsf/L x'g]5g\ .

ejg lgdf{0f cfrf/;+lxtf / sfg'g .

k|fljlws hfgsf/L .

vt/fo'Qm :yfgdf ul/g] lgdf{0f sfo{df /f]s .

k"j{;"rgf, cg'udg / k"j{tof/Lsf] Joj:yf .

3gf a:tL / cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0fnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug]{ .

lgodsfg'g k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] nfu" ug]{ .

lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg 7]s]bf/ / Jofj;foLnfO{ tflnd lbg] .

afnsb]lv j[4;DdnfO{ k|sf]kaf/] ;r]t agfpg] .

;"rgf ;ª\sng u/L tYofª\lst ug]{ / k|of]uof]Uo k|If]k0f ug]{ .

ejg lgdf{0f Joj;foL, jf:t'snfljb\, of]hgfsf/, l;len OlGhlgo/cflbnfO{ k|ljlw / of]hgf;DaGwL ;}4flGts 1fg lbg] .

vf;u/L ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sdf k|sf]k /f]syfdsf pkfonfO{ a]jf:tf ul/G5 .s'g} klg 7"nf] k|sf]kkZrft\ dfq /fhgLlts k|lta4tf / nufgLdf pNn]Volj:tf/ u/L k|sf]k /f]syfdsf nflu sfo{ yflnG5 . k|sf]kk"j{ g} o:tf]pTk|]/0ff k|fKt x'g] cj:yf tof/ ug{;s] k|sf]kaf6 k'Ug] Iflt w]/} xb;DdGo"g dfq x'Fb}g, k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] nfut klg 36\b5 .


k|sf]k Joj:yfkg /ljsf; Ps;fy cl3

a9fpg' k5{g]kfndf s'nhg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kftdf k|sf]kdf k/]/ x/]s jif{ dg]{x¿sf] ;ª\Vof;fs{ If]qsf cGo b]zsf] t'ngfdf Hofb} a9L 5 . To:t} k|sf]kaf6 x'g] ef}ltsPjd\ cfly{s Iflt klg a9\bf]qmddf /x]sf] 5 . t;y{ cfufdL lbgdf k|sf]kJoj:yfkgnfO{ ljsf;sf] Ps cleGg cª\usf] ¿kdf ;dflxt u/]/ n}hfg'h?/L 5 .

lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo Pj+ k|of;nfO{ x/]s jif{ x'g] k|sf]kn]] dfgjLo,cfly{s Pjd\ jftfj/0fLo Iflt k'¥ofP/ r'gf}tL lbO/x]sf] 5 . olbk|sf]k Joj:yfkg / ljsf;nfO{ Pp6f l;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6fsf ¿kdfcfTd;ft gug]{ xf] eg] d'n'sn] df}h'bf ef}lts, dfgjLo / jftfj/0fLo;|f]t x/]s jif{ u'dfO/xg' kg]{5 / eljiodf ljsf;sf k|of; klglayf]lnO/xg]5g\ .

k|sf]kkZrft\ ul/g] p4f/ / /fxt sfo{qmdaf6 eGbf k|sf]k Go"gLs/0fsf]k"j{tof/L jf ;Ifd Joj:yfkgaf6 p4f/ / /fxtsf] ;f]xL sfo{ Psrf}yfO sd vr{df ;DkGg ug{ ;lsg] tYo ljleGg cWoogaf6 k|:6eO;s]sf] 5 . ctM xfd|f]h:tf] k|sf]k bf]xf]l/O/xg] / ;Lldt cfly{s;|f]tdf ljsf; sfo{nfO{ cu|tf lbg'kg]{ afWotf /x]sf] ljsf;f]Gd'vb]zdf k|sf]kk"j{ yf]/} vr{ u/]/ ;|f]t art ug'{ a9L ;fGble{s b]lvG5 .To;}n] klg k|sf]k Joj:yfkg / ljsf; ;Fu;Fu} n}hfg' h?/L 5 .

clxn];Ddsf k|sf]k Joj:yfkg / lbuf] ljsf;sf k|of;df k|sf]ksfc;/nfO{ dfq dWogh/ u/]/ Joj:yfkgsf sfdn] k|fyldstf kfPsf5g\ . t/ jf:tjdf lbuf] k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf k|of;n] ;kmntf k|fKtug{ k|sf]ksf c;/df geO{ sf/0fd} s]lGb|t x'g'k5{ . t;y{{ lbuf] ljsf;/ lbuf] k|sf]k Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;fy;fy} n}hfg' ckl/xfo{ 5 .


ljsl;t b]zsf] bfFhf]df ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf hgtf k|sf]ksf] df/dfa9L k/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] ubf{ klg ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf k|sf]kJoj:yfkgnfO{ ljsf;sf] cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf ;+of]hg ug'{ cToGth?/L 5 .

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3. sd for disaster dks 3

Education

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