3 rd 9 weeks – us history replacement test vocabulary
TRANSCRIPT
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3 R D 9 WEEKS – US HISTORY
Replacement Test Vocabulary
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Railroads
The expansion of railroads after Reconstruction changed travel and business in America.
The growth of railroads led to the growth of big business and other industries, like steel.
Also led to development of the West
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Steel
Industry that grew quickly with the expansion of railroads
The Bessemer process made making steel efficient and cheap
Andrew Carnegie and later J.P. Morgan created monopolies in the steel industry
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Big Business
Industries controlled by monopolies and trusts, such as railroads, steel, and oil
Andrew Carnegie = giant of the steel industry
John D. Rockefeller = giant of the oil industry. J.P. Morgan = giant of the banking and steel
industries
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Transcontinental Railroad
A railroad line linking the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean, completed in 1869
Built mostly by Chinese immigrants Led to the growth of business and the
development of the West
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Terms from the Plains Indians Wars
Wounded Knee U.S. army rounds up Sioux and kills 300 unarmed
people
Sitting Bull Sioux leader who defeated Custer at Little Bighorn,
but is taken at Wounded Knee
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Pooling
railroad companies agreed to divide up business in an area and set high prices.
They did this to get rid of competition and keep prices high
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Business Organization Terms
Vertical Integration Owning or buying out all of the raw materials necessary in an
industry
Horizontal Integration Buying out or merging with other companies in the same
industry
Trust A group of companies controlled by one board of directors
Monopoly One company having complete control over an entire industry
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John D. Rockefeller
Standard Oil Company Established nation’s first trust that controlled
every aspect of the oil industry
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Ellis Island
Processing center for immigrants entering the America on the east coast
Immigrants were inspected and granted or denied access to the United States
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American Federation of Labor
Labor union for skilled workers Formed by Samuel Gompers
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Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Banned Chinese immigrants from entering the United States
Americans did not want Chinese laborers taking their jobs because they would accept lower wages
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1894 Pullman Strike
Workers at Pullman Sleeping Car company strike because Pullman lowers their wages but refuses to lower rent
Strike turns violent and federal troops are called in
Example of industrial unrest
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Immigration
Immigrants make up a large part of the industrial work force
By the late 1800s, immigrant origins changed from northwestern Europe to southeastern Europe
Changed urban America and led to development of ethnic enclaves and tenement housing
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Nativism
Belief that immigrants posed a threat to native-born Americans and their way of life
Americans with ancestors from northern Europe looked down on new immigrants from southeastern Europe
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Thomas Edison
American inventor of the electric light bulb, kinetoscope and phonograph
His inventions changed the American way of life, increased productivity in industry, and led to the development of new industries
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Electric light bulb
Invented by Thomas Edison Changed American way of life by extending
the time Americans could work and entertain themselves
Increases productivity in industry
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Kinetoscope
Early version of a film projector to view motion pictures, invented by Thomas Edison
Led to the development of the film industry
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Phonograph
Machine that records sound invented by Thomas Edison
Led to the development of other industries using sound recordings, such as the music and radio industries
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Jane Addams
Founder of the Hull House The Hull House was a settlement house in
Chicago Settlement houses helped immigrants adjust
to life in America and sought to improve living conditions for the poor in cities
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Jim Crow
Laws enacted in the South to segregate black and white people in public and private facilities
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Plessy v. Ferguson
Supreme Court case in 1896 that said segregated public facilities was legal
This case established the “separate but equal” doctrine that upheld segregation in the South
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NAACP
An organization founded in 1909 to promote full racial equality
Stands for National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
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Muckraker
Journalist who writes about corruption or problems in business or government
Examples: Ida Tarbell and Upton Sinclair Muckraker’s writings brought about changes
in business and government in the U.S. during the Progressive era
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Ida Tarbell
Wrote “The History of the Standard Oil Company”
exposed corruption by Rockefeller in the creation of his trust and control over the oil industry
Her writing encouraged protests against monopolies and laws against trusts and monopolies
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Upton Sinclair
Wrote The Jungle Exposed disgusting and unhealthy conditions
in the meatpacking industry His writings led to government oversight of
food and drug industries and laws like the Meat Inspection Act
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Progressive Political Reform
Initiative - a law can be written and voted on by the people rather than law makers
Referendum - A law proposed by law makers is submitted to the people for a vote
Recall - A procedure for removing a public official from office by a vote of the people
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Conservation movement
Preservation of some wilderness areas and planned development of others for common good
This was an attempt to correct the misuse of natural resources during expansion and industrialization
Theodore Roosevelt set aside millions of acres for national parks and forests
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Imperialism
Control by a strong nation over a weaker nation
At the turn of the 20th century, the United States emerges as an imperial power and exerts influence over other countries, especially in Latin America
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Yellow Journalism
Sensational style of writing, which exaggerates the news to excite and enrage readers
Causes war because newspapers blame Spain for explosion on USS Maine
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Spanish American War
War between Spain and the U.S. over Cuban freedom and explosion on the USS Maine
Causes: US interest in Cuba, yellow journalism, USS Maine
Outcomes: Spain freed Cuba and U.S. gets Guam, Puerto Rico and the Philippines
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War in the Philippines
Spanish American war begins in the Philippines, a Spanish colony
Filipino rebels support the US because they want freedom from Spain but US wants to colonize them
Emilio Aguinaldo – leader of Filipino rebelsThis led to Philippine-American war
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American expansionism
At the turn of the 20th century America’s relationship with the world changes as the U.S. becomes an imperial power
After the Spanish American War the U.S. gains Guam, Puerto Rico, and Philippines
Roosevelt Corollary and Panama Canal are also examples
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Roosevelt Corollary
President Roosevelt warns that the U.S. will use force to protect our interests in Latin America
Used to prevent European powers from interfering in Latin America so that U.S. can be the dominant power
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Panama Canal
Canal built through Panama in Central America to make an easier route between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
U.S. supports Panama’s rebellion against Columbia to get them to sign a treaty with the U.S. to build the canal
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Neutrality
Refusal to take part in a war between other nations
The U.S. policy towards World War I was initially neutrality, but changed to engagement (getting involved) because of Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare
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Nationalism
A devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation
One of the causes of World War I
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Militarism
The policy of building up armed forces in aggressive preparedness for war and/or to use as a tool of diplomacy
European countries’ militarism increased tensions and led to war
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Alliance System
Prior to World War I, countries divided themselves into two groups: The Triple Entente or Allies (Great Britain, France, Russia, and U.S.) and the Triple Alliance or Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary)
This meant everyone would get pulled into the war
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Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
German policy of sinking any British or Allied ship, even if they held civilian passengers
The sinking of the Lusitania, which held American citizens, was one of the reasons the U.S. changes its’ policy from neutrality to engagement
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Zimmerman Note
A message from Germany to Mexico proposing an alliance and promised to return land Mexico lost to the U.S.
One of the reasons the U.S. changes it’s policy from neutrality to involvment in World War I
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Great Migration
Large scale migration of hundreds of thousands of African-Americans from the South to the North
They wanted to escape Jim Crow laws of the South and there were job opportunities in the North because of war effort
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Espionage Act
Made it illegal to speak out against the government or war effort
Targeted socialists like Eugene Debs
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Eugene Debs
Socialist and union leaderWas arrested under Espionage Act for
speaking out against the war and the draft
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Fourteen Points
Wilson’s plan for lasting world peace after World War I was over
Except for the League of Nations, most of his points were not included in the Treaty of Versailles
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League of Nations
An association of nations created in 1920 to promote international peace and cooperation
Part of Wilson’s 14 Points and included in Treaty of Versailles
Many of Americans did not like this – they wanted to remain isolated
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Treaty of Versailles
Peace treaty at the end of World War I that created new nations and borders and punished Germany
Flawed because it humiliated Germany, excluded Russia and ignored colonized people. This would ultimately lead to World War II.
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Red Scare
Fear of communism and socialism during the 1920s
Americans were suspicious of immigrants, communists and anarchists, especially after the communist revolution in Russia
Led to restrictions on immigration like the Emergency Quota Act
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Prohibition
18th amendment makes alcohol illegal This led to speakeasies (illegal saloons) and
bootlegging (smuggling alcohol) Also increased organized crime and shaped
culture of 1920s
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Woman Suffrage
19th amendment gave women the right to vote in 1920
Women working during World War I contributed to the push to give women the right to vote
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Henry Ford
Makes the automobile affordable by mass producing the Model-T on an assembly line All parts made and assembled at one huge factory Affordable car led to the rise of suburbs
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Jazz
Popular form of music during the 1920sBegan in New Orleans in the early 20th
century, but became most popular during the 1920s
Uniquely American, jazz is a mixture of African drumbeats, traditional spirituals, blues, European instruments and ragtime
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Louis Armstrong
Jazz musician and trumpet playerRevolutionized jazz by bringing personal
expression to his music
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Harlem Renaissance
Literary and artistic movement in the 1920s celebrating African American culture
Centered in the Harlem community in New York City
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Langston Hughes
Harlem Renaissance poet He wrote about the everyday lives of working
people and African Americans during the time period
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Irving Berlin
American songwriter during the 1920sWrote “God Bless America” Part of Tin Pan Alley – district in New York
City known for song writers, composers and music publishers
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Great Depression
Period lasting from 1929 to 1940, in which the U.S. economy was in severe decline and millions of Americans were unemployed
Causes: Overproduction, Underconsumption, Stock market speculation, and Dust Bowl
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Underconsumption
Americans were not buying as much as the economy began to slow down by the late 1920s
This contributed to the declining economy and business failures because industries continued to produce as much as before despite the decline in consumerism
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Overproduction
Industries were making more than people were buying
This surplus in products contributed to the declining American economy that led to the Great Depression
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Stock Market Speculation
During the 1920s, people bought stocks and bonds on the chance of a quick profit, while ignoring the risks
As a result, the high price of stocks during this time period did not reflect value
Eventually led to Stock Market Crash of 1929
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Stock Market Crash of 1929
Black Tuesday – October 1929Due to stock market speculation and buying
on margin (buying stocks on credit) the value of stocks dropped drastically
This led to economic crisis – even Americans who did not invest panicked, banks and businesses failed as well
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Dust Bowl
The region, including Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado and New Mexico that was made worthless for farming by drought and dust storms during the 1930s
Causes: Over farming on the Great Plains, Drought, Windstorms
Effect: Farm families were forced to leave and many moved further west
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Hoovervilles
Shantytowns that developed during the Great Depression because of widespread unemployment. People lost their homes and had no where else to go
They were called Hoovervilles because Americans blamed Hoover for not providing direct aid to help them
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New Deal
President Franklin Roosevelt’s program to address the problems of the Great Depression
Focused on relief for the needy, economic recovery and financial reform
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TVA
Tennessee Valley Authority Works program that was a part of the New
DealProvided jobs and brought electricity to rural
areas by building dams (effort to control the environment)
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Wagner Act
Contributes to the rise of industrial unionism by protecting workers’ right to join unions
Also prohibited unfair labor practices and included laws to improve working conditions
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Social Security Act
Passed as a part of the Second New Deal to provide additional aid to those in need
Provided old-age insurance, unemployment and aid to families with children and the disabled
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Eleanor Roosevelt
President Roosevelt’s wifeShe helped convince FDR to provide help to
those in need, supported civil rights and encouraged FDR to appoint women to federal government positions
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Huey Long
Politician from Louisiana who challenged FDRHe proposed a social program called “Share
Our Wealth” and argued that the New Deal wasn’t doing enough to help the Americans who needed it most
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“Court packing” Bill
FDR proposed adding 6 new justices to the Supreme Court because the conservative Supreme Court frequently overturned his New Deal legislation
Many people felt he was trying to have too much power and violating separation of powers
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Neutrality Act
Law passed by Congress to keep the U.S. out of future wars and to challenge FDR’s attempts to reach out to the world
This law was passed because Americans wanted to maintain a policy of isolationism