3 pdd indices

7/28/2019 3 PDD Indices

1/5

1

Indices used for periodontal .

disease assessment

Periodontal diseases and their etiological factors: Gingivitis: It is an inflammation of gingival tissue mainly caused by

dental plaque.

Periodontitis: It is an inflammation of periodontal ligament which mainlyprecede by un treated gingivitis.

Dental plaque: It is soft non mineralized, bacterial deposit formed on thetooth surface.

Calculus: It is a hard deposit that forms by mineralization of dentalplaque.

Indices used for plaque and debris assessment:

*Plaque Index (PlI) which was introduced by Silness and Loe in 1964

-Used together with GI, and should be preceded the gingival examination.-Used on all teeth (28, so wisdom teeth are excluded) or selected teeth (6) .

-No substitution for any missing tooth.

-Used on all surfaces (4)(M, O, D, L) or selected surfaces(M, O, L).-This index measures the thickness of plaque on the gingival one third.

-The six index teeth are:

6 2 4 E B D

4 2 6 D B E

Score Criteria

0 No plaque1 A film of plaque adhering to the free gingival margin and adjacent area

of the tooth, which can not be seen with the naked eye. But only by

using disclosing solution or by using probe.

2 Moderate accumulation of deposits within the gingival pocket, on thegingival margin and/ or adjacent tooth surface, which can be seen with

the naked eye.

3 Abundance of soft matter within the gingival pocket and/or on the

tooth and gingival margin.

Calculation:1- Individual: 2- Population:

PII = Total scores PII = Total scoresNo. of surfaces examined No. of subjects examined


2/5

2

Indices used for calculus assessment:*Calculus Surface Index (CSI) which was introduced byEnnever et al in 19611- CSI assesses the presence or absence of supra and/or subgingival calculus

by visual or tactile examination, regardless the quantity of calculus.

2- Criteria 0 Absence 1 Present3- 4 or 6 mandibular anterior teeth are examined.4- Each tooth divided into 4 areas.Calculation:

CSI =Total number of scores 0 --------- 16 or 0 -------- 24

Indices used for gingival disease assessment:

*Gingival Index (GI).... which was introduced by Loe and Silness in 1963 GI could be used in all teeth or selected teeth and in all surfaces or

selected surfaces.

The examination done by blunt probe. Partially erupted teeth, retained roots, teeth with periapical lesion and

third molars should be excluded and there is no substitution.

Score Criteria

0 No inflammation.1 Mild inflammation, slight change in color, slight edema, no bleeding

on probing.

2 Moderate inflammation, moderate glazing, redness, bleeding on

probing.

3 Severe inflammation, marked redness and hypertrophy, ulceration,

tendency to spontaneous bleeding.

0.1 1 Mild gingivitis

1.1 2 Moderate gingivitis

2.1 3 Severe gingivitis

Calculation:

1-Individual 2-Population

GI = Total scores GI = Total scores

No. of surfaces examined No. of subjects examined

****If we want to calculate the maximum score for gingival index (4 surfaces

and 6 teeth)..

GI = Total scores GI = 3 * 4 * 6 = 3 * 24 = 3

No. of surfaces exa. 4 * 6 24


3/5

3

Indices used for periodontal disease assessment:

*Periodontal Disease Index (PDI) which was introduced by Ramfjord in 1959

Which is composed of three components. All the three components will be scored separately using six Ramfjord

selected teeth.

6 1 4 E A D

4 1 6 D A E

1-Gingival and periodontal component.

1-The criteria ranged from

o 1 2 3 4 5 6normal gingivitis periodontitis

2-All areas (M, D, B, L) is scored as a one unit.

3-Only fully erupted teeth are scored .4-There is no substitution for excluded teeth.

Calculation: Total sores

No. of teeth examined

2-Plaque component:

1-The criteria ranged from 0 - 3 .

Scoring criteria:

0 No plaque1 Plaque present on some but not on all interproximal, buccal, and

lingual surfaces of the tooth.

2 Plaque present on all interproximal, buccal, and lingualsurfaces, but covering less than one half of these surfaces..

3 Plaque extending over all interproximal, buccal and lingualsurfaces, and covering more than one half of these surfaces.

2-All areas ( B , L , M , D ) are scored as one unit.

3-Only fully erupted teeth are scored .

4-There is no substitution for excluded teeth.

Calculation: Total scoresNo. of teeth examined


4/5

4

3- Calculus component:

1-The criteria ranged from 0 - 3 .

Scoring criteria:0 Absence of calculus.

1 Supragingival calculus extending only slightly below the free gingivalmargin (not more than 1 mm).

2 Moderate amount of supragingival and sub gingival calculus or sub

gingival calculus alone.3 An abundance of supra gingival and sub gingival calculus.

2-This index measured the extension of calculus.

3-Only facial and lingual surfaces are evaluated, and scored separately.

Calculation: Total scores

No. of surfaces examined

*Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) which

was introduced by WHO / FDIin 1982 The mouth is divided into six parts (sextants). The examination done by special probe (WHO probe). The score is identified by examination of specified index teeth or all teeth.

6 1 6

6 1 6

C P I

score criteria0 No periodontal disease.

1 Bleeding on probing.

2 Calculus with plaque seen or felt by probing.3 Pathological pocket 4 5 mm.4 Pathological pocket 6 mm or more.

x When only 1 tooth or no tooth are present.

TN

score criteria

0 No need for treatment.1 Personal plaque control (OHI).(1- 4).

2 Professional plaque control (scaling and polishing). (2- 4).

3 Deep scaling , root planning, surgical procedure. (3- 4).


5/5

5

Indices used for dental fluorosis assessment:

Dental fluorosis:It is a hypoplasia or hypomineralization of tooth enamel produced by

the chronic ingestion of excessive amount of fluoride during the period of tooth

development.

* Dean's Fluorosis IndexModified criteria.. which was introduced by Dean

in 1942.

Each tooth present in the mouth was examined.Classification criteriaNormal No dental fluorosis.

Questionable The enamel discloses slight aberrations from the translucencyof normal enamel ranging from a few white flecks to occasional

white spots.

Very mild Small, opaque, white areas scattered irregularly over the tooth,

but not involving 25% of the tooth surface, (no more than 1 -2

mm of white opacity at the tip of the cusps of bicuspids or

second molars.

Mild The white opaque areas in the enamel of teeth are more

extension, but not involve as much as 50% of tooth.

Moderate All enamel surfaces of teeth are affected and surfaces subject toattrition show wear, brown stains is a disfiguring feature.

Severe All enamel surfaces of teeth are affected and hypoplasia is somarked that the general form of the tooth may be affected,

pitting surface with brown stain.

*Simplified Fluoride Mottiling Index (FMI) which was introduced in 1984

Only facial surfaces of the six upper and lower anterior teeth are examinedwhich are esthetically important.

3 2 1 1 2 3

3 2 1 1 2 3

Scores criteria0 No involvement of facial surface.

1 Less than one third of the facial surface show evidence of lesion.

2 About 1/3 but less than 2/3 of the surface affected.3 Over 2/3 of facial surface involved.

4 Brownish, black discoloration of entire facial surface.

3 pdd indices

Documents