3 light has become lighter - m. cohen
TRANSCRIPT
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Light has become lighter
the fascination of light building
Michiel Cohen, architectenbureau cepezed
19-07-2007, Brussels
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cepezed1982
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1 ASB joist
2 Steel channels3 Rockwool insulation (sealed)
4 Ground car tyres
5 Profiled steel sheet
6 Anhydrite screed
7 Anhydrite tile8 Electrical connection duct9 Ventilation grille
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Section floordeck
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The steel floordeck system integrates the following applications within a total thickness of <400 mm:
•Load bearing capacity
•Stability
•Acoustic insulation (impact and airborne)
•Ceiling
•Ventilation and cable ducts
•Heating
•Fire resistance
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winter ventilation
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Costing
Cost comparison for the steel floordeck.
Standard office space with:
span 7.2 m
live weight 3kN/m2
free room height 2.7 m
acoustic insulation value 0dB
fire resistance ≥ 60 min.
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Hollowprestressedconcrete
Wingfloor Slimdeck Steeldeck
Dead weight 400 358 200 120
Height
Free ceiling height in mm. 2700 2700 2700 2700
Suspended ceiling 50 50 50 0
Installation space 450 0 450 0
Girders 300 15 15 15
Construction height 250 250 270 400
Screed 70 70 70
Total height 3820 3085 3555 3115
Cost
Floor elements 68 75 90 150
Floor covers 17,5
Extra building time 8 8
Extra weight foundation 1 1
Extra steel structure 10 10
Extra surface facade 61 39 2,5
Extra height partitions 8 5 1
Fitting cost
Electrical installation 10 10 10
Heating etc. 11 15 11
Extra installation (height) 15 10
Air ducts 15 15 15
Suspended ceiling 20 20
Plaster ceiling 7
Extra acoustical 17 17 17
Extra cover install duct 35
Total cost 244 210,5 217 153,5
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Frequency 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 I IU,k
Normcurve - 70 66 66 66 70 - 0
TNO
rapport
TNO CPZ - 66.4 67.2 66.6 65.8 62.3 - + 1
TNO- IFD 56.7 66.9 69.6 70 64 52.6 40.5 -2
TU/e
rapport
TU/e- IFD 59.4 69.6 70.7 71 64.9 55.2 44.7 -3
Impact sound insulation steel floordeck
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Frequency - 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 IIU,k
Normcurve - 34 43 50 53 54 - 0
TNO
rapport
TNO CPZ - 42.5 44.0 51.8 56.7 60.7 - 0
TNO-IFD 22.9 29.0 38.7 50.9 53.7 57.9 61.5 -6
TU/e
rapport
TU/e-IFD 30.7 34.4 43.5 54.0 56.0 59.3 59.0 -1
Airborne sound insulation steel floordeck
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Fire test
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Fire testing results
Duration
of test
Furnace
temperature
Average
temperature
Maximum
0 34,9 0 0
15 716,3 0,93 0,91
30 834,3 6,69 8,26
45 897,2 19,12 23,35
60 943,8 36,39 41,85
62 948,20 38,97 44,52
64 949,77 41,70 47,39
66 954,13 44,66 50,93
68 958,19 47,59 53,92
70 955,66 50,88 58,17
72 958,76 53,89 62,42
74 962,59 57,01 69,08
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Thermal behaviour
Thermal behaviour is to be proven to be equal or better than existing systems.
However the behaviour of lightweight structures is entirely different from traditional ones.
In particular the total energy in a building has to be considered.
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The measures that caused the drop in the demand for heating energy resulted in the change of proportional use
of that energy:
1960 to 1980
Improved insulation and the use of insulating glass
resulted in lower transmission rates but relatively higher
ventilation losses.
1980 to today
More electrical home equipment (heat sources)
combined with a higher air-tightness of the building envelope introduced the problem of cooling.
Component analysis: change in
proportional use of energy
E-in E-outloss of effectiveness
transmission
ventilation
heating
solar energy
internal sources
1960
1980
today
loss of effectiveness
transmission
air leaks& mechanicalventilation
heating
solar energy
internal sources
loss of effectiveness
transm. heating
airl. & mech. vent.
heating
cooling
solar energy
internal sources
transm. cooling
energy flows in residential buildings (except energy for hot water)
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Floor/deck system
Constructive advantages
• Reduced floor-to-floor height
• Prefab
• Possibility to integrate building facility systems
• Low weight
Disadvantage:
Low Thermal Energy Storage (TES)
No possibility for peak-reduction at high thermal loads
Possible result: high indoor temperatures
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Floor/deck system
How can we increase the TES of the floor/deck system, so that we can
use the floor/decksystem as an indoor- climatecontroller?
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Solutions
Add materials with a high heat capacity: e.g.
concrete.
No option: large increase in floor-weight
Add materials with a high latent heat capacity: e.g.
Phase Change Materials (PCM).
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Phase Change Materials
• What is it?
Materials that can store or release a large amount of thermal energy through phase-change:
Solid Liquid.
• How does it work ?
A part of the internal thermal load is applied for phase-change.
Result: Peak load reduction/shifting and/or lower indoor temperatures – lower energy consumption for heating andcooling
melting
congealing
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Potential integration of PCM in floor/deck system
tem
pera
ture
23 degrees Celsius
26 degrees Celsius
one day cyclus
indoor temperatureconventionalfloor/deck system
floor/deck system integrated withPCM
peak-reduction
Results
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Is it finished yet?
NO!
The floor/deck system is also suitable to integrate active indoor-climate systems in order to cope with higher thermal loads.
Benefits:
-Adjustable (individual) climate controlling
-Quick response
Floor/deck system
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Active systems
- energy transfer medium -
Air: mainly convective systems
Water: mainly radiation systems
Chilled ceiling
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Concepts of chilled ceilings in floor/deck system
Horizontal tube-system
Capillary tube system
Perforated ceiling system
Vertical tube system
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A solution
Combinations of passive (PCM) and activesystems:
- Air-cooled PCM (day and/or night-cooling)
- Water-cooled PCM (day and/or night-cooling)
Example of a watercooled PCM in
floor/deck system
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Results
• Integrating PCM results in increasing thermal energy storage (TES) with low increase of the specific weight (approximately 5%).
• Possibility to combine active and passive systems like a PCM withnight-cooling (air- or water-cooled) is possible.
• Suitable solutions are expected to be possible between low and high thermal loads (adaptive) by using passive (PCM) and active systems, and combinations of both.
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Further research
• Verify the simulation results by measuring.
• Which PCM give the best results for latent heat storage in office buildings.
• How can active systems be integrated into the floor/deck.
• Which shape of PCM has the best heat- transfer characteristics.
• In which suitable way active systems can be integrated into the floor/decksystem.
• Savings on energy-consumption are still under investigation.
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Information to be fed to the market is:
Fire resistance performance
This yet has to be finalised in a full scale test though the present values make 90 minutes fire resistance feasible.
Acoustical performancePerformance has been field tested and is sufficient for requested values.Performance can still be optimized but this requires further development.
Thermal behaviour
And naturally Cost
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Markets can be approached through different means.
1. Project oriented.
2. Market oriented.
3. Combined effort.
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1 project
2 market
3 combined
time
pro
jects
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Kickstart steel housing system
careful detailing throughout
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