3 important areas for new zealand seabirds · important areas for new zealand seabirds this...

Important Areas for New Zealand Seabirds

Sites at SeaSeaward extensions,

pelagic areas

3

IMPORTANT AREAS FOR NEW ZEALAND SEABIRDS

This document has been prepared for Forest & Bird by Chris Gaskin, IBA Project

Coordinator (NZ).

The Royal Forest & Bird Protection Society of New Zealand

Level One, 90 Ghuznee Street

PO Box 631

Wellington 6140

NEW ZEALAND

This report is available from the Forest & Bird website in pdf form.

© Copyright June 2014, Forest & Bird

Contributors

The following individuals have contributed to the IBA project in a variety of ways, including supply of data and information

about seabirds, and reviewing draft material, site profiles, species lists and site maps.

Philippa Agnew, Sandy Bartle, Biz Bell, Mike Bell, Dennis Buurman, Lynette Buurman, Andrew Crossland, Igor Debski, Todd

Dennis, Lorna Deppe, Barry Dunnett, Ursula Ellenberg, Graeme Elliott, Peter Frost, Jo Hiscock, Dave Houston, Grant

Humphries, Jon Irvine, Stefanie Ismar, Chris Lalas, Todd Landers, Ben Lascelles, David Lawrie, Graeme Loh, Phil Lyver,

Gabriel Machovsky-Capuska, Nikki McArthur, Bruce McKinlay, Thomas Mattern, Sue Maturin, Gary Melville, Mark Miller,

Kyle Morrison, Don Neale, Matt Rayner, Yvan Richard, Adrien Riegen, Andy Roberts, Christopher Robertson, Paul Sagar,

Rob Schuckard, Paul Scofield, Phil Seddon, Hadoram Shirihai, Jean-Claude Stahl, Graeme Taylor, Phil Taylor, Alan Tennyson,

David Thompson, Leigh Torres, Yolanda Van Heezik, Kath Walker, Susan Waugh.

Recommended citation:

Forest & Bird (2014). New Zealand Seabirds: Sites at Sea, Seaward Extensions, Pelagic Areas. The Royal Forest & Bird Pro-

tection Society of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand. pp.

Front cover: Snares Penguins diving through bull kelp, Snares Islands. Photo: Kim Westerskov

Facing page (top): NZ White-capped and Chatham Albatrosses, off Rakiura (Stewart Island). Photo: Jon Irvine

Facing page (bottom): Buller’s Shearwaters feeding in association with a trevally school, Hauraki Gulf. Photo: Karen Baird

Back cover: Gibson’s Albatross, Adams Island. Photo: Kath Walker

2

Marine Important Bird Areas

Given the long periods that seabirds spend at sea, the multiple threats they face there and the vast distances they

cover, identifying a network of priority sites for their conservation in the marine environment is critical to ensure their

future survival. Determining seabird high-use areas and the identification of marine IBAs will make a vital contribution

to initiatives to gain greater protection. This will include valuable input to the identification of Marine Protected

Areas and will also contribute to efforts to ensure sustainable management of New Zealand’s Exclusive Economic Zone

(EEZ). The identification of marine IBAs globally has necessitated a significant amount of effort to source, collate and

analyse bird distribution data in order to be able to locate sites and develop site boundaries in often apparently feature-

less seascapes.

Global Criteria for Marine IBAs

So far only two of the global IBA criteria have been applied in the marine environment:

A1 Regular presence of threatened species

A4 More than 1% of global population regularly occurring.

There are four aspects of the annual cycles of seabirds where they are most likely to occur in IBA threshold numbers.

These are:

1. Seaward extensions to breeding colonies

2. Coastal congregations of non-breeding seabirds

3. Migration hotspots and pathways

4. Important areas for pelagic species.

3

1 SEAWARD EXTENSIONS

Seaward extensions to breeding colonies provide one method for marine IBA identification. While many seabird breeding

colonies have already been identified as IBAs, their boundaries have been, in almost all cases, confined to the land on

which the colonies are located. The boundaries of these sites can, in many cases, be extended to include those parts of the

marine environment which are used by the colony for feeding, maintenance behaviours and social interactions. Such

extensions are limited by the foraging range, depth and/or habitat preferences of the species concerned. The seaward

boundary is, as far as possible, colony and/or species-specific, based on known or estimated foraging and maintenance

behaviour.

The BirdLife Seabird Foraging Range Database includes published information on the foraging distances, preferences and

behaviours of (primarily coastal) seabirds while breeding. At-sea data have been used elsewhere in the world to define the

likely boundaries of key foraging and rafting areas adjacent to seabird breeding colonies, which can be included as marine

IBAs. However, few New Zealand breeding species are in the foraging range database.

To identify New Zealand marine IBAs in coastal and continental shelf areas, surrogates have been drawn from the data-

base. In addition, expert opinion has been used to provide ‘provisional choices’ for foraging distances to draft provisional

boundaries for seaward extensions to colonies. This review also draws on published and unpublished data including forag-

ing ranges, dive depth limits for some species, and bathymetry. As new tracking data becomes available, these areas will

be further refined, or, in some species, eg. Buller’s, Fluttering and Hutton’s Shearwaters, used to create separate marine

IBAs in pelagic areas as more is known about their distribution during various stages of their breeding cycles.

It is important to note that seaward extensions, particularly around islands, also capture the passage of pelagic species to

and from colonies, and congregations close to breeding islands (eg. Cook’s Petrel, Buller’s and Sooty Shearwaters). In

some areas (eg. Kermadec Islands) foraging by pelagic species can be very close to colonies (ie. White -naped (White-

necked) and Black-winged Petrels, Wedge-tailed Shearwater). In the case of Cook Strait or stretches of coastline, the

movement through bottleneck areas will also be captured

Shearwaters and Fairy Prions, Hauraki Gulf. Photo: Jon Irvine

4

Site entries in Section 1

Sites must meet the global criteria to be identified as marine IBA.

A1 Regular presence of threatened species - ie. more than threshold numbers of one or more globally threatened

species.

A4 More than one percent of the world population of one or more congregatory species

A4ii 1% global population (see Appendix 2)

A4iii 10,000 pairs seabirds or 20,000 individuals water-birds.

Also, IBAs cannot overlap, hence the ‘nesting’ of sites (e.g. North Otago, Dunedin Coast and South Otago with Southern

South Island; Chatham Islands with Chatham; Marlborough Sounds with Cook Strait ).

Code: Each New Zealand IBA has been allocated a unique code; this and accompanying information together with popula-

tion estimates and other details have been entered into the World Bird Database administered by BirdLife International

and Conservation International.

IBA Trigger Species: These are species that meet threshold numbers for global IBA criteria. IUCN/BirdLife International

nomenclature is used for ‘trigger species’, New Zealand names are given in parentheses, e.g. Great-winged (Grey-faced)

Petrel, Magenta Petrel (Chatham Island Taiko), as per OSNZ (Ornithological Society of New Zealand) Checklist Committee

2010. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. 4th edition.

Te Papa Press, Wellington. 464pp.

Tracking is listed as the primary data source. This is from data held in the Ocean Wanderers Global Seabird Tracking Data-

base - for a list of data suppliers to the Ocean Wanderers Global Seabird Tracking Database, see Table 3.

Supporting data are listed in profiles, also in Table 1 (suggested foraging ranges).

Activity covers foraging, passage or movement through a marine IBA (including threatened species breeding outside that

region, also listed as trigger species if regular occurrence can be shown and numbers are likely to meet thresholds); social

maintenance (if known); congregations including dense rafting (e.g. Buller’s, Sooty, Fluttering and Hutton’s Shearwaters)

and loose aggregations (e.g. Cook’s Petrels). Where a site has more than 10,000 pairs of seabirds then it is listed as ‘Species

group - seabirds A4iii’. The A4iii criterion can include one or more species with a number of these not included as trigger

species (e.g. Little Penguin, Pied Shag, Southern Black-backed Gull).

Protected areas: Areas such a marine reserves, marine mammal protection zones, cable zones (i.e. no fishing) which po-

tentially benefit seabirds are listed.

Maps: These show proposed marine IBA boundaries.

Seabird colonies: Sites shown on maps in this document are those for trigger species. NB: They do not include all seabird

colonies.

Contributors: A full list of contributors to the project will also be listed in the opening page of this publication. Data pro-

viders for tracking are listed in Table 3.

6

NZ M001 Kermadec

Location New Zealand, Kermadec

IBA criteria (see page 14) A1, A4ii, A4iii

Area 43,462 km2

Year of Assessment 2013

Species Tracking Supporting data Activity IBA criteria IUC

Grey Noddy (Grey Ternlet) Seaward extension (35km),

observations

Foraging A4ii LC

Sooty Tern 1 Seaward extension (80km),

observations

Foraging, passage A4ii LC

White-necked (White-naped) Petrel 2 Observations, diet Foraging, passage A1, A4ii VU

Black-winged Petrel 2 GLS Observations, diet Foraging, passage A4ii LC

Kermadec Petrel 2 Observations, diet Foraging, passage A4ii LC

Wedge-tailed Shearwater 2 Observations, diet Foraging, rafting,

passage

A4ii LC

Little Shearwater 2 Observations, diet Foraging, passage A4ii LC

Red-tailed Tropicbird 2 Observations, diet Foraging, social mainte-

nance, passage

A4ii LC

Observations A4iii Species group (multiple species including a number

not listed above)

1 Sooty Terns from the Kermadec Islands are likely to range further than 80km however this seaward extension figure given is that

currently accepted by BirdLife Seabird Foraging Range Database

2 Foraging for species with pelagic ranges extends well beyond the area shown here. However this seaward extension mIBA will

capture activity including feeding and passage within 80km of the three island groups. Tracking is only available for Black -winged

Petrel (Raoul Island) currently (see Page 9).

Threatened species (IUCN) breeding outside the region recorded in Kermadec waters: Antipodean Albatross (VU), White-capped

Albatross (NT), Buller’s Albatross (NT), Black-browed Albatross (EN), Campbell Albatross (VU), White-chinned Petrel (VU), Grey Petrel

(NT), Sooty Shearwater (NT), Buller’s Shearwater (VU), Providence Petrel (VU), Mottled Petrel (NT), Cook’s Petrel (VU), Gould’s Petrel

(VU), Stejneger’s Petrel (VU).

IBA trigger species:

Protected area Designation Area

(km2)

Relationship with IBA

Kermadec Islands Marine Reserve 7,480 Protected area contained within site. Extends 12nms from

shoreline of all islands in the group including Raoul Island and

L’Esperance Rock. NB: those two islands do not meet criteria

for terrestrial IBA, however birds breeding there will contrib-

ute to the mIBA.

7

Above. At sea observations of Black-winged Petrel during breeding

(November to April) (from Gaskin 2012)

Above right. Wedge-tailed Shearwaters, Kermadec Islands. Photo: Hadoram

Shirihai

Right. White-necked Petrel, Kermadec islands. Photo: Peter Harrison.

8

NZ M002 North Eastern North Island

Location New Zealand, Northern North island


Area 73,040 km2


Species Tracking Supporting data Activity IBA IUCN

Buller’s Albatross 1 Passage to colony A1 VU

Black Petrel 1 GLS, GPS Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii VU

Buller’s Shearwater 2 GLS Observations Foraging, congrega-

tions, passage

A1, A4ii VU

Flesh-footed Shearwater 2 Observations Foraging, congrega-

tions, passage

A4ii LC

Fluttering Shearwater 2 GLS Seaward extension (30km),

observations

Foraging, congrega-

tions, passage

A4ii LC

Cook’s Petrel 1 GLS Observations Passage, congregations A1, A4ii VU

Pycroft’s Petrel 1 GLS Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU

Grey-faced Petrel 1 GLS, GPS Observations Passage A4ii LC

Fairy Prion 2 Seaward extension

(135km), observations

Foraging, congrega-

tions, passage

A4ii LC

White-faced Storm Petrel Observations, seaward

extension (35km)

Foraging A4ii LC

NZ Storm Petrel Observations, seaward

extension (35km)

Foraging A1, A4ii EN

Common Diving Petrel 2 GLS Observations, seaward

extension (20km)

Foraging A4ii LC

Australasian Gannet GPS Observations, seaward

extension (60km)

Foraging A4ii LC

NZ Fairy Tern 3 Seaward extension (5km) Foraging (in-shore) A1, A4ii VU

Species group (multiple species including a number not

listed above)

Observations A4iii

1 Species with pelagic ranges. Foraging extends well beyond the seaward extension shown here, however, this mIBA will capture pas-

sage to colonies and some observed feeding.

2 Species observed regularly feeding within the area shown. They also, however range widely during breeding. As new tracking be-

comes available it is likely pelagic mIBAs will be added to the network (i.e. outside the seaward extension IBA).

3 Included in Waipu, Mangawhai, Pakiri, Firth of Thames and Maketu coastal IBAs.

Threatened species (IUCN) breeding outside the region recorded in North Eastern waters: Antipodean Albatross (VU), Northern Royal

Albatross (EN), Southern Royal Albatross (VU), Salvin’s Albatross (VU), White-capped Albatross (NT), Buller’s Albatross (NT), Black-

browed Albatross (EN), Campbell Albatross (VU), Grey Petrel (NT), White-necked Petrel (VU), Providence Petrel (VU), Mottled Petrel

(NT), Gould’s Petrel (VU).


9


(km2)


Hauraki Gulf MPA Cable Zones 879 Protected area contained

within site

Poor Knights Islands, Mimiwhangata, Cape Rodney -

Okakari Point (Goat Island), Tawharanui, Long Bay - Oku-

ra, Te Makutu (Waiheke Island), Te Whanganui-A-Hei

(Cathedral Cove), Tuhua (Mayor Island), Te Paepae o

Aotea (Volkner Rocks).

Marine Reserve/

MPA Marine Park

101.2 Protected area contained

within site

Left. Tracking of a female Fluttering Shear-

water from Burgess Island, Mokohinau Is-

lands through one year showing the extent

of foraging during breeding and movement

post-breeding. Source: Graeme Taylor, Matt

Rayner.

10

NZ M003 West Coast North Island

Location New Zealand, west coast North island

IBA criteria (see page 14) A4ii

Area 14,993 km2


Species Tracking Supporting data Activity IBA IUCN

Australasian Gannet Seaward extension (60km) Foraging A4ii LC

NZ Fairy Tern 1 Seaward extension (5km) Foraging (in-shore) A1, A4ii VU

1 Included in Papakanui Spit and Kaipara Harbour IBAs which include coastal waters.



(km2)


West Coast North Island MPA Cable Zone 322 Protected area contained within site

West Coast North Island Sanctuary Marine Mammal Protection 11,935 Protected area overlaps with site

11

NZ M004 East Coast North Island

Location New Zealand, eastern North island

IBA criteria (see page 14) A4ii

Area 6,959 km2


Species Tracking Data source Activity IBA

crite-

IUCN

cat.

Australasian Gannet GPS Seaward extension (60km). Tracking from Cape

Kidnappers shows further foraging distances, i.e.

north to the Mahia Peninsula and south from the

colony (S. Ismar pers. com.)

Foraging A4ii LC



(km2)


Nil

12

NZ M005 Cook Strait

Location New Zealand, South Taranaki Bight, Cook Strait


Area 37, 776 km2



Fairy Prion Seaward extensions


Foraging A4ii LC

Fluttering Shearwater GLS Seaward extensions


Foraging A4ii LC

Sooty Shearwater Observations Foraging, passage A1, (A4iii) NT

Australasian Gannet GPS Seaward extensions


Foraging A4ii LC

Black-billed Gull 1 Observations Post-breeding foraging A1 EN

Black-fronted Tern 1 Observations Post-breeding foraging A1 EN

Antipodean Albatross Observations Passage A1 VU

Northern Royal Albatross Observations Passage A1 EN

White-capped Albatross Observations Passage A1 NT

Salvin’s Albatross Observations Passage A1 VU

Westland Petrel Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU

White-chinned Petrel Observations Passage A1 VU

Buller’s Shearwater GLS Observations Passage A1 VU

Hutton’s Shearwater GLS Observations Passage A1, A4ii EN

Observations A4iii Species group (multiple species including a number

not listed above)

1 Included in Farewell Spit, Motueka, Wairau Lagoons and Lake Grassmere IBAs - all of which include coastal waters.

NB: Cook Strait is a major passage or flyway for pelagic seabirds breeding outside the region, including birds from northern islands (e.g.

Buller’s Shearwaters, Grey-faced Petrel), the West Coast of the South Island (e.g. Westland Petrel) and Subantarctic islands (e.g. Salvin’s

Albatross, Antipodean Albatross).



(km2)


Cook Strait MPA Cable Zones Protected area contained within site

Kapiti, Taputeranga (Island Bay), Tonga

Island (Able Tasman)

Marine Reserve 48.57 Protected area contained within site

13

Fairy Prions. Photo: Frederic Pelsy

14

NZ M006 Marlborough Sounds

Location New Zealand, northern South Island


Area 1,358 km2



King Shag Seaward extensions

(25km), bathymetry (50m)


Fairy Prion Seaward extension Foraging, passage A4ii LC

Fluttering Shearwater 1 GLS Seaward extension, obser-

vations

Foraging A4ii LC

Australasian Gannet Seaward extension (60km),

observations

Foraging A4ii LC

Black-billed Gull Observations Post-breeding foraging A1, (A4iii) EN

Black-fronted Tern Observations Post-breeding foraging A1, (A4iii) EN

Species group (multiple species

not listed above)

Observations A4iii

1 A significant proportion of the global population of Fluttering Shearwaters breeds on islands in the Marlborough Sounds (5-10%).

Large flocks are regularly seen foraging deep within the sounds and in waters immediately offshore and have been taken into account

when drawing the boundaries for this IBA.



(km2)


Long Island - Kokomuhua Marine Reserve 6.19 Protected area contained within site

15

Top. King Shag. Bottom. Fluttering Shearwaters, Queen Charlotte Sound. Photos: Frederic Pelsy

16

NZ M007 East Coast South Island

Location New Zealand, east coast of South Island


Area 36,889 km2



Hutton’s Shearwater GLS, GPS Seaward extension


Foraging, passage A1, A4ii EN

Wandering Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU

Antipodean Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU

Southern Royal Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU

Northern Royal Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 EN

White-capped Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 NT

Salvin’s Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii VU

Buller’s Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU

Campbell Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU

Black-browed Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 EN

Westland Petrel Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii VU

White-chinned Petrel Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU

Buller’s Shearwater Observations Passage A1 VU

Species group (multiple species including a number

not listed above)

Observations A4iii



(km2)


Clifford & Cloudy Bay Sanctuary Marine Mammal Protection 1,386 Protected area contained within site

17

Salvin’s Albatrosses, Kaikoura waters. Photo: Hadoram Shirihai

18

NZ M008 Kaikoura



Area 2,500 km2



Hutton’s Shearwater GLS, GPS Seaward extension



Spotted Shag 1 Seaward extension (16km),

observations

Foraging A4ii LC

Wandering Albatross Observations Foraging, passage





Salvin’s Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii VU

Buller’s Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU


Black-browed Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 EN



Buller’s Shearwater Observations Passage A1 VU

Black-billed Gull 2 Seaward extension (20km) Foraging (in-shore) A1 EN

Black-fronted Tern 3 Seaward extension (20km) Foraging, passage (non-

breeding)

A1 EN


not listed above)

Observations A4iii

1 Non-breeding population meets threshold

2 Breeding population at mouth of Clarence River

3 Non-breeding population only



(km2)


Te Korowai Marine Reserve Protected area contained within site

19

Hutton’s Shearwaters, Kaikoura. Photo: Dennis Buurman

20

NZ M09 West Coast South Island (North)

Location New Zealand, west coast of South Island

IBA criteria (see page 14) A1, A4ii

Area 438 km2



Westland Petrel GPS, GLS Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU

Spotted Shag Seaward extension (16km) Foraging A4ii LC



(km2)


Punakaiki Marine Reserve Protected area contained within site

21

NZ M010 Canterbury



Area 8,577 km2



Yellow-eyed Penguin Seaward extension (50km,

bathymetry (150m)

Foraging A1 EN

Spotted Shag Seaward extension (18km),

observations, aerial surveys


Hutton’s Shearwater GLS Seaward extension

(185km), observations,






Salvin’s Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU

Buller’s Albatross PTT Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU




Buller’s Shearwater GLS Observations Passage A1 VU

Little (White-flippered) Penguin Seaward extension (10km) Foraging (A4iii) LC

Black-billed Gull 1 Seaward extension (20km) Foraging (in-shore) A1 EN

Black-fronted Tern 1 Seaward extension (20km) Foraging (in-shore) A1 EN


not listed above)

A4iii

1 Included in Pegasus Bay Coast, Te Waihora and Ashburton River IBAs - which include coastal waters.


22


(km2)


Banks Peninsula Sanctuary Marine Mammal Protection 4,077 Protected area contained within site

Pohatu Flea Bay Marine Reserve 2.15 Protected area contained within site

23

NZ M011 North Otago

Location New Zealand,


Area 920 km2



Yellow-eyed Penguin 1 GPS Seaward extension (50km),

bathymetry (150m)


Stewart Island Shag Seaward extension (18km),

bathymetry (80m)

Foraging A1, A4ii VU

Sooty Shearwater GLS Observations Foraging, passage A1 NT

1 Congregations of Yellow-eyed Penguins have been observed in this area during non-breeding periods

NB: A number of other threatened species including Hutton’s Shearwater, White-capped, Salvin’s and Buller’s Albatross have been

observed regularly within this area.



(km2)


Nil

24

NZ M012 Dunedin Coast (includes Otago Harbour)



Area 1,467 km2


Species Tracking Data source Activity IBA criteria IUC

Yellow-eyed Penguin GPS Seaward extension (50km),

bathymetry (150m)



bathymetry (80m)


Northern Royal Albatross GPS, PTT Observations Passage, maintenance

behaviours

A1 EN

Sooty Shearwater GLS Observations Foraging, passage A1 NT

NB: A number of other species including Hutton’s Shearwater, White-capped, Salvin’s and Buller’s Albatross have been observed regu-

larly within this area.



(km2)


Nil

25

Northern Royal Albatross, off Taiaroa Head. Photo: Frederic Pelsy

Stewart Island Shag, off Taiaroa Head. Photo: Frederic Pelsy

26

NZ M013 South Otago



Area 1,050 km2



Yellow-eyed Penguin 1 Seaward extension (50km),

bathymetry (150m)



bathymetry (80m)


Sooty Shearwater Observations Foraging, passage A1, Aii NT

1 Congregations of Yellow-eyed Penguins have been observed in this area during non-breeding periods

NB: A number of other threatened species including Hutton’s Shearwater, White-capped, Salvin’s and Buller’s Albatross have been

observed regularly within this area.



(km2)


Catlins Coast (partial) Marine Mammal Protection 653.88 Protected area overlaps with site

27

NZ M014 Southern South Island



Area 14.930 km2



Yellow-eyed Penguin GPS, VHF Seaward extension (50km),

bathymetry (150m)



bathymetry (80m)

Foraging, passage A1, A4ii VU

Fiordland penguin Observations Foraging A1, A4ii VU

Northern Royal Albatross GPS, PTT Observations Foraging, passage A1 EN

White-capped Albatross GLS, PTT Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT

Salvin’s Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU

Buller’s Albatross GLS, PTT Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT

Hutton’s Shearwater GLS Observations Foraging, passage A1 EN

Sooty Shearwater GLS Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT

A4iii Species group (multiple species including a number

not listed above)



(km2)


Catlins Coast (partial) Marine Mammal Protection 653.88 Protected area overlaps with site

Sooty Shearwaters, Southern Ocean. Photo: Kim Westerskov

29

NZ M015 Rakiura



Area 7,811 km2



Yellow-eyed Penguin GPS Seaward extension (50km),

bathymetry (150m)

Local foraging, passage A1, A4ii EN

Fiordland Penguin Observations Foraging VU

Stewart Island Shag 1 Seaward extension (18km),

bathymetry (80m)


Northern Royal Albatross GPS, PTT Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii EN

Southern Royal Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii VU

Antipodean Albatross PTT Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii VU

White-capped Albatross GLS, PTT Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT

Salvin’s Albatross GLS Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii VU

Buller’s Albatross GLS, PTT Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT

Cook’s Petrel GLS Observations Passage A1 VU

Mottled Petrel GLS Observations Passage A1 NT

Sooty Shearwater GLS, GPS Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT


not listed above)

1 Included in Bluff Harbour Awarua Bay IBA.



(km2)


Ulva Island - Paterson Inlet Marine Reserve 10.75 Protected area contained within site

31

NZ M016 Fiordland - West Coast South Island (South)

Location New Zealand, west coast of South Island


Area 9,573 km2



Fiordland penguin 1 Seward extension (100km),

bathymetry, observations


Mottled Petrel GLS Passage A1 NT

Cook’s Petrel GLS Passage A1 VU

Sooty Shearwater Observations Local foraging, passage A1 NT

Northern Royal Albatross Observations Local foraging, passage A1 EN

Buller’s Albatross GPS, PTT Observations Local foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT

Salvin’s Albatross GLS Observations Local foraging, passage A1, A4ii VU


not listed above)

1 The offshore foraging for Fiordland Penguin has been limited to the 150m bathymetric contour , i. e. until distances range can be con-

firmed by tracking.



(km2)


Piopiotahi (Milford Sound), Te Awaatu Channel, Tai-

pari Roa (Elizabeth Island), Moana Uta (West Jacket

Arm), Taumoana (Five Fingers Peninsula), Te Tapuwae

o Hua (Long Sound)

Marine Reserve 42.85 Protected areas contained within

site

Te Wae Wae Bay Marine Mammal

Protection

348.84 Protected area contained within

site

33

NZ M017 Snares



Area 13,547 km2



Snares Penguin GPS Seaward extension

(100km)


Buller’s Albatross GLS, GPS, PTT Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT

Salvin’s Albatross GLS Observations Foraging, passage A1, (A4iii) VU

Chatham Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU

Sooty Shearwater Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT

Mottled Petrel Observations Passage A1, A4ii NT

Common Diving Petrel Seaward extension (35km) Foraging A4ii LC


not listed above)



(km2)


Nil

Snares Penguins, Snares Islands. Photo: Kim Westerskov

35

NZ M018 Auckland Islands



Area 26,485 km2



Southern Rockhopper Penguin Seaward extension

(100km)

Foraging A1 VU

Antipodean Albatross PTT Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii VU

Southern Royal Albatross Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU

White-capped Albatross GLS, PTT, GPS Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4iii NT

Light-mantled Albatross Observations Passage A1 NT


Sooty Shearwater Observations Foraging, passage A1 NT


not listed above)



(km2)


Auckland Islands / Motu Maha (partial) Marine Reserve 4,980 Protected area overlaps with site

Auckland Islands (partial) Marine mammal

protection

4,077 Protected area overlaps with site

37

NZ M019 Auckland Islands



Area 7,085 km2



Yellow-eyed penguin Seaward extension

(50km), bathymetry



(100km)

Foraging A1 VU

Auckland Island Shag Seaward extension (16km),

bathymetry (50m)


Southern Royal Albatross Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU

Antipodean Albatross PTT Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU

White-capped Albatross GLS, PTT Observations Foraging, passage A1, (A4iii) NT



Sooty Shearwater Observations Foraging, passage A1 NT


not listed above)



(km2)


Auckland Islands / Motu Maha (partial) Marine Reserve 4,980 Protected area overlaps with site

Auckland Islands (partial) Marine mammal protection 4,077 Protected area overlaps with site

Yellow-eyed Penguin, Auckland Islands. Photo: Kim Westerskov

39

NZ M20 Campbell Islands



Area 651 km2



Yellow-eyed Penguin Seaward extension (50km),

bathymetry (150m)


Erect-crested Penguin Seaward extension

(100km)

Passage A1, A4ii EN


(100km)

Passage A1 VU

Campbell Island Shag Seaward extension (16km),

bathymetry (50m)


Black-browed Albatross Observations Passage EN

Antipodean Albatross Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU

Southern Royal Albatross PTT Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU

Campbell Albatross PTT Observations Foraging/Passage A1, A4ii VU

Grey-headed Albatross PTT Observations Foraging/Passage A1, A4ii VU

White-chinned Petrel Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU


not listed above)



(km2)


Moutere Ihupuku/Campbell Island Marine Reserve 1,132.5 Protect area overlaps with site

41

NZ M21 Campbell



Area 30,649 km2




(100km)


Southern Rockhopper Penguin GPS Seaward extension

(100km)

Foraging A1 VU

Black-browed Albatross Observations Passage EN

Antipodean Albatross Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU

Southern Royal Albatross PTT, (GLS) Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU

Campbell Albatross GLS, PTT, GPS Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU

Grey-headed Albatross GLS, PTT, GPS Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU

White-chinned Petrel Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU

Grey Petrel Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT


not listed above)



(km2)


Moutere Ihupuku/Campbell Island Marine Reserve 1,132.5 Protect area overlaps with site

43

NZ M22 Antipodes



Area 31,390 km2





(100km)


Southern Rockhopper Penguin PTT Seaward extension

(100km)

Foraging A1 VU

Antipodean Albatross PTT Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii EN

Black-browed Albatross Observations Passage A1 VU

White-capped Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT



Grey Petrel GLS Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT


not listed above)

Erect-crested Penguins, Antipodes Islands. Photo: Karen Baird

44


(km2)


Moutere Mahue/Antipodes Island Marine Reserve 2,172.9 Protected area contained within site

45

NZ M23 Bounty Islands



Area 804 km2



Bounty Island Shag Seaward extension (16km),

bathymetry (50m), obser-

vations





Salvin’s Albatross (GLS) Passage A1, A4ii VU

Fulmar Prion (GLS) Passage A4ii LC


not listed above)



(km2)


Moutere Hauriri/Bounty Islands Marine Reserve 1,046.3 Protected area contained within site

Bounty Island Shag. Photo: Hadoram Shirihai

46

Salvin’s Albatrosses, Bounty Islands. Photo: Karen Baird

47

NZ M24 Bounty



Area 30,607 km2



Protected area Designation Area (km2) Relationship with IBA

Moutere Hauriri/Bounty Islands Marine reserve Protected area overlaps with site





Salvin’s Albatross (GLS) Observation Passage A1, A4ii VU

Chatham Petrel GLS Foraging, passage A1 CR

White-chinned petrel GLS Foraging, passage A1 VU

Grey Petrel GLS Foraging, passage A1 NT

Fulmar Prion (GLS) Passage A4ii LC


not listed above)

48

Erect-crested Penguins, Bounty Islands. Photo: Hadoram Shirihai

49

NZ M25 Chatham Islands



Area 7,288 km2



Chatham Shag Seaward extension (18km),

bathymetry (50m), observation


Pitt Island Shag (GPS) Seaward extension (18km),

observations


Magenta Petrel (Chatham Island Taiko) (GLS,

GPS, VHF)

Passage A1, A4ii CR

Chatham Petrel GLS Passage A1, A4ii CR

Northern Royal Albatross GLS, PTT Observations Passage A1, A4ii

Chatham Albatross GLS, PTT Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU

Buller’s Albatross Observations Passage A1, A4ii NT

Northern Giant Petrel Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT


Broad-billed Prion (GLS) Passage A4ii LC

White-faced Storm Petrel Observations Foraging, passage A4ii LC


not listed above)



Nil

50

Chatham Islands. Photo: Hadoram Shirihai

51

NZ M26 Chatham

Location New Zealand, Chatham Islands


Area 44,981 km2




Nil


Magenta Petrel (Chatham Island Taiko) GLS, GPS,

VHF

Foraging, passage A1, A4ii CR

Chatham Petrel GLS Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii CR

Northern Royal Albatross GLS, PTT Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii EN

Chatham Albatross GLS, PTT,

GPS

Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii VU

Buller’s Albatross GPS Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT

Northern Giant Petrel Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT

Grey Petrel GLS Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT


Broad-billed Prion (GLS) Seaward extension

(130km)


White-faced Storm Petrel Seaward extension

(35km)


Antipodean Albatross PTT Foraging, passage A1 VU

Wandering Albatross GLS, PTT Foraging, passage A1 VU

A4iii Species group (multiple species including a number not

listed above)

52

Chatham Albatross. Photo: Karen Baird

53

Species names (Common) Species names (Scientific) Pelagic Radii Source

Brown Noddy Anous stolidus N 60 BirdLife global radii foraging database

Black Noddy Anous tenuirostris N 35 Marchant & Higgins 1988 Ave range 15-30km, max 80km

Brown Skua Catharacta antarctica N 10 Provisional choice

Cape Petrel Daption capense Y

Antipodean Albatross Diomedea antipodensis Y

Southern Royal Albatross Diomedea epomophora Y

North Royal Albatross Diomedea sanfordi Y

Northern Royal Albatross Diomedea sanfordi Y

Southern Rockhopper Penguin Eudyptes chrysocome N 100 Tremblay & Cherel 1995, 2009, Sagar et al 2005

Fiordland Penguin Eudyptes pachyrhynchus N 100 Likely to be less - more coastal, also within fiords

Snares Penguin Eudyptes robustus N 100 Tracking available (GPS) (T. Mattern)

Erect-crested Penguin Eudyptes sclateri N 100

Little Penguin Eudyptula minor N 30 Provisional choice Tracking available - variety of sources (G Taylor, University of Auckland, University of Otago)

White-bellied Storm-petrel Fregetta grallaria N 100 Provisional choice

Black-bellied Storm-petrel Fregetta tropica N 100 Provisional choice

Black-billed Gull Larus bulleri N 20 Provisional choice

Southern Black-backed Gull Larus dominicanus N 20 Provisional choice

Red-billed Gull Larus scopulinus N 20 Provisional choice

Northern Giant Petrel Macronectes halli Y Some feeding close to breeding islands (i.e. scavenging)

Yellow-eyed Penguin Megadyptes antipodes N 50 (Ellenburg et al 2012) 0 -150m bathymetry Tracking availa-ble (GPS) (T. Mattern)

Australasian Gannet Morus serrator N 60 BirdLife global radii surrogate cape gannet Tracking availa-ble (GPS) (T. Dennis, M. Rayner; S. Ismar)

NZ Storm-petrel Oceanites maorianus N 35 Provisional choice

Grey-backed Storm-petrel Oceanites nereis N 100 Provisional choice

Fulmar Prion Pachyptila crassirostris N 130 Provisional choice

Antarctic Prion Pachyptila desolata N 130 Provisional choice

Fairy Prion Pachyptila turtur N 130 Provisional choice; tracking available (GLS)

Broad-billed Prion Pachyptila vittata N 130 Provisional choice

White-faced Storm-petrel Pelagodroma marina N 35 Provisional choice; at sea observations suggest up to 50kms

South Georgia Diving Petrel Pelecanoides georgicus N 20 Provisional choice

Common Diving Petrel Pelecanoides urinatrix N 20 Provisional choice; tracking available (GLS)

Red-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon rubricauda Y Birds often seen 'bathing' in vicinity of islands - maybe to clean of parasites, etc. after time on the nest

Campbell Island Shag Phalacrocorax campbelli N 18

NZ King Shag Phalacrocorax carunculatus N 25 Schuckard (2004, 2006) 0-50m bathymetry

Stewart Island Shag Phalacrocorax chalconotus N 18 C. Lalas pers. com. 0-80m bathymetry

Auckland Islands Shag Phalacrocorax colensoi N 16

Pitt Island Shag Phalacrocorax featherstoni N 16 Some tracking available (M. Bell)

TABLE 1: Suggested foraging radii for New Zealand seabirds. This table will be revised as tracking for smaller species be-

comes available.

54

Species names (Common) Species names (Scientific) Pelagic Radii Source

Little Shag Phalacrocorax melanoleucos N 5 Provisional choice

Chatham Island Shag Phalacrocorax onslowi N 18

Spotted Shag Phalacrocorax punctatus N 18 Range likely to be more than 18km laterally along coast; by-catch data

Bounty Island Shag Phalacrocorax ranfurlyi N 18

Pied Shag Phalacrocorax varius N 5 Provisional choice; close to shoreline/reefs/within estuaries and harbours

Light-mantled Albatross Phoebetria palpebrata Y

White-chinned Petrel Procellaria aequinoctialis Y

Grey Petrel Procellaria cinerea Y

Parkinson's Petrel Procellaria parkinsoni Y Tracking available (GLS & GPS)

Westland Petrel Procelleria westlandica Y BirdLife global radii Tracking available (GLS & GPS)

Grey Noddy Procelsterna cerulea N 35

Chatham Petrel Pterodroma axillaris Y Tracking available (geolocator)

White-necked Petrel Pterodroma cervicalis Y

Cook's Petrel Pterodroma cookii Y Large numbers of birds gather around LBI - likely predominatly non-breeders - out 15kms Tracking available (GLS)

Mottled Petrel Pterodroma inexpectata Y Tracking available (GLS)

White-headed Petrel Pterodroma lessonii Y

Grey-faced Petrel Pterodroma macroptera Y Tracking available (GLS & GPS)

Great-winged Petrel Pterodroma macroptera Y

Magenta Petrel Pterodroma magentae Y Tracking available (GLS)

Soft-plumaged Petrel Pterodroma mollis Y

Kermadec Petrel Pterodroma neglecta Y

Black-winged Petrel Pterodroma nigripennis Y Tracking available (GLS)

Pycroft's Petrel Pterodroma pycrofti Y Tracking available (GLS)

Bullers Shearwater Puffinus bulleri N Foraging extensive; rafting in vicinity of breeding islands Track-ing available (GLS and GPS(?))

Flesh-footed Shearwater Puffinus carneipes N 100 Provisional choice Tracking available (GLS)

Fluttering Shearwater Puffinus gavia N 30 Provisional choice Tracking available (GLS)

Sooty Shearwater Puffinus griseus Y Foraging extensive; flock-feeding and rafting in vicinity of breeding islands; tracking available (GLS)

Hutton's Shearwater Puffinus huttoni N 185 Provisional choice; foraging fairly extensive; flock-feeding and rafting in vicinity of breeding islands Tracking available (GLS)

Wedge-tailed Shearwater Puffinus pacificus Y * Foraging extensive; flock-feeding and rafting in vicinity of breeding islands

Little Shearwater Puffnus assimilus N 50 Provisional choice; tracking available (GLS)

Black-fronted Tern Sterna albastriata N 5 Provisional choice

Sooty Tern Sterna fuscata N 80 BirdLife global radii; foraging appears to be extensive; although flock-feeding observed in vicinity of breeding islands

White-fronted Tern Sterna striata N 35 Marchant & Higgins 1988

Antarctic Tern Sterna vittata N 6 BirdLife global radii surrogate arctic tern

NZ Fairy Tern Sternula davisae N 35 Marchant & Higgins 1988; likely more local than this - predomi-nantly estuarine/harbour habitat (Ismar et al 2012)

55

Species names (Common) Species names (Scientific)

Pelagic Radii Source

Masked Booby Sula dactylatra tasmani N 70 BirdLife global radii foraging database

Buller's Albatross Thalassarche bulleri Y

Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross Thalassarche carteri Y

Grey-headed Albatross Thalassarche chrysostoma Y

Chatham Albatross Thalassarche eremita Y

Campbell Albatross Thalassarche impavida Y

Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophrys Y

Salvin's Albatross Thalassarche salvini Y

White-capped Albatross Thalassarche steadi Y

57

Identifying marine IBAs for pelagic seabirds – work in progress

Areas for pelagic species are those marine areas remote from land where they regularly gather in large numbers, whether to feed or for other purposes. These areas usually coincide with specific oceanographic features, such as shelf-breaks, eddies, upwellings and convergence zones, and their biological productivity is invariably high. BirdLife’s Tracking Ocean Wanderers: global seabird tracking database comprises extensive data on distributions of seabirds at sea (originally for Procellariiformes – albatrosses and petrels), but more recently to include other seabirds collected from tracking devices deployed by research scientists. This database has proved to be a vital resource for the identification of marine IBAs relat-ing to non-breeding congregations, migratory bottlenecks and at-sea areas for pelagic species. The development of novel techniques for the analysis of data, particularly those from tracking devices, has involved input from a wide range of sea-bird experts.

The whole New Zealand EEZ is a globally important area for seabirds. There is a bewildering array of layers that seabirds utilise spatially and temporally. Foraging areas change through different stages of breeding. Most birds breed annually, some biennially, and at different times of the year. They can remain in New Zealand waters all year round, or migrate away for short or long periods. To date (February 2014) tracking data for only 17 species of New Zealand’s albatrosses and petrels has been entered into the Tracking Ocean Wanderers: global seabirds tracking database (http://www.seabirdtracking.org/). While this is an area of seabird research that is proliferating, the coverage of both species and study sites (ie. colonies where birds are tracked from) remains patchy. The resulting analysis for marine IBA purposes is in a formative state. Yet despite this, the picture that is emerging of how seabirds use New Zealand’s marine environment from the tracking studies (combined with other data) is a complex one.

From a conservation perspective, identifying a network of priority sites for their conservation is also a challenge but vital to ensure their future survival. BirdLife’s Marine e-Atlas, launched in 2012, is the first global inventory of these sites (http://maps.birdlife.org/marineIBAs/default.html). Marine IBAs must be seen as a living process. As new data is added to the tracking database, this will result in new areas being defined, with some existing areas modified. Researchers are urged to continue submitting datasets to the Tracking Ocean Wanderers: global seabirds tracking database, including non -Procellariiform tracking datasets (ie. penguins, gannets, boobies, shags (cormorants), gulls and terns).

A variety of other data could be utilised for marine IBA identification. Understanding the importance to seabirds of the waters of New Zealand’s EEZ requires knowledge of species diversity across a dynamic marine ecosystem from estuaries and harbours, to coastal waters, deeper shelf waters, to the edge of the continental shelf and deep pelagic waters far from land. Historically this understanding has been gained from boat-based observations of where birds congregate to feed at sea. In New Zealand waters the data sources for ship-based seabird observations are those made by J. Jenkins dur-ing inter-island (Pacific) and trans-Tasman voyages as master aboard Union Steam Ship Company vessels (Auckland Muse-um); sightings data collected by Kaikoura Encounter (Ocean Wings) skippers; by others during seabird bird-watching and research trips; and more latterly e-Bird entries and postings to BirdingNZ.net and Seabird-News internet groups. Further sightings have been made during aerial surveys; also by fisheries observers (counts of seabirds seen around vessels and from captures in long-line and trawl fisheries). To date (2014) there has not been an official attempt to centralise and standardise this data.

Global Positioning System (GPS) tags that provide fine-scale data-accurate points (to within metres) with reporting fre-quencies up to every second are increasingly used as devices become smaller and more efficient with battery life. Satellite tags (PTT) provide meso-scale data – regularly receiving position fixes (up to hourly) from a network of satellites for peri-ods of months or even years, and are accurate to between 1 and 25 km. Geolocator (GLS) tags provide large-scale data – one point every 12 hours with a battery life that can extend up to 5 years. Their small size makes them applicable to all but the smallest seabirds and they provide locations that are accurate to roughly 180 km.

58

Background

Important Bird Areas (IBAs) are identified using a standardized set of data-driven criteria and thresholds, which ensures that the approach can be used consistently worldwide (Fishpool et al, 2001). While IBAs have been used to identify priority sites for conservation in terrestrial environments for almost 30 years, their identification in the marine environment has only been advanced in a consistent way since 2004 and the methods for doing so continue to be reviewed and refined.

Approaches to identifying IBAs for seabirds during their time at colonies and in near-shore environments fits well within existing IBA identification methodologies. However, for many pelagic seabird species, the range and remoteness of their distributions during their time at-sea mean that new data sources and analytical approaches are required.

To assist the development of techniques to identify marine IBAs using tracking data, BirdLife organised a workshop at CNRS, Chize, France (2009) which reviewed techniques for analysis, defined the best approaches and identified some key considerations for assessing seabird tracking data against the IBA criteria and thresholds. The methods outlined here build on those established in the Chize workshop.

Applying IBA criteria

BirdLife IBA criteria ask for ‘regular presence’ and ‘threshold number of birds’ to be shown at a site for it to qualify as an IBA. The tracking analyses presented here aim to identify areas based on regular use by a high proportion of tracked trips. Using measures of the data’s representativeness, estimates and assessments a seabird’s population at a particular can be determined and used to assess whether sites qualify against IBA criteria and thresholds.

Data Types and Standardisation

Through the GPTD, data owners have made a large amount of tracking data available for a marine IBA analysis. However, this data has been collected for a wide range of purposes and using a range of remote tracking technologies. In order that analyses are consistent across the large geographic and taxonomic ranges in question, it is essential that these varied data inputs are standardised and comparable. The tracking data available to this process represent three data types: Global Positioning Systems (GPS), Platform Terminal Transponders (PPT) and Geolocators (GLS), each of which provide location data in a different format and require standardising in a particular way.

Raw PTT data were standardised as per the methods described in BirdLife (2004), this uses a speed filter to remove erro-neous locations. Mean velocities are calculated for each point based on a 4 point rolling window (following McConnell et al, 1992). A maximum realistic velocity is set (‘vmax’; in the cases of albatrosses and petrels is 100 km.hr-1) and, using the comparison of this value with the velocity of each point, as well as the location accuracy value provided by the satellite service provider, the least realistic locations are removed iteratively until only those with a velocity less than ‘vmax’ re-mained. These data are resampled to represent hourly locations.

GPS data have a much higher accuracy than PTT tracking devices; therefore all GPS points are retained. These devices are often duty cycled (programmed to switch on and off at regular intervals resulting in stochastic data), so data are resampled to represent hourly locations.

GLS devices generate data that are less accurate than other platforms (mean error of 186km), provide only two fixes per day and suffer from problems defining latitude values during equinoxes (Phillips et al, 2005). Accuracy can be improved with the use of Sea Surface Temperature loggers or by manual interpretation and analysis of the raw light level data (Shaffer et al, 2005) and so, optimally, processing is done by the data’s collector. For these reasons GLS data are processed and standardised by the owners prior to their inclusion in the analysis.

Creating Data Groups

Distributions vary between seabird species, colonies and stages of the annual and life cycles. So that these variations can be adequately captured within the marine IBA analysis it is important that each combination is analysed separately. Data are therefore aggregated into ‘data groups’ based on species, colony/capture site and stage of the life cycle prior to analysis.

Because PTT and GPS data are comparable (at least at the scales of movements being considered here) they are combined and analysed together. The greater accuracy of these devices allows datagroups to be created for specific stages of birds’ lifecycles (defined as: pre-laying, incubation, brooding, post-guard, non-breeding).

Methods for converting seabird tracking data into marine IBAs

59

Due to the larger location error in GLS data, these are treated separately. During non-breeding migrations, movements are sufficiently large to discern trips from GLS data. However, during breeding the error in the locations are, in some cases, as large as the movements to and from the colony. Consequently, splitting the data into separate foraging trips and into breeding stages during this time is not possible and so, while non-breeding GLS data can be analysed using the following methods, an alternative approach is required for breeding data.

Splitting to trips

Sites are identified based on the proportions of trips choosing to use a site. To assess this, it is necessary to split tracking data into individual trips (each trip is treated as a separate sampling occasion). For GPS and PTT data, trips are defined as any occasion where the tracked individual travelled from the colony for more than 12 hours and reached a distance greater than 25km. For non-breeding data, trips were defined as the time from when the bird left the colony until the first time it returns (this excludes pre-egg exodus but sometime includes failed breeders during the breeding season).

Splitting to trips in this way often creates multiple trips from a single individual’s movements and because site fidelity has been shown in seabird foraging destinations (Weimerskirch, 2007; Hamer et al, 2001) this may cause pseudo -replication and bias in analyses. To avoid the effects of this, for each data group the variance between multiple trips from an individual were compared with multiple trips from multiple individuals using a Mann-Whitney U test. Where the Mann-Whitney U test found that variance within an individual was significantly lower than between individuals (p=0.25), pseudo-replication was said to be apparent and only a single randomly selected trip from each individual was used in further analyses. Where the Mann-Whitney U test showed the data not to be significantly pseudo-replicated all trips were used.

Scale of interaction and assessing core or passage use areas

Sites are identified for two ecological patterns, ‘core use areas’ and ‘passage use areas’, these are identified separately because they represent different behaviour and have different management implications. Kernel Density Estimation (KDE; a measure of the proportion of time spent by an individual in an area) and Buffered triplines are used to identify each of these. KDE identify the area where each trip spent most of its time, and buffers are used to signify when birds are travel-ling in suitably close proximity for it to be considered a ‘passage corridor’. Both of these metrics rely on a spatial scale.

Pinaud and Weimerskirch (2005) used First Passage Time analysis (FPT; a measure of the time taken for a bird to cross a circle of a given radius) to determine the scale at which each tracked individual was interacting with the environment. So that spatial scale is not set arbitrarily, a similar approach is used here. FPT values are calculated for each trip at a number of spatial scales and the scale with the highest log variance is considered the appropriate scale for the trip. This value is aver-aged across the datagroup and this is the value used in further analyses.

In the case of GLS data, scales of seabird/environment are assumed to be less than the error in locations. For this reason, the appropriate scale used for GLS analysis defaults to 186km, i.e. the error of the device (Phillips et al, 2004).

To determine ‘core use areas’ KDE is applied to each trip individually using the datagroup’s appropriate scale, as defined above using FPT. The most dense 50% of the distribution is calculated from this (the 50%UD) and is designated as the core area relevant to that trip. The process is repeated for every trip in the datagroup and the number and proportion of these falling within each cell (in a tenth of a degree grid) are calculated.

To determine ‘passage use areas’ each trip is converted to triplines making the assumption that birds travelled in a straight line between fixes. Triplines are then buffered using the appropriate scale, as defined above using FPT. As with the core use analysis, these buffered lines are then overlain and counted within a grid.

The resultant counts illustrate areas used as core or passage by multiple trips and, by applying thresholds to these counts, sites may be identified.

Identifying sites, and applying IBA criteria

Following extensive testing and consultation with seabird researchers, it was decided that any area shown to be a ‘core use area’ for greater than 10% of the population should be considered as ‘regularly used by significant abundances of birds’ and, therefore qualify. Similarly, any area shown to be used for passage by more than 75% of the population is considered an important passage corridor and should also qualify (the higher threshold is indicative of a lower ecological sensitivity during passage).

Both qualifications do, however, depend on the datagroup representing the wider population and in some cases this may not be the case, allowing incomparable areas to qualify. This is particularly true when tracked sample sizes are small or unrepresentative. To account for this, higher thresholds are applied when data is not fully representative.

60

Fig.1: Determining the representivity value (in this case 96%) of a datagroup of Buller’s Albatross from the Snares colony, New Zealand during the Post-Guard stage of its lifecycle.

To assess how representative each datagroup is, an analytical approach looking at how distributions change with increased sample sizes is applied. This approach is hereafter termed ‘bootstrapping’ as it randomly selects 1:n trip samples and boot-straps each to account for the random selection. For every sample size (from 1 to n trips) the bootstrapping calculates the 50% UD for the sample, and the proportion of the non-sampled trips that falls within this UD area. The result indicates how much each trip adds to the distribution and how inclusion increases with sample size. When the rate of increase decreases to 0, (i.e. when adding new samples simply replicate distributions already sampled) the data group is assumed to fully rep-resent the population.

By fitting a non-linear regression to these results it is possible to calculate this asymptote value (i.e. predict the sample size of a completely representative datagroup) and this is compared with the value met by the datagroup itself to determine the degree to which it is complete. This comparison is made as a percentage, and this value can be used as a measure of its representativeness (this is a similar approach to that applied to species discovery curves, Bebber et al, 2007; and chick growth rates, Schekerman et al, 2003). See fig 1 for an example.

Once each datagroup has been assessed and their representativeness value calculated, datagroups are binned into groups depending on the result. Groups were again defined following extensive consultation and testing. If a datagroup sample size is less than 15 then it was deemed not appropriate for a marine IBA analysis. Similarly if the bootstrapping result was less than 70% this was also deemed to be the case. The rest of the datagroups were scored as; poor, medium or good de-pending on both sample size and representativeness. See table 1 for a breakdown.

Bin Representative Value UD Threshold Buff Threshold

NA <70 None None

Poor <80 > 20%

Medium <90 >12.5%

Good <100 <10%

Table 1: showing thresholds for determining datagroup bins in relation to sample size and representativeness.

Each bin corresponds to an appropriate threshold value and this is applied to both the counts of ‘core use areas’ and ‘passage use areas’. All areas above these thresholds qualify as potential marine IBAs. All sites identified for species catego-rised as Vulnerable, Endangered or Critically Endangered on the IUCN Redlist qualify for IBA criterion A1.

To apply IBA criterion A4 overall population estimates are needed for each site to determine if IBA thresholds (any site holding >1% of a global population ) have been met. This relies on the bootstrapping results, and assigns a proportion of the overall population represented by the tracked population (hereafter called a ‘population factor’). The maximum and mini-mum Buffer and KDE counts are determined for each site and, using the population factor and an estimate of the wider population, minimum and maximum site abundances are calculated. Sites shown to hold > 1% of the global population quali-fied for A4 criterion. Final boundaries were determined by merging all overlapping sites so that the resultant area was the largest site necessary to adequately cover all species and populations during all life history stages triggering the area.

61

Identifying marine IBAs for pelagic seabirds

Top: The accuracy of devices providing the tracking data calculated from an underlying layer to inform pelagic marine IBA identification. Tracking data from Geolocator devices were given a low accuracy while data from GPS or PTT devices re-ceived a high accuracy, higher device accuracy data was considered more favourably when defining pelagic marine IBAs boundaries.

Bottom: Species diversity was calculated from tracking data as an underlying layer to inform pelagic marine IBA identifica-tion. Different species assemblages were considered when defining pelagic marine IBAs boundaries.

62

Top: The number of times that a tracking dataset triggered IBA criteria was counted, and used as an underlying layer to

inform pelagic marine IBA identification. Areas where tracking data repeatedly triggered IBA criteria were considered

more favourably when defining pelagic marine IBAs boundaries.

Bottom: The number of unique years for which tracking data was available was counted, and used as an underlying layer

to inform pelagic marine IBA identification. The temporal range of supporting tracking data was considered when defining

pelagic marine IBAs boundaries.

63

Tracking data A summary of tracking data used for identification of Marine IBAs around New Zealand is provided in Table 3. New

Zealand data providers with datasets currently in the Ocean Wanderers Global Seabird (Procellariiform) Tracking Database

are: E. Bell (Wildlife Management International), L. Deppe (University of Canterbury), M.J. Rayner (Auckland Museum/

University of Auckland), C. Robertson (Wild Press), Jean-Claude Stahl (Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa), P.

Sagar (NIWA), D. Thompson (NIWA), L. Torres (NIWA), K. Walker (Albatross Research), G. Elliott (Albatross Research), G.

Taylor (DOC), P. Scofield (Canterbury Museum), A. Freeman (Lincoln University), K-J. Wilson (Lincoln University), T.

Landers (Auckland Council), S. Waugh (Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa), B. Thomas (Massey University).

Also, D. Nicholls (Australia), R.A. Phillip (British Antarctic Survey, UK), S. Shaffer (San Jose State University, USA), H.

Weimerskirch (CEB CNRS, France).

Global Seabird (Procellariiform) Tracking Database This database, bringing together data from a range of seabird species and families, has been made possible entirely

though the unique collaboration of seabird scientists from around the world. The website has been developed to build

links between data owners and their data, as well as provide tools to support data submission and standardising as well as

to foster further seabird conservation work.

http://www.seabirdtracking.org/

Data can be searched and viewed (subject to owner's permissions) within the site, but actual access to tracking data is

restricted within a request process. Data contributors are provided with direct access to their data via profile pages, where

their data can be searched, edited and downloaded. If you have data to submit but are not yet a registered user please

click on the profile page and you will be directed accordingly.

64

Candidate marine IBAs for pelagic species Each pelagic marine e-atlas site can be interrogated using the Marine e-atlas - see http://maps.birdlife.org/marineIBAs/

default.html

80

Common name

Cat Pop. size (mature inds)

Pop. size (inds)

1% Glob-al pop

Year Population justification

Southern Rockhopper Penguin

VU 1000000-2499999

500000-999999

10000 2010 The population is estimated at just over 1.23 million pairs (Birdlife International 2010). The Falkland Islands (Malvinas), with 55 distinct breeding colonies, had a total of 210,418 breeding pairs in 2005. Isla de los Estados (Argentina) had 173,793 in 1998. In Chile, there are large colo-nies on Isla Diego Ramirez (132,721 pairs in 2002), Isla Noir (158,200 pairs in 2005) and Isla Ildefonso (86,400 pairs in 2006). In the Indian Ocean there are populations on the Prince Edward Islands (80,000 pairs in 2008/2009 [Crawford et al. 2009]) (South Africa), Crozet Is-lands (152,800 pairs in 1982), Kerguelen Islands (85,500 pairs in 1985) (French Southern Terri-tories) and Heard Island (10,000 pairs in 1987) (Heard and McDonald Islands [to Australia]). There are also significant populations on Campbell Island (51,000 pairs in 1986) (New Zealand) and Macquarie (37,500 pairs in 2007) (Australia) (BirdLife International 2010). Several popula-tions have experienced major long-term population crashes. Approximately 1.5 million pairs are estimated to have been lost from Campbell Island (94% of the original total) between 1942 and 1986 (Cunningham and Moors 1994), and the Falkland Islands (Malvinas) population fell by around 1.4 million pairs between 1932 and 2005 (87% of the original total) (Pütz et al. 2003). Several other sites appear to have suffered severe declines. Between 1994/1995 and 2008/2009, numbers at Marion Island decreased by about 70%, from 160,000 pairs to 42 000 pairs (Crawford et al. 2009). Population modelling, based on those breeding sites that have been accurately surveyed, indicates that over the past 37 years (three generations) the num-ber of Southern Rockhopper Penguins has declined by 34% (BirdLife International 2010).

Fiordland Penguin

VU 5000-6000 50 2000 The population has been estimated at c.5,000-6,000 mature individuals (McLean 1997).

Snares Penguin

VU 62000 93000 620 2010 A survey in 2010 found 25,905 nests on North-East Island and 5,161 nests on Broughton (J. Hiscock. 2012), suggesting that there are c.31,000 pairs, or c.62,000 mature individuals. This is assumed to equate to a total population of c.93,000 individuals.

Erect-crested Penguin

EN 130000-140000

195000-210000

1300 2011 The total population is estimated at 130,000-140,000 mature individuals, based on estimates of 26,000 breeding pairs on the Bounty Islands in 2011 and 41,000 pairs on the Antipodes Is-lands in 2011 (J. Hiscock in litt. 2012). Based on the assumption that mature individuals account for around 2/3 of the total population, there are estimated to be c.195,000-210,000 individuals.

Little Penguin

LC 500000-1000000

5000 1992 The global population size has not been quantified, but the population in Australia is estimat-ed as under 1,000,000 individuals (del Hoyo et al. 1992).

Yellow-eyed Penguin

EN 3500-4200 5900-7000

350 2000 Moore (1992) estimated a total population of 5,930-6,970 birds in 1988/1989, comprising 3,560-4,180 breeders and 2,370-2,790 non-breeders (McKinlay 2001).

Southern Royal Alba-tross

VU 27200 272 2008 The Campbell population is estimated at 7,855 breeding pairs between 2004-2008 (ACAP 2009). In 2001, 69 pairs were present on Enderby (Childerhouse et al. 2003), and c.20 breed on Auckland and Adams Islands combined (Croxall and Gales 1998). An estimate of c7,900 annual breeding pairs is equivalent to c.27,200 mature individuals, based on the ratio used by Croxall and Gales (1998).

Antipodean Albatross

VU 44500 445 2009 ACAP (2009).

Northern Royal Alba-tross

EN 17000 25000-26000

170 1991 The largest population (99%) is on the Chatham Islands, with 1% of the population on Taiaroa Head, on the mainland of South Island, New Zealand. There has not been a successful run of annual photographs over the past 8 years to enable updated estimates of the breeding popu-lation of this biennial breeder (C. J. R. Robertson 2008). However, air photographic counts on the Chatham Islands in the 1970s (1972-1975)and 1990s (1989-1991) recorded a total of 6,500-7,000 total breeding pairs. The number of pairs breeding each year was estimated as 5,200 pairs, based on a count in 1995. This is equivalent to a total population of 17,000 mature indi-viduals. A count in 2002 recorded 5,800 pairs on the Chatham Islands (counted at the end of egg laying), with a probable 1,700 pairs on sabbatical after breeding in the previous season (C. J. R. Robertson in litt.2008). However, since the estimate of 17,000 mature individuals is based on data from multiple years, this is the estimate used here. It roughly equates to 25,000-26,000 individuals in total. Around.25 pairs breed each year at Taiaroa Head, including five hybrids (descended from cross with female Southern Royal Albatross D. epomophora. Two individuals of D. sanfordi, both breeding with D. epomophora partners, have been recorded on Enderby Island.

Light-mantled Albatross

NT 58000 87000 580 1998 Information on population status and trend is most well known on Possession Island (Crozet Islands), where there were 916 pairs in 2006 (Delord et al. 2008) There are c.1,949 pairs in the Crozet group, 1,250 pairs on Macquarie Island (ACAP 2012), 5,000-7,500 pairs on South Geor-gia, 3,000-5,000 pairs on Kerguelen, c.5,000 pairs on the Auckland Islands, at least 1,600 pairs on Campbell Island, 170 pairs on the Antipodes Islands, 200-500 pairs on Heard Island (Croxall and Gales 1998; Taylor 2000), and 350 pairs on Marion Island and 129 pairs on Prince Edward Island (ACAP 2012). The total annual breeding population is estimated at 19,000-24,000 pairs, roughly equivalent to 58,000 mature individuals (and 87,000 individuals in total) in this bienni-ally breeding species - Croxall and Gales (1998) estimated c. 21,600 pairs.

Table 2 Global populations for New Zealand breeding seabirds (BirdLife International).

81

Common name


Pop. size (inds)

1% Glob-al pop


Buller's Albatross

NT 64000 640 1999 The estimated annual breeding population is 31,939 pairs, made up of 8,877 pairs on the Snares Islands, 4,912 pairs on the Solander Islands, 16,000 pairs on the Forty-Fours, 2,130 pairs on Big and Little Sister Islands in the Chatham Island group, and 20 pairs on Rosemary Rock, Three Kings Islands off North Island.

Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross

EN 83160 160000 832 2010 The total population is estimated at 41,580 pairs per year, equating to 83,160 mature individu-als, and perhaps more than 160,000 individuals of all age classes, using the ratios presented by Gales (1998).

Grey-headed Albatross

EN 250000 350000 2500 2012 There are an estimated c.95,000 pairs breeding per year of this biennially breeding species, based on annual breeding population estimates of 47,674 pairs on South Georgia in 2004 (Poncet et al. 2006), 17,187 pairs in Chile in 2003 (Robertson et al. 2007), 7,905 pairs on Ker-guelen in 1985 (Weimerskirch et al. 1988), 7,800 pairs on Campbell Island (Moore 2004), 6,709 pairs on Marion Island in 2013 (ACAP unpubl. data), 5,946 on Crozet in 1982 (Jouventin et al. 1984), 2,000 pairs on Prince Edward Island in 2009 (Ryan et al. 2009) and 69 pairs on Macquar-ie Island in 2013 (ACAP unpubl. data). This is thought to be equivalent to at least 250,000 ma-ture individuals (Croxall and Gales 1998, Brooke 2004).

Chatham Albatross

VU 11000 16000 110 2007 Ground counts between 1999-2003 revealed c.5,300 occupied sites (Robertson et al. 2003), and further counts in 2007 and 2010 gave similar figures (5,247 and 5,245 occupied sites, re-spectively) (Robertson in litt. 2008, Fraser et al.2011). This gives a total estimated global popu-lation of c.11,000 mature individuals, roughly equating to c.16,000 individuals in total.

Campbell Albatross

VU 49000 490 1997 The breeding population is estimated to number 24,600 pairs, based on surveys from 1995-1997.

Black-browed Albatross

NT 1150000 2100000 11500 2010 The annual breeding population in the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) was estimated at 475,500-535,000 pairs in 2010 (Wolfaardt 2012). In Chile there were 55,000 pairs on Diego Ramirez in 2003, 58,000 pairs on Ildefonso in 2012 (Robertson et al. 2013), and 15,500 pairs on Diego de Almagro in 2002 (Lawton et al.2003). If an assumption is made that the South Geor-gia (Georgias del Sur) population is declining at the same rate as the colony on Bird Island (c.4% pa) then the population there may have declined to c.56,000 pairs by 2012 (ACAP un-publ. data). There are an estimated c.5,800 pairs in other populations (Antipodes, Campbell, Heard and MacDonald, Crozet, Kerguelen, Macquarie, Snares; ACAP unpubl. data), giving a total of c.700,000 pairs (1,400,000 mature individuals), very roughly equating to 2,100,000 individuals.

Salvin's Albatross

VU 61500 90000 615 1998 Clark (1998) estimated 30,750 breeding pairs on the Bounty Islands, which represents 99% of the global population; this is equivalent to 61,500 mature individuals, or roughly 90,000 total individuals.

White-capped Albatross

NT 200000 100000-499999

2000 2012 The annual breeding population was estimated at 100,501 pairs in 2012, but in recent years estimates have ranged from as high as 116,025 pairs in 2006 and as few as 73,838 in 2009. The 2012 estimate equates to c.201,000 mature individuals, but this species is now considered to be a biennial breeder, meaning that the total population may in fact be much larger.

White-bellied Storm-petrel

LC 300000 3000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to number around 300,000 individuals.

Black-bellied Storm-petrel

LC 500000 5000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to number around 500,000 individuals.

Grey-backed Storm-petrel

LC 200000 2000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to potentially number over 200,000 individu-als.

New Zealand Storm-petrel

CR 1000-2000 10 2014 Captures on Little Barrier Island in 2013 and 2014 (ie. since the discovery of their breeding) and the consequent lack of recaptures appears to indicate reasonable sized population. 1000-2000 individuals is a preliminary estimate (Rayner et al unpubl.)

White-faced Storm-petrel

LC 4000000 40000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to number at least 4,000,000 individuals.

South Geor-gia Diving-petrel

LC 15000000 150000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to number around 15,000,000 individuals.

Common Diving-petrel

LC 16000000 160000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to exceed 16,000,000 individuals.

Cape Petrel LC 2000000 20000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to exceed 2,000,000 individuals.

Fulmar Prion LC 150000-300000

150 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global breeding population to number 50,000-100,000 pairs, equating to 150,000-300,000 individuals.

Antarctic Prion

LC 50000000 500000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to number around 50,000,000 individuals.

Fairy Prion LC 5000000 50000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to number around 5,000,000 individuals.

Broad-billed Prion


White-chinned Petrel

VU 3000000 30000 2012 A global population of 1,200,000 breeding pairs, down from 1,430,000 pairs in the 1980s, is estimated based on figures from 1985-2011. This equates to an estimated global population of c.3 million mature individuals, based on the estimated number of breeding pairs extrapolated according to a ratio from Brooke (2004).

82

Common name


Pop. size (inds)

1% Glob-al pop


Grey Petrel NT 400000 4000 2004 Figures suggest a very tentative world population around 400,000 individuals, a figure that could be incorrect by a factor of 2-3 either way (Brooke 2004). A tally of the most recent fig-ures, points to at least 80,000 pairs worldwide, but this figure is thought to be only a rough estimate.

Parkinson's Petrel

VU 3300 5000 33 2011 The total population is c.1,300 pairs on Great Barrier Island and c.100 breeding pairs on Little Barrier Island (Bell et al. 2011), with an estimated total of c.5,000 individuals including non-breeding birds. This is roughly equivalent to 3,300 mature individuals.

Westland Petrel

VU 10700 16000 107 2011 The population numbered c.20,000 individuals (roughly equivalent to 13,000 mature individu-als) in 1982 and has remained stable, with c. 2,000 pairs breeding annually. The most recent population study has produced an estimate of 2,827 annual breeding pairs (95% CI: 2,143-3,510) (B. Baker in litt. 2012). Scattered burrows exist throughout the 16-km breeding area and populations in these areas may have been underestimated by up to 10%. On the basis of this information, the breeding population is not thought to exceed 4,000 annual breeding pairs (B. Baker in litt. 2012). Based on this upper estimate of c.8,000 birds breeding each year, and assuming that 25% of breeding age birds may skip breeding in any one year (as derived from long-term data sets on similar species), there are probably c.10,700 mature individuals (B. Baker in litt. 2012), assumed to equate to a total population of c.16,000 individuals.

Chatham Petrel

EN 1100 1400 11 2010 Based on an age at first breeding of three years, and an estimate that at least 75% of birds will be over three years old, the latest total population estimate from 2010 of c.1,400 individuals probably includes c.1,100 mature individuals (G. Taylor 2012).

White-necked Petrel

VU 100000 150000 1000 1988 The total population has been estimated at c.100,000 mature individuals, roughly equivalent to 150,000 total individuals.

Cook's Petrel VU 670000 6700 2008 M. Rayner estimates over 650,000 mature individuals on Little Barrier in 2007 and c.15,000 mature individuals on the Codfish Islands in 2008, thus the total population estimate is round-ed to c.670,000 mature individuals.

Mottled Petrel

NT 1500000 15000 2004 Brooke (2004)

White-headed Petrel

LC 600000 6000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to number around 600,000 indviduals.

Great-winged Petrel


Magenta Petrel

CR 80-100 150-200 8 2012 In 2012, the total population was estimated to number around 150-200 individuals, including 80-100 mature individuals (G. Taylor in litt. 2012).

Soft-plumaged Petrel

LC 5000000 50000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to number at least 5,000,000 individuals.

Kermadec Petrel

LC 150000-200000

1500 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to number 150,000-200,000 individuals.

Black-winged Petrel

LC 8000000-10000000

80000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to number 8,000,000-10,000,000 individuals.

Pycroft's Petrel

VU 12000-22000 30000-40000

20 2012 The total breeding population is estimated at 5,000-10,000 pairs, equating to 12,000-22,000 mature individuals, within a total population of 30,000-40,000 individuals (G. Taylor in litt. 2012).

Little Shearwater

LC 900000 9000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to number over 900,000 individuals.

Buller's Shearwater

VU 2500000 25000 1990 The total population is estimated at 2.5 million birds (Marchant and Higgins 1990), although this is now likely to be too high (G. Taylor in litt. 2012).

Flesh-footed Shearwater

LC 650000 6500 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to number c.650,000 individuals. The Lord Howe island population has been estimated at c.20,000-40,000 breeding pairs, although anec-dotal reports suggest that this population has declined in recent years. National population sizes have been estimated at c.25,000-50,000 breeding pairs in New Zealand (del Hoyo 1992) and c.1,000 individuals on migration in Korea (Brazil 2009).

Fluttering Shearwater

LC 100000 1000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to number at least 100,000 individuals.

Sooty Shear-water

NT 20000000 200000 2004 The global population is roughly estimated to number c.20,000,000 individuals (Brooke, 2004), while national population estimates include: c.100-10,000 breeding pairs, c.50-1,000 individuals on migration and c.50-1,000 wintering individuals in China 1,000 individuals on migration in Japan and c.1,000 individuals on migration in Russia (Brazil 2009).

Hutton's Shearwater

EN 300000-350000

3000 2004 Cuthbert and Davis (2002) estimated 106,000 breeding pairs, and Brooke (2004) estimated a total population of 300,000-350,000 individuals.

Wedge-tailed Shearwater

LC 5200000 52000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to number 5,200,000 individuals, while nation-al population sizes have been estimated at c.50-10,000 individuals on migration in Taiwan and c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration in Japan (Brazil 2009).

83

Common name


Pop. size (inds)

1% Glob-al pop


Red-tailed Tropicbird

LC 32000 320 2009 The global population is estimated to number c.32,000 individuals (del Hoyo et al), while the population of Japan has been estimated c.100 breeding pairs and c.50 individuals on migration (Brazil 2009).

Australasian Gannet

LC 110000 1100 2009

Masked Booby

LC 0 The global population size has not been quantified, but this species is described as 'fairly com-mon' (Stotz et al. (1996).

Campbell Island Shag

VU 8000 80 1997 In 1975, the population was estimated at c.2,000 pairs or 8,000 birds (Marchant and Higgins 1990, Heather and Robertson 1997). However, the breeding season may be quite prolonged and staggered between colonies, and therefore the census may have underestimated num-bers (P. Moore in litt.1999), so the number of individuals may be a more reasonable reflection of the breeding population. Nevertheless, a more up-to-date population estimate is required for this species.

Great Cormo-rant

LC 1400000-2900000

14000 2009 The global population is estimated to number c.1,400,000-2,900,000 individuals (Wetlands International 2006), while national population estimates include c.1,000 wintering individuals in China; c.100-10,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000 wintering individuals in Korea; c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.10,000 wintering individuals in Japan and possibly c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration in Russia (Brazil 2009).

New Zealand King Shag

VU 250-999 350-1500 3 2002 The population between 1992 and 2002 has been estimated at c.645 birds, including 102-126 breeding pairs, hence a population of 250-999 mature individuals is assigned here. This equates to 375-1,499 individuals in total, rounded here to 350-1,500 individuals.

Stewart Island Shag

VU 3300-5300 5000-8000

33 1994 Population estimates have varied, although the population may be as high as 5,000-8,000 individuals (C. Lalas 1994). This is roughly equivalent to 3,300-5,300 mature individuals.

Auckland Islands Shag

VU 3000 4500 30 2011 Although the population was thought to number fewer than 1,000 individuals, surveys in 1988 and 1989 indicated 475 nests in 11 colonies on Enderby, one colony of 62 nests on Rose, and 306 nests on Ewing. A boat-based survey of Enderby Island carried out in 2011 counted 1,366 active nests in 10 colonies (J. Hiscock 2012). Based on these data, a population of c.3,000 ma-ture individuals is estimated, although a more up-to-date estimate of numbers in other colo-nies is needed (J. Hiscock 2012). On the basis of the estimated number of mature individuals, there are assumed to be c.4,500 individuals in total.

Pitt Island Shag

EN 1094 1400 11 2004 A total of 547 pairs (=1,094 mature individuals; 1,400 estimated total individuals) were count-ed in the second complete census over the 2003-2004 breeding season.

Little Pied Cormorant

LC 51000-1100000

510 2009

Little Cormorant

LC 280000-350000

2800 2009

Chatham Islands Shag

CR 720 1070 7 2011 A census carried out in 2011 counted 357 breeding pairs (M. Bell 2012), presumably equating to 714 mature individuals and c.1,070 individuals in total.

Spotted Shag LC 35000-150000

350 2009

Bounty Islands Shag

VU 410 620 4 2005 The population is estimated to number at least 620 individuals, roughly equating to 410 ma-ture individuals (R. Hitchmough in litt. 2005).

Little Black Cormorant

LC 110000-1000000

1100 2009

Large Pied Cormorant (Pied Shag)

LC 35000-1000000

350 2009 In New Zealand M. Bell (2012) reviewed census data for <1970, 1980-1990 and >2000 and esti-mated 1796 breeding pairs (c. 5400 individuals) for North, South and Stewart Islands. The Large Pied Cormorant (Pied Shag) also breeds in Australia.

Brown Skua LC 6000-15000 10000-19999

100 2009 The population is placed in the band 10,000-19,999 individuals, equating to 6,667-13,333 ma-ture individuals, rounded here to 6,000-15,000 mature individuals.

Black Noddy LC 160000-1100000

1600 2009

Brown Nod-dy

LC 180000-1100000

1800 2009 The global population is estimated to number c.180,000-1,100,000 individuals (Wetlands Inter-national 2006), while national population sizes have been estimated at c.100-10,000 breeding pairs and c.50-1,000 individuals on migration in Taiwan and c.100-10,000 breeding pairs and c.50-1,000 individuals on migration in Japan (Brazil 2009).

Common White Tern

LC 150000-1100000

1500 2009

Black-billed Gull

EN 90000 900 1998 The most complete nationwide census was carried out in 1996-1997 (G. A. Taylor per R. Coumbe in litt. 2000, and counted 48,000 nests (Powlesland 1998), thus the number of ma-ture individuals is estimated to be 96,000; however, more up-to-date survey data are re-quired.

Caspian Gull LC 0 Global population size is unknown owing to recent taxonomic splits.

84

Common name


Pop. size (inds)

1% Glob-al pop


Kelp Gull LC 3300000-4300000

33000 2009 The population is estimated to number 3,300,000-4,300,000 individuals.

Red-billed Gull

LC 100000-1000000

1000 2009

Blue Noddy LC 27000-120000

270 2009 The population is estimated to number 27,000-120,000 individuals, including totals for Procelsterna albivitta.

Black-fronted Tern

EN 2500-9999 2500-9999

25 2007 In 2004, the New Zealand Department of Conservation estimated 1,000-5,000 mature individ-uals of this species (R. Hitchmough in litt. 2006), and a winter census in 2007 estimated c.5,000 individuals M. Bell in litt. 2012). Another estimate has put the total population at 7,000-10,000 individuals (R. Keedwell in litt. 2006), roughly equivalent to 4,600-6,700 mature individ-uals. Based on these estimates, the population is placed in the band for 2,500-9,999 mature individuals.

Caspian Tern LC 240000-420000

2400 2009 The global population is estimated to number c.240,000-420,000 individuals (Wetlands Inter-national 2006), while national population estimates include: c.50-1,000 individuals on migra-tion and c.50-1,000 wintering individuals in China; c.50-1,000 individuals on migration and c.50-1,000 wintering individuals in Taiwan; c.50 individuals on migration and c.50 wintering indi-viduals in Japan and c.100-10,000 breeding pairs and c.50-1,000 individuals on migration in Russia (Brazil 2009).

Sooty Tern LC 21000000-22000000

210000 2009 The global population is estimated to number c.21,000,000-22,000,000 individuals (Wetlands International 2006), while the population in Japan has been estimated at c.100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000 individuals on migration (Brazil 2009).

Fairy Tern VU 2500-9999 2500-9999

25 2007 In Australia, subspecies may number fewer than 5,000 mature individuals at up to 170 sites, with less than 1,600 pairs in Western Australia, a few hundred pairs in each of Tasmania and South Australia and just a few pairs in Victoria. In New Zealand, numbers 35-40 pairs. In New Caledonia, numbers 100-200 pairs. The total population is best placed in the band 2,500-9,999 mature individuals.

White-fronted Tern

LC 24000-30000 20000-49999

240 2012 The global population is very unlikely to exceed 50,000 individuals, and may be considerably less OSNZ survey results from the 1990s suggest a total population of 12,000-15,000 pairs (C. Gaskin and G. Taylor in litt. 2012) therefore estimated 24,000-30,000 mature individuals here. The previous estimate of 1,500,000 is considered to be a vast overestimate (C. Gaskin and G. Taylor 2012).

Antarctic Tern

LC 130000-140000

1300 2009

85

ID Primary Contributor Species Site Colony Tracks Type

429 Henri Weimerskirch Campbell Albatross Campbell Island Campbell Island 10 PTT

430 Henri Weimerskirch Grey-headed Albatross Campbell Island Campbell Island 5 PTT

431 Henri Weimerskirch Southern Royal Albatross Campbell Island Campbell Island 7 PTT

448 David Nicholls Westland Petrel New Zealand Punakaiki 20 PTT

468 David Nicholls Antipodean Albatross Non-breeding, site unknown

Non-breeding, site unknown

1 PTT

469 David Nicholls Antipodean Albatross Auckland Islands Adams Island 5 PTT

470 David Nicholls Antipodean Albatross Antipodes Islands Antipodes Islands 3 PTT

471 Kath Walker Antipodean Albatross Auckland Islands Adams Island 60 PTT

472 Kath Walker Antipodean Albatross Antipodes Islands Antipodes Islands 94 PTT

474 Susan Waugh Buller's Albatross Snares Islands South East Island 19 GPS

475 Susan Waugh Chatham Albatross Chatham Islands The Pyramid 3 GPS

476 Susan Waugh Northern Royal Albatross New Zealand Taiaroa Head 50 GPS

477 Christopher Robertson Chatham Albatross Chatham Islands The Pyramid 33 PTT

478 Christopher Robertson Northern Royal Albatross Chatham Islands Chatham Islands 20 PTT

479 Christopher Robertson Northern Royal Albatross New Zealand Taiaroa Head 9 PTT

517 Scott Shaffer Sooty Shearwater New Zealand Mana Island 10 GLS

518 Scott Shaffer Sooty Shearwater New Zealand Codfish Island 49 GLS

532 Jean-Claude Stahl Buller's Albatross Solander Islands North-West Head-land

186 PTT

533 Jean-Claude Stahl Buller's Albatross Snares Islands Snares Islands 261 PTT

556 Susan Waugh Southern Royal Albatross Campbell Island Campbell Island 10 PTT

618 NIWA Buller's Albatross Snares Islands Mollymawk and Punui Bay

11 GPS


23 GPS


23 GPS


19 GPS

624 Scott Shaffer Flesh-footed Shearwater New Zealand Mana Island 6 GLS

627 NIWA White-chinned Petrel Antipodes Islands Antipodes Islands 27 GLS

631 NIWA White-capped Albatross Auckland Islands Auckland Island 66 PTT

632 NIWA Salvin's Albatross Snares Islands Toru, Western Chain

68 GLS

634 NIWA Grey Petrel Antipodes Islands Antipodes Islands 49 GLS

635 NIWA White-chinned Petrel Antipodes Islands Antipodes Islands 36 GLS


102 GLS

637 Matt J Rayner Cook's Petrel New Zealand Little Barrier Island 32 GLS

639 Matt J Rayner Cook's Petrel New Zealand Codfish Island 23 GLS

640 NIWA White-capped Albatross Auckland Islands Disappointment Island

91 PTT

643 Lorna Deppe Chatham Albatross Chatham Islands The Pyramid 20 GPS

644 Lorna Deppe Buller's Albatross Chatham Islands The Pyramid 2 GPS

648 Lorna Deppe Northern Royal Albatross Chatham Islands The Fourty-Fours 5 GLS

Table 3 Data providers to the Ocean Wanderers Global Seabird Tracking Database for data used in determining pelagic marine

IBAs.

86

Matt J Rayner Chatham Petrel Chatham Islands Chatham Island 16 GLS

Matt J Rayner Mottled Petrel Petrel Islands Petrel Islands 9 GLS

Matt J Rayner Pycroft's Petrel Red Mercury Island Red Mercury Island 6 GLS

Todd J Landers Westland Petrel New Zealand Punakaiki 8 GLS

657 Lorna Deppe Chatham Albatross Chatham Islands The Pyramid 15 GLS

658 Elizabeth Bell Parkinson's Petrel New Zealand Great Barrier Island 67 GLS

659 Elizabeth Bell Parkinson's Petrel New Zealand Little Barrier Island 13 GLS

Matt J Rayner Black-winged Petrel Chatham Islands Chatham Island 8 GLS

Following pages

Table 4

Detailed breakdown of how each tracking dataset was used for IBA identification and the life history stages these data repre-

sented.

87

Sp

eci

es

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www.forestandbird.org.nz/important-bird-areasPhoto: Kath Walker

Front: Kim Westerskov

3 important areas for new zealand seabirds · important areas for new zealand seabirds this...

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