3. graphical perception. graphical perception.pdf · 2019. 1. 25. · take away 1. human don’t...
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Graphical PerceptionNam Wook Kim
Mini-Courses — January @ GSAS 2018
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The visual decoding of information encoded on graphs
What is graphical perception?
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Why important?
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“Graphical excellence is that which gives to the viewer the greatest number of ideas in the shortest time with the least ink in the smallest space” — Edward Tufte
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GoalUnderstand the role of perception in visualization design
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Topics• Signal Detection • Magnitude Estimation • Pre-Attentive Processing • Using Multiple Visual Encodings • Gestalt Grouping • Change Blindness
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Signal Detection
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Detecting Brightness
Which is brighter? A B
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(128,128,128) (144,144,144)
A B
Detecting Brightness
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Detecting Brightness
Which is brighter? A B
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(138,138,138)(134,134,134)
Detecting Brightness
A B
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Weber’s Law Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
dp = kdS
S
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Weber’s Law Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
dp = kdS
S Physical Intensity
Change of Intensity
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Weber’s Law Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
dp = kdS
S Physical Intensity
Change of Intensity Perceived Change
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Weber’s Law Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
dp = kdS
S Physical Intensity
Change of Intensity Perceived Change
Most continuous variation in stimuli are perceived in discrete steps
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Ranking correlation visualizations
[Harrison et al 2014]
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[Harrison et al 2014]
Which of the two appeared to be more highly correlated?
Ranking correlation visualizations
A B
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r = 0.7 r = 0.6
Which of the two appeared to be more highly correlated?
Ranking correlation visualizations
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Which of the two appeared to be more highly correlated?
Ranking correlation visualizations
A B
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Which of the two appeared to be more highly correlated?
Ranking correlation visualizations
r = 0.7 r = 0.65
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Ranking visualizations for depicting correlation
[Harrison et al 2014]
Overall, scatterplots are the best for both positive and negative correlations.
Parallel coordinates are only good for negative correlations .
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Magnitude Estimation
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A Quick Experiment…
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A B
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A
B
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A B
Area
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A
B
Length
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Steven’s Power Law [Graph from T. Munzner 2014]
S = I p
Physical Intensity
Perceived Sensation
Exponent (Empirically Determined)
Predicts bias, not necessarily accuracy!
Models the relationship between the magnitude of a physical stimulus and its perceived intensity.
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[Graph from T. Munzner 2014]
Overestimate
Underestimate
Unbiased
Steven’s Power Law
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Apparent Magnitude Scaling To compensate for human error in interpreting scale because people tend to underestimate area
×1
0.7Cartography: Thematic Map Design, Figure 8.6, p. 170, Dent, 96
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Graphical Perception [Cleveland & McGill 84]
What percentage of the smaller was of the larger?
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Graphical Perception [Cleveland & McGill 84]
What percentage of the smaller was of the larger?
Compare positions (along common scale)
Compare lengths
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[T. Munzer 2014]
Effectiveness Ranking of Visual Encoding Variablesfor comparing numerical quantities
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Pre-Attentive Processing
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How Many 3’s?
1281768756138976546984506985604982826762 9809858458224509856458945098450980943585 9091030209905959595772564675050678904567 8845789809821677654876364908560912949686
[based on a slide from J. Stasko]
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1281768756138976546984506985604982826762 9809858458224509856458945098450980943585 9091030209905959595772564675050678904567 8845789809821677654876364908560912949686
How Many 3’s?
[based on a slide from J. Stasko]
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The ability of the low-level human visual system to effortlessly identify certain basic visual properties.
Pre-attentive processing
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Visual Pop-Out: Color
Christopher Healey, https://www.csc.ncsu.edu/faculty/healey/PP/index.html
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Visual Pop-Out: Shape
Christopher Healey, https://www.csc.ncsu.edu/faculty/healey/PP/index.html
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and many more…Christopher Healey, https://www.csc.ncsu.edu/faculty/healey/PP/index.html
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No unique visual property of the target
Feature ConjunctionsConsistent Inconsistent
Christopher Healey, https://www.csc.ncsu.edu/faculty/healey/PP/index.html
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Pre-attentive ConjunctionsMost conjunctions are not pre-attentive. Some spatial conjunctions are pre-attentive.
• Motion and color • Motion and shape • Motion and 3D disparity • 3D disparity and color • 3D disparity and shape
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Multiple Attributes
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One-Dimensional: Lightness
White
Black
White
Black
White
White
White
Black
Black
White
or
Classify objects based on lightness
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Square
Circle
Circle
Circle
Square
Circle
Circle
Circle
Square
Circle
or
One-Dimensional: ShapeClassify objects based on shape
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Redundant: Shape & Lightness
Circle
Square
Square
Square
Circle
Circle
Circle
Square
Square
Square
or
Classify objects based on shape. Easier?
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Orthogonal: Shape & Lightness
Circle
Circle
Square
Square
Circle
Classify objects based on shape. Difficult?
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Orthogonal: Shape & Lightness
Circle
Circle
Square
Square
Circle
Classify objects based on lightness. Difficult?
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Speeded Classification Redundancy Gain Facilitation in reading one dimension when the other provides redundant information.
Filtering Interference Difficulty in ignoring one dimension while attending to the other.
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Speeded Classification
R: Redundant Encoding 1: One-dimensional O: Orthogonal Encoding
Stable
White
White
Black
White
Black
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Speeded Classification
R: Redundant Encoding 1: One-dimensional O: Orthogonal Encoding
Interference
Gain
Circle
Square
Square
Square
Circle
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Types of Perceptual DimensionsIntegral Filtering interference and redundancy gain
Separable No interference or gain
Asymmetric One dimension separable from other, not vice versa e.g., Lightness was not really influenced by shape
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Separability vs. Integrality
2 groups each[Tamara Munzner
14]
What we perceive:
Position Hue (Color)
Size Hue (Color)
Width Height
Red Green
Fully separable Some interference Some/significant interference
Major interference
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Separability vs. Integrality
2 groups each
[Tamara Munzner 14]
What we perceive:
Position Hue (Color)
Size Hue (Color)
Width Height
Red Green
Fully separable Some interference Some/significant interference
Major interference
Position Hue (Color)
Size Hue (Color)
Width Height
Red Green
Fully separable Some interference Some/significant interference
Major interference
2 groups each
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Separability vs. Integrality
2 groups each[Tamara Munzner
14]
What we perceive:
Position Hue (Color)
Size Hue (Color)
Width Height
Red Green
Fully separable Some interference Some/significant interference
Major interference
Position Hue (Color)
Size Hue (Color)
Width Height
Red Green
Fully separable Some interference Some/significant interference
Major interference
Position Hue (Color)
Size Hue (Color)
Width Height
Red Green
Fully separable Some interference Some/significant interference
Major interference
2 groups each 3 groups total: integral area
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Separability vs. Integrality
2 groups each 2 groups each 3 groups total: integral area
4 groups total: integral hue
Position Hue (Color)
Size Hue (Color)
Width Height
Red Green
Fully separable Some interference Some/significant interference
Major interference
[Tamara Munzner 14]
What we perceive:
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Not about good or badMatch the characteristics of the channels to the information that is encoded.
For a single data attribute with three categories, this may work just fine: small, flattened, and large.
[Tamara Munzner 14]
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Gestalt Grouping
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Principles of Perceptual OrganizationSimilarity Proximity Uniformed Connectedness
Connection Enclosure
Continuity Symmetry and there are more not covered here…
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Proximity
Columns Rows
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Similarity
Rows stand out due to similarity.
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Scatter Plot Matrix
Clusters and outliers
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Uniformed Connectedness: ConnectionConnectedness dominates proximity and similarity
Proximity (column) vs connection (row)
Similarity (row) vs connection (column)
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Uniformed Connectedness: Enclosure
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Chart Annotations
[ https://chartaccent.github.io/ ]
EnclosureConnection
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Visualizing Sets
[ Slides from A. Lex ]
Bubble Sets Line Sets Kelp Diagrams
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TreeMap and Circle Packing
https://bl.ocks.org/mbostock/4063530 https://bl.ocks.org/mbostock/4063582
Proximity, Similarity, Enclosure
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Continuity
We prefer smooth not abrupt changes
Connections are clearer with smooth contours
[from Ware 04]
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Hierarchical Edge Bundling
[ Holten 06 ]
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SymmetryElements that are symmetrical to each other tend to be grouped together.
https://www.populationpyramid.net/united-states-of-america/2017/
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Population Pyramid (or tornado chart?)
https://www.populationpyramid.net/united-states-of-america/2017/
Korean War?
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Change Blindness
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The phenomenon where even very large changes are not noticed if we are attending to something else.
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http://www.psych.ubc.ca/~rensink/flicker/download/
Change Detection Test
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubNF9QNEQLA
Change Detection Test
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“To see an object change, it is necessary to attend to it.” — Ronald A. Rensink
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Reducing change blindness in visualization
Provide attentional guidance by leveraging pre-attentive features, Gestalt principles, etc.
https://bl.ocks.org/mbostock/3885705
Example: Ease tracking objects through motion
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Topics• Signal Detection • Magnitude Estimation • Pre-Attentive Processing • Using Multiple Visual Encodings • Gestalt Grouping • Change Blindness
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Take away
1. Human don’t perceive changes and magnitude at face value.
2. Use pre-attentive visual features for faster target detection.
3. Be aware of interference and redundancy of multiple features.
4. Leverage gestalt principles for high-level grouping.
5. Change blindness in visualization is the failure of design, not because of our vision system.
Knowledge of perception can benefit visualization design
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1. Value of visualization
2. Design principles
3. Graphical perception
TodayFundamental
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1. Data model and visual encoding
2. Exploratory data analysis
3. Storytelling with data
4. Advanced visualizations
Practical
Tomorrow
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Data model and visual encoding
NextRankings of visual variables
for quantitative, ordinal, and normal data
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See you tomorrow!