3 forms of energy transfer
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3 Forms of Energy Transfer. 1. conduction transfer of energy (mostly in solids) by collisions of particles 2 . convection transfer of energy by currents moving through liquids or gases (caused by density differences ) 3 . radiation - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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• 1. conduction– transfer of energy (mostly in
solids) by collisions of particles• 2. convection– transfer of energy by currents
moving through liquids or gases (caused by density differences)
• 3. radiation– transfer of energy through empty
space (no molecules needed)–Ex. energy from the Sun
3 Forms of Energy Transfer
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Recycling of Materials Amongst Earth’s Spheres• Earth is
constantly recycling materials– maintains an
overall balance through biogeochemical cycles• water• carbon• etc.
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Solar Energy Drives the Water Cyclecondensation
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The Water Cycle
1. precipitation–water that
falls from clouds to Earth• drizzle, rain,
snow, sleet, hail
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2. infiltration– water soaks into soil
from the surface
3. ground water–water under the
ground; soil is saturated
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4. evaporation– warmth from Sun
causes liquid water to turn into water vapor
5. transpiration–when plants give off
water vapor through stomata in their leaves
evaporation
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6. condensation– water vapor cools until it turns back into liquid
– forming clouds, fog, or dew
condensation
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Groundwater Pollution• pollutants in soil carried by
infiltration into groundwater– oil– nitrates & phosphates• from fertilizers
– pesticides– farm wastes– sewage– salt• to melt ice
– chemicals & hazardous wastes– and more…
• can be a reason for site to be designated a “brownfield”
• remediation (clean up ) expensive– prevention
best
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Carbon Cycle
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Changes in CO2 & Climate• CO2 levels have
risen steadily since mid-1800s– primarily due to
human activities• combustion of
fossil fuels– coal– gasoline– natural gas
• deforestation– decreased
photosynthesis
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• avg. global temps have ~1°C since late 1800s
• Possible effects:– sea-level rise– more/stronger
storms/hurricanes– more frequent heat
waves/droughts– relocation of major
crop-growing areas
Changes in CO2 & Climate
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Common Air Pollutants• air pollutant– any airborne gas or
particle concentrated enough to harm people or the environment
– natural causes• volcanoes• forest fires
– human causes• combustion of fossil
fuels (automobiles, factories, etc.)
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Acid Rain• pollutants (SOX & NOX)
react w/ H2O vapor in air
• acidity measured using pH
• effects– harm to plants/animals– damage to structures
made of limestone/marble• remember… carbonates
bubble in acid
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Weathering• breakdown
of rocks at Earth’s surface
• 2 types:• chemical
• mechanical (physical)
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Chemical Weathering• rock is broken down by chemical action
• changed into new substances• agents include acids & oxygen
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•rainwater naturally acidic
–CO2 dissolved in rainwater carbonic acid• can weather
carbonate-based rocks• ex. marble &
limestone (CaCO3)
Chemical Weathering
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•other rocks are very resistant to acid and do not weather easily
–quartz-based rocks•ex. quartzite
& sandstone (SiO2)
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Mechanical (Physical) Weathering• rock is split, cracked, or broken into smaller
pieces of the same material–NOT changed into new substances
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The Rock Cycle• continuous process causing rocks to change
from one form to another
Rock Cycle Movie
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1. sedimentary– formed by compaction &
cementing of layers of sediments
2. metamorphic– formed by effects of heat
& pressure on other rocks
3. igneous– formed by solidification
of hot, molten rock
BrainPop 3 Types of Rocks
3 Major Classes of Rocks
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Sedimentary Rocks• made of
sediments
• cover most of Earth’s surface
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Metamorphic Rocks• metamorphism–process by which a rock’s structure is changed
by pressure & heat
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•granite gneiss
•shale slate phyllite schist
Examples of Metamorphic Rocks & What They Formed From
• limestone marble
• sandstone quartzite
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• form due to MELTING & solidification– Intrusive• magma cools slowly
deep inside Earth– crystals medium to
coarse texture– Extrusive• lava cools quickly
on/above surface of Earth– crystals very small
or not seen at all
Igneous Rocks
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Convection Currents in Magma• drives
plate tectonics
Convection in the Mantle Animation
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What Is Plate Tectonics?
• theory that describes formation, movements, & interactions of Earth’s lithospheric plates
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Types of Plate Boundaries
• Earth’s lithosphere is broken in to large plates–movement @ plate boundaries determines type
1. divergent2. convergent3. transform
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Divergent Boundaries• plates move apart• most are along ocean floor– spreading @ mid-ocean ridges molten rock
forces through cracks (rifts) in valley
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Mid-Ocean Ridge• Mid-Atlantic Ridge
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Convergent Boundaries• plates move closer together
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Transform Plate Boundary• plates slide past each other at fault– stress released earthquake– Ex. California—San Andreas Fault
N
Transform Boundary--San Andreas Fault Animation
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Locations of Earthquakes & Volcanoes• occur in concentrated areas @ plate boundaries– strain builds up earthquakes–molten rock rises volcanic activity• Pacific Ocean Ring of Fire
Plates & Volcanoes Video
Ringof
Fire