3 ccna 200-120 fundametalof lan
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CCNA 200-120
CCNA 200-120
Fundamentals of Ethernet LANs
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Ethernet Local Area Networks (LANs)
Most every enterprise computer network can be separated into two general types of
technology: local-area networks (LAN) and wide-area networks (WAN).
LANs typically connect nearby devices: devices in the same room, in the same building, or
in a campus of buildings.
In contrast, WANs connect devices that are typically relatively far apart.
Together, LANs and WANs create a complete enterprise computer network, working
together to do the job of a computer network: delivering data from one device to another.
While many types of LANs have existed over the years, today’s networks use two general
types of LANs: Ethernet LANs and wireless LANs. Ethernet LANs happen to use cables
for the links between nodes, and because many types of cables use copper wires,
Ethernet LANs are often called wired LANs.
In comparison, wireless LANs do not use wires or cables, instead using radio waves for
the links between nodes
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Ethernet
The term Ethernet refers to a family of LAN standards that together define the
physical and data link layers of the world’s most popular wired LAN technology.
The standards, defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE), defines the cabling, the connectors on the ends of the cables, the protocol
rules, and everything else required to create an Ethernet LAN.
The Variety of Ethernet Physical Layer Standards
The term Ethernet refers to an entire family of standards. Some standards
define the specifics of how to send data over a particular type of cabling,
and at a particular speed. Other standards define protocols, or rules, that
the Ethernet nodes must follow to be a part of an Ethernet LAN. All these
Ethernet standards come from the IEEE and include the number 802.3 as
the beginning part of the standard name
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The Variety of Ethernet Physical Layer Standards
Today, Ethernet includes many standards for different kinds of optical and copper cabling, and
for speeds from 10 megabits per second (Mbps) up to 100 gigabits per second (100 Gbps).
The standards also differ as far as the types of cabling and the allowed length of the cabling.
To be ready to choose the products to purchase for a new Ethernet LAN, a network
engineer must know the names and features of the different Ethernet standards supported
in Ethernet products.
The IEEE defines Ethernet physical layer standards using a couple of naming conventions.
The formal name begins with “802.3” followed by some suffix letters.
The IEEE also uses more meaningful shortcut names that identify the speed, as well as a
clue about whether the cabling is UTP (with a suffix that includes “T”) or fiber (with a suffix
that includes “X”).
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CCNA 200-120 Examples of Types of Ethernet
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Ethernet LAN Forwards a Data Link Frame over Many Types of Links
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CCNA 200-120 Physical and Data Link Features of Ethernet
• Layer 1 – involves signals, bit streams that travel on the media, various topologies
• Layer 2 – MAC sub layer – concerned w/physical components (802.3)
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To address L1 limitation IEEE divides the OSI data link layer into two
separate sub layers. Recognized IEEE sub layers are:
Media Access Control (MAC) (transitions down to media)
Logical Link Control (LLC) (transitions up to the network layer)
IEEE 802.3
IEEE 802.2
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CCNA 200-120 LLC – Logical Link Sub layer
• Logic Link Control – Connecting the Upper Layers
• IEEE 802.2 standard is represented here
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CCNA 200-120 LLC – Logical Link Sub layer
LLC Provides versatility in services to network layer protocols that are above it,
while communicating effectively with the variety of technologies below it.
The LLC, as a sub layer, participates in the encapsulation process.
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Media Access Control (MAC)
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• Success of Ethernet is because of: simplicity/ease of
maintenance, ability to adapt new technologies, reliability, and
lower cost to install and upgrade
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To build Ethernet LAN , required NIC,UTP cables , connectors & switches
Network Interface Card (NIC)
Network Interface Card (NIC)
• Layer 2, Data Link Layer, device
• Connects the device (computer) to the LAN
• Responsible for the local Layer 2 address (later)
• Common Layer 2 NICs:
– Ethernet ( AKA Ethernet card )
– Token Ring (not used today )
• Common Bandwidth
– 10 Mbps, 10/100 Mbps, 10/100/1000 Mbps
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CCNA 200-120 The MAC Address
Every Ethernet NIC card has a unique MAC address.
MAC addresses provide a way for computers to identify themselves.
They give hosts a permanent, unique name.
MAC addresses are sometimes referred to as burned-in addresses (BIAs) because they are burned into read-only memory (ROM) and are copied into random-access memory (RAM) when the NIC initializes
• MAC addresses are:
– 48 bits in length
– Expressed as 12 hexadecimal digits.
– The first 6 hexadecimal digits, which are administered by the IEEE, identify the manufacturer or vendor and thus comprise the Organizational Unique Identifier (OUI).
– The remaining 6 hexadecimal digits comprise the interface serial number, or another value administered by the specific vendor.
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CCNA 200-120 The MAC Address
– Components of a MAC address:
• 1-bit broadcast: Identifies broadcast MAC address
• 1-bit local: Identifies local MAC address
• 22-bit OUI: Identifies the manufacturer of the NIC card
• 24-bit vendor-assigned end-station address: Uniquely identifies the Ethernet hardware
– MAC address notation:
• A MAC address is expressed as six groups of two hexadecimal digits, separated by
hyphens (-) or colons (:), in transmission order.
Vendor-Assigned OUI
24 bits 22 bits 1 1
Lo
ca
l
Bro
ad
ca
st
An Intel MAC address: 00-20-E0-6B-17-62
OUI Vendor-assigned
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What is the Address on my NIC?
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• MAC – used locally in the frame, layer 2 address
• IP – used to cross a WAN in a packet, layer 3 address
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• IP addresses NEVER change in a packet (layer 3)
• MAC addresses DO change within a frame (layer 2)
• If a device doesn’t know the MAC address for an IP address,
it will broadcast an ARP request for this information.
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Ethernet frame
The Ethernet data link protocol defines the Ethernet frame: an Ethernet header at
the front, the encapsulated data in the middle, and an Ethernet trailer at the end.
Ethernet actually defines a few alternate formats for the header, with the frame
format shown in Figure being commonly used today.
DH NH TH DATA DT
Ethernet frame
Header Trailer
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CCNA 200-120 Ethernet Frames – more detail
Header Trailer
Preamble or Start Field
• When computers are connected to a physical medium, there must be a way
they can grab the attention of other computers to broadcast the message,
"Here comes a frame!"
• Various technologies have different ways of doing this process, but all
frames, regardless of technology, have a beginning signaling sequence of
bytes.
• Depending up frame format: Preamble = 7 bytes, Start or Start of Frame
Delimiter (SFD) = 1 byte
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Header Trailer
Destination MAC address
Identify intended recipient of this frame .
It can be :-
• Unicast address: A single Ethernet frame to be received by a single station.
– Unknown Unicast: This is from the perspective of a switch, when the
unicast address is not in its MAC Address Table
• Multicast address: A single Ethernet frame to be received by a group of
stations.
• Broadcast address: Special case of a multicast address, which is all 1’s.
This is an Ethernet frame to be received by all stations. It has a value of
FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
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CCNA 200-120 Header Trailer
Source MAC address :-
Identify MAC address of sender ( sender NIC )for this frame
It always unicast address
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CCNA 200-120 Header Trailer
Type Field
• Usually information indicating the layer 3 protocols in the data field, I.e. IP
Packet.
• Type field values of particular note for IEEE 802.3 frames include:
– 0x0800 (IPV4)
– 0x86DD (IPV6)
– 0x0806 ARP Message
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CCNA 200-120 Header Trailer
Data and Pad
Hold the data from higher layers usually L3PDU (IPV4 OR IPV6 )
The sender add padding to meet minimum length requirement for
this field ( 46 bytes )
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CCNA 200-120 Header Trailer
FCS ( Frame check sequence ):-
The methods of receiving NIC to determine whether the frame experienced
transmission error
CRC ( cyclic redundancy check ) algorithm work here
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Source MAC :- 00.00.00.00.00.01 Destination mac:- 00.00.00.00.00.03
00.00.00.00.00.01 00.00.00.00.00.02 00.00.00.00.00.03 00.00.00.00.00.04
Source MAC :- 00.00.00.00.00.01 Destination mac:- FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF
Source MAC :- 00.00.00.00.00.01 Destination mac:- multicast MAC
Communicating Within the LAN
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CCNA 200-120 Building Physical Ethernet Networks with UTP
– Speed and throughput: 10 to 1000 Mb/s
– Average cost per node: Least expensive
– Media and connector size: Small
– Maximum cable length: Varies
RJ-45 connector
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CCNA 200-120 Building Physical Ethernet Networks with UTP
Twisted pair cable comes in different grades, called categories, which support
different network speeds and technologies such as:
Widely used in todays Ethernet LAN
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Ethernet NIC pin layout
Before Building Physical Ethernet Networks with UTP engineer must known the pin number of
Ethernet NIC at PC end & Ethernet port at switch end
Building Physical Ethernet Networks with UTP
Ethernet NIC transmitters use the pair connected to pins 1 and 2; the NIC receivers use a pair of wires
at pin positions 3 and 6.
LAN switches, knowing those facts about what Ethernet NICs do, do the opposite:
Their receivers use the wire pair at pins 1 and 2, and their transmitters use the wire pair at pins 3 and 6.
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Be able to identify cable and know what it is used for:
• Straight thru – connecting unlike devices on different layers
• Cross over – connecting like devices on same layer
• Rollover – console connection from PC to switch/router
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Straight-through Cross-over Rollover
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CCNA 200-120
UTP Implementation: Straight-Through vs. Crossover
Crossover Cable Straight-Through Cable
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Media-dependent interface-crossover (mdix)
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Rollover cable
• Connect a workstation serial port to a router or switch
console port, possibly using an adapter.
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Understanding the Challenges of Shared LANs
Ethernet LAN segment
A segment is a network connection made by a single unbroken network cable .
Ethernet cables & segment can span only limited physical distance , beyond which
transmissions will become Degraded because of line noise ,reduced signal strength .
cable type , data rate & modulation affect The maximum segment length
Each type of Ethernet specification has defined set of cable type, data rate ,& modulation
technique , Which in turn define a maximum segment length
Example:- 100baseT( Ethernet over twisted pair )
100 = 100 Mb/s
Base = baseband transmissions
T= UTP cat cable ( cat5 &above )
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Ethernet LAN segment
Each type of Ethernet specification has defined set of cable type, data rate ,&
modulation technique , Which in turn define a maximum segment length as
shown in figure
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CCNA 200-120 Extending LAN Segments
Repeater :-
Is physical layers(L1) devices
Used to extend the network segment
Amplify the signal
Limited port
Number of repeater required
You can add devices to an Ethernet LAN to extend segments
Hub :-
also physical layers devices (L1)
Used to extend the network segment
Amplify the signal
Has Multiport
It extend , but not terminate ,an Ethernet LAN
Bandwidth are shared among all users
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Half-duplex Ethernet is defined in the original 802.3 Ethernet and uses only one wire pair
with a digital signal running in both directions on the wire.
Collisions are part of the operation of Ethernet , occurring when two stations attempt to
communicate at same time . Adding the hub to an Ethernet LAN can extend the segment
but hubs cannot improve collision issues
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Ethernet networking uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detect
(CSMA/CD) to overcome the problem of those collisions that occur when packets are
transmitted simultaneously from different nodes.
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Hub
Half-duplex
• Hubs operate only in Half-duplex.
• Half-duplex means that only one end can send at a time.
• With half-duplex NICs, a host can only transmit or receive, not both at the same time, or a collision will occur.
• When multiple devices are connected to a hub or series of hubs, only one device can transmit.
• Uses CSMA/CD.
• If the a carrier is detected, then the NIC will not transmit.
• Ethernet hubs and repeaters can only operate in half-duplex mode.
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Collision Domain: Shared Access
• Collision domain (Wikipedia): A group of
Ethernet or Fast Ethernet devices in a
CSMA/CD LAN that are connected by
repeaters/hubs and compete for access on the
network.
– Only one device in the collision domain
may transmit at any one time, and the
other devices in the domain listen to the
network in order to avoid data collisions.
– A collision domain is sometimes referred to
as an Ethernet segment.
• If you connect several computers to a single
medium that is only connected by repeaters and hubs (Layer 1 devices), you have a
shared-access situation, and you have a single
collision domain.
collision domain.
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Broadcast Domain
Broadcast domain ,is a network of devices , in which all devices see &
participate in broadcast sent from host or server . Within a broadcast domain,
each computer can communicate directly with another computer
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Full-duplex Ethernet uses two pairs of wires, instead of one wire pair like half duplex.
And full duplex uses a point-to-point connection between the transmitter of the
transmitting device and the receiver of the receiving device.
This means that with full duplex data transfer, you get a faster data transfer compared
to half-duplex. And because the transmitted data is sent on a different set of wires
then the received data, no collisions will occur
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• Full-duplex is allows simultaneous communication between a pair of stations or devices.
• Full-duplex allows devices to send and receive at the same time.
• Both ends of the link must be in full-duplex mode.
• Most switches operate at either full-duplex but can operate in half-duplex.
• If a hub is connected to a switch, the switch port must be in half-duplex.
• The collision domain will end at the switch port.
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CCNA 200-120 Ethernet LAN segment
Multiple Collision Domains
In traditional Ethernet segment ,the network deices compete for the same bandwidth , with
only one devices able to transmit data at a time .the network segment that shred the same
bandwidth are known as collision domain , because when two or more devices within that
segment try to communicate at the same time may occur
Using the devices working at L2 layers like switch & above can segment the network
but also reduce the number of devices participate in collision domain .
Collisions are isolated within one domain (does not effect other collision domain )
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CCNA 200-120
Solving Network Challenges with Switched LAN Technology
Network Congestion
Internet cloud
The most common causes of network congestion are as follows:
Increasingly powerful computer & network technologies : today , cpu & peripherals are
much more powerful ,they can send more data at higher rates through the network
Increasing volume of network traffic
High-bandwidth application : software application are become richer in their functionality &
are required more & more bandwidth (like desktop publishing ,VoD, e-learning . etc)
Switch Switch Switch
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CCNA 200-120 LAN Switch Features
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CCNA 200-120 LAN Switch Features
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CCNA 200-120
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