3- atoms, elements,minerals

7/30/2019 3- Atoms, Elements,Minerals

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, ,minerals and rocks


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Carbon 12

6p + 6n + 6e

Carbon 13

6p + 7n + 6e

sotope

Carbon 14

6 + 8n + 6eElectron cloud surrounds

( isotope )


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potassium 2%magnesium

Distribution of elements in the Earths crust

o ers

calcium 4%

sodium 3%

Iron 6%

oxygen 47%

aluminium 8%

silicon 28%


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Elements combine to form minerals

There are 2 main bonding (combination)

types1 Ionic bondin

2) Covalent bonding


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Ionic bondin

2e + 8e + 7e = 17ee + e + e = e

8 Electrons in the outer circle makes the atom stable

NaCl Halite


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a e a a a e open orma

(closed format)


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made of carbon

Diamond mineral made of carbon

bonding

Ionic

Covalentbonding

on ng

Covalent bondingin all directions


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4

pen orma ose orma ym otetrahedron


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OLIVINE

Mg

Fe


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K K K

Covalent bonding

Chain

K K KK K K Ionic bonding

Chain

Covalent bonding

K K K


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KK K

Covalent bondingDouble chain

Ionic bonding K K K

Covalent bonding

K K K


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Amphibole group


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.Such zones are called cleavage


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Pyroxene minerals

e.g. A u g i t e

mp oe mneras

eg. H o r n b l e n d e


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Definition of a mineral: A mineral is a substance, which is

Naturally occuring Inorganic Solid Crystalline (with a geometric internal structure) With defined chemical composition

With characteristic physical properties

If any one of these properties is not present, the substance is called a Mineraloid

Minerals are distinguished by their special properties, which reflect theirchemical composition and crystallographic structure.

, , , , ,FRACTURE, LUSTRE, MAGNETISM, and OPTICAL PROPERTIESare the main physical properties used in the identification of minerals.

Chemical compositions are determined by various chemical analysis methods.


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MINERALS

Rock forming minerals Economic minerals MineraloidsSILICATES

FeldsparQuartz

NON-

SILICATES

Calcite

ORE

MINERALS

Hematite

NON-

METALLIC

MINERALS

SOLID

CoalGlass

FLUID

PetroleumWater

AmphiboleBiotiteMuscovite

GypsumAnhydriteHalite

ChromitesPyriteChalcopyrite

Diamondetc etc etc

Clay minerals

Galena etc


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Definition: A rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of

ONE or MORE minerals.

GRANITE ( aggregate of quartz, feldspar, mica) MARBLE (aggregate of calcite) LIMESTONE (aggregate of calcite) SANDSTONE (aggregate of quartz) MUDSTONE (aggregate of clay minerals)

In eolo a rock does NOT have to be solid

(cemented, consolidated, lithi fied ).

e.g. SAND is an unconsolidated sedimentary rock,

MUD is also and unconsolidated rock


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Rocks are rou ed under 3 ma or Rock families:

1. IGNEOUS ROCKS: Granite, Basalt, ......etc.

They are crystallized from a hot liquid, made of

molten rock (magma).

2. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS: Sand Sandstone

Mudstone, Limestone, .....etc.

They are formed by the physical or

chemical deposition of materials, which are

derived from the earlier existing rocks.

. , , ,

Gneiss, ....etc.

They are formed from earlier existing rocks, by

,

FLUIDS (liquids and gasses).


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Sedimentary rocks

sea

Magma Magma forms

igneous rocks Basin

Country rocksMetamorphicrocksAltered

rocks


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R O C K C Y C L E

Igneous rockIgneous rock

Continental crust

Subcrust

ASTHENOSPHERE

s e n o s p e r e


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ROCK CYCLE

Legent


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3- atoms, elements,minerals

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