2.vishali cactus

Seediscussions,stats,andauthorprofilesforthispublicationat:http://www.researchgate.net/publication/272120672

Cactusopuntia(ficus-indica):aneco-friendlyalternativecoagulantinthetreatmentofpainteffluentARTICLEinDESALINATIONANDWATERTREATMENTAUGUST2014ImpactFactor:1.17DOI:10.1080/19443994.2014.945487

DOWNLOADS6

VIEWS59

2AUTHORS,INCLUDING:

VishaliKumaraguruSRMUniversity2PUBLICATIONS0CITATIONS

SEEPROFILE

Availablefrom:VishaliKumaraguruRetrievedon:20July2015

This article was downloaded by: [14.139.187.71]On: 07 August 2014, At: 20:45Publisher: Taylor & FrancisInforma Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House,37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

Desalination and Water TreatmentPublication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tdwt20

Cactus opuntia (ficus-indica): an eco-friendlyalternative coagulant in the treatment of painteffluentS. Vishalia & R. Karthikeyanba Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM University, Chennai 603 203, India, Tel. +9194438 83562b AAMEC, Kovilvenni, Thanjavur 614 403, India, Tel. +91 9940561915Published online: 06 Aug 2014.

To cite this article: S. Vishali & R. Karthikeyan (2014): Cactus opuntia (ficus-indica): an eco-friendly alternative coagulant inthe treatment of paint effluent, Desalination and Water Treatment, DOI: 10.1080/19443994.2014.945487

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.945487

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE

Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the Content) containedin the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make norepresentations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of theContent. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, andare not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon andshould be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable forany losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoeveror howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use ofthe Content.

This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematicreproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in anyform to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions

Cactus opuntia (ficus-indica): an eco-friendly alternative coagulant in thetreatment of paint effluent

S. Vishalia,*, R. Karthikeyanb

aDepartment of Chemical Engineering, SRM University, Chennai 603 203, India, Tel. +91 94438 83562;email: [email protected], Kovilvenni, Thanjavur 614 403, India, Tel. +91 9940561915; email: [email protected]

Received 19 December 2013; Accepted 11 July 2014

ABSTRACT

In this study, the potentiality of Cactus opuntia (ficus-indica), as a coagulant for the treatmentof simulated industrial water-based paint wastewater in terms of colour, chemical oxygendemand (COD) and turbidity was investigated. The coagulation ability was assessed for 1 Lof effluent using the standard jar test apparatus by varying the operational variables likeeluent type (water, NaCl and BaCl2), eluent concentration (15N), coagulant dosage (16 g),coagulant volume (20100mL), initial pH (511) and initial effluent concentration (3100,4224, 5650, 6258 and 7693mg/L named as sample number 15, respectively). The resultswere maximum when 100mL of 3 g of C. opuntia, eluted using 3N NaCl was used as acoagulant to treat a litre of effluent. The favourable pH to run the treatment was confirmedas the actual pH of the sample (7.27.8). It was found that the removal efficiency increasedas the pollution load swelled. The FTIR study revealed the presence of various functionalgroups, which are responsible for the coagulation process. The obtained results were com-pared with conventional coagulant ferric chloride. The results acknowledged that Cactusopuntia (ficus-indica) a natural, eco-friendly coagulant, could be a strong alternative to theconventional coagulant in the treatment of water-based paint wastewater.

Keywords: Cactus opuntia (ficus-indica) coagulation; Eluate; FeCl3; Paint effluent

1. Introduction

Paint is normally a mixture of pigment, binder,solvent and additives. From the environment andtreatment point of view, primary solvent is a conve-nient way to classify paint. According to this method,paints can be classified as water-based, organicsolvent-based or powder (dry) and without solvent.The wastewater generated from the paint industry ismainly through cleaning operations of mixers, reactors,blenders, filling lines, packing machines and floor [1,2].

The discharge of such polluted effluents into the envi-ronment damages the quality of the receiving stream,aquatic life and enhances the toxicity. In order torespect the environment and the law, the generatedwastewater has to be treated prior to disposal.

Researchers have reported the treatment of paintindustry wastewater by various methods such asphysicalchemical treatment [3], bio-oxidation [4],biological treatment [5], active sludge treatment [6], mi-crofiltration [7], coagulationflocculation processes [8],Fenton oxidation [9], adsorption [10], electrochemicaloxidation [11] and electro-coagulation [12]. Amongthese, coagulationflocculation has historically attracted*Corresponding author.

1944-3994/1944-3986 2014 Balaban Desalination Publications. All rights reserved.

Desalination and Water Treatment (2014) 19

www.deswater.com

doi: 10.1080/19443994.2014.945487

Dow

nloa

ded

by [1

4.139

.187.7

1] at

20:45

07 A

ugus

t 201

4

considerable attention for its high removal efficiency.Its application includes removal of dissolved chemicalcompounds and turbidity from wastewater via theaddition of conventional chemical coagulants, namelyalum, ferric chloride and polyaluminium chloride(PAC). An appropriate technology for the treatment ofindustrial wastewater from paint industry is coagula-tion [2].

Chemical coagulants are used for the treatment ofwastewater from various industries like tannery [13],textile [14], meat processing, [15] and so on. But thedisadvantages associated with usage of these chemicalcoagulants, such as high operation costs, ineffective-ness in low temperature water and large sludgevolume, significantly affect the pH of the treatedwater and considerable effects on human health likeAlzheimers disease [16]. To overcome these difficul-ties, the desirable alternate for this chemical coagulantis natural, plant-based coagulants. The main advanta-ges of using this are the following: material is eco-rich,cost effective, highly biodegradable and toxic-freetreated water and low sludge volume [17].

Environmental scientists identified several planttypes, like Moringa oleifera, Stryconus potatorum, Cactusspecies, Phaseolus vulgaris, surjana seed, maize seed,tannin, gum arabic, Prosopis juliflora and Ipomoeadasysperma seed gum, as coagulants [18]. Among these,C. opuntia is a cheap and abundantly available plant.The main constituent of the cactus cladode is a heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 2.3300 104 g/mol. Cactus has been used as a food thickener,food emulsifier, as a water purifier and for purposes ofcosmetic application [19]. It has long been associatedwith its medicinal properties and dietary food sources.Besides, it has also been successfully used as a naturalcoagulant. It has a high possibility of galacturonic acid,and exists predominantly in polymeric form thatprovides a bridge for particle to adsorb on [17].

Nopal cladode has been used as a coagulant in theturbidity removal of the synthetic water [20,21]. UsingOpuntia mucilage as a coagulantflocculant aid, theconductivity, turbidity, COD, sludge load and oil andgreases were reduced from cosmetic industry waste-water [22]. Cactaceae Nopalea cochenillifera cell culturesand intact plants (cladodes) transform various toxictextile dyes, including Red HE7B into less phytotoxic,non-hazardous metabolites [23]. The poultry slaughterhouse wastewater was cleaned using natural poly-electrolytes extracted from the Cactus opuntia(ficus-indica) as a coagulant [24]. Cactus species areused as an adsorbent in the removal of dyes [25,26],nitrogen pollution [27] and heavy metals [28,29]. Thereis no information in literature of using cactus as acoagulant for the treatment of paint effluent.

This study is focused on the comparison betweenCactus opuntia (ficus-indica) and FeCl3 as a coagulantand to evaluate their treatability in terms of colour,COD and turbidity removal under the influence of elu-ent type (water, NaCl and BaCl2), eluent concentration(15 N), coagulant dosage (16 g), coagulant volume(20100mL), initial pH (511) and initial effluent con-centration (3,100, 4,224, 5,650, 6,258 and 7,693mg/Lnamed as sample number 15, respectively).

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Simulated effluent

All the chemicals used in the experiments were ofanalytical grade. Simulated water-based paint effluentwas prepared by adding different proportions ofwhite primer and acrylic-based blue colourant andmade up to 1,000mL, using double distilled water(5% (v/v)) [11]. Five different samples were preparedand named as sample numbers 15 (Table 1). Thephysicalchemical properties of the simulated sample(sample 5), which resembled as the real effluent frompaint industry, are listed in Table 2.

Table 1Initial concentration and composition of simulated effluent(made up to 1,000mL)

Samplenumber

White primer(mL)

Bluecolourant(mL)

Initial COD(mg/L)

1 48 2 3,1002 46 4 4,2243 44 6 5,6504 42 8 6,2585 40 10 7,693

Table 2Physico-chemical characteristics of the simulated industrialwastewater (sample 5)

Parameters Value

pH at 25C 7.6Total dissolved solids (mg/L) 304Total suspended solids (mg/L) 6,880Oil and grease (mg/L) 19Chloride as Cl (mg/L) 68Chemical oxygen demand (COD) (mg/L) 7,693Sulphate as SO4 (mg/L) 24Biochemical oxygen demand (mg/L)(3 d incubated at 27C)

2,648

Iron as Fe (mg/L) 0.05

2 S. Vishali and R. Karthikeyan / Desalination and Water Treatment

Dow

nloa

ded

by [1

4.139

.187.7

1] at

20:45

07 A

ugus

t 201

4

2.2. Coagulant

Cactus opuntia (ficus-indica) pods were collectedfrom rural areas of Pudukottai district, Tamil Nadu,India. They were washed, sliced and dried at 100Cfor 2 h. The resultant materials were powdered andsieved through a 0.2-mm sieve. Ferric chloride (FeCl3)was used as conventional chemical coagulant.

To extract the active components from C. opuntia,the known amount of this powder was suspended in100mL of solvent named as eluent. The suspensionwas stirred for 15min to extract the active com-pounds, which are responsible for coagulation. Thesolution was then allowed to settle for 15min. Thesupernatant liquid, known as eluate, was used as acoagulant for further studies.

2.3. Experimental design

To conduct the treatment process, known volume ofC. opuntia eluate was added in a litre of simulated water-based paint industrial effluent. The jar test apparatus ormultiple spindle stirrer (Deep Vision, India) with six stir-rer arrangement, and base floc illuminator was used forthe coagulation study, and agitated at a rapid mixing of200 rpm for 2min and slow mixing at 80 rpm for 2min,followed by 60min of settling period. After 60min of set-tling period, 50mL of clarified sample was collected tomeasure the colour, COD and turbidity.

The experimental procedure was repeated to studythe effect of eluent type (water, NaCl and BaCl2), eluent

concentration (15N), coagulant dosage (16 g), coagu-lant volume (20100mL), initial pH (511) and initialeffluent concentration (3,100, 4,224, 5,650, 6,258 and7,693mg/L named as sample number 15, respectively).

To evaluate the efficacy of FeCl3 as a coagulant,the coagulation procedure was rerun to study theinfluence of amorphous coagulant dose (g), coagulantvolume (mL), initial pH (511) and initial effluentconcentration (sample number 15, mg/L) and thesettling time was kept to 10min.

2.4. Parameters evaluation

The coagulation activity of C. opuntia was assessedin terms of colour, chemical oxygen demand (COD)and turbidity. All the parameters mentioned in Table 2were measured using standard methods [30]. Colourwas measured using SL 218 double UV visible spec-trophotometer (ElicoIndia) at max 612 nm. COD wascalculated using the dichromate method [30]. Turbid-ity was measured using digital nephelo-turbiditymeter 132 (ElicoIndia) and it was expressed in nep-helometric turbidity units (NTU). pH is adjusted usingdigital pH meter MK. V.I (ElicoIndia).

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Characterization of Cactus opuntia (ficus-indica)

The characterization of cactus was used to differen-tiate the material. The FTIR spectrum of C. opuntia is

Fig. 1. FT-IR spectrum of Cactus opuntia (ficus-indica).

S. Vishali and R. Karthikeyan / Desalination and Water Treatment 3

Dow

nloa

ded

by [1

4.139

.187.7

1] at

20:45

07 A

ugus

t 201

4

shown in Fig. 1. The strong stretch at 3,405.43 cm1

was due to polymeric OH stretching vibration ofwater and stretching vibration of amine. Peaks at3000 cm1, was due to the presence of C=CH group,which indicates aromatic ring. Sharp peak at1,500 cm1 confirmed the presence of benzene group.The peak at 1,424.02 cm1 confirms the presence ofcarboxylic acid salt. Presence of aromatic primaryamine stretch, CN stretch, was confirmed by the peakat 1,321.26 cm1. Peak at 1,624.60 cm1 shows theC=C stretch. Several peaks were formed from 897 to673 cm1, which further confirms the presence of aro-matic group. Hence, the FTIR spectra reveal that theseed mainly carries aromatic groups.

3.2. Effect of eluent type and concentration

The active coagulating agents can be extractedfrom natural organic seeds using water, salt solutionand organic solvent [31]. Two grams of C. opuntiapowder were suspended in 100mL of water and 15Nof NaCl and BaCl2 solution each. After 15min ofstirring, 100mL of the supernatant liquid was used asa coagulant for the treatment of 1 L of paint effluent(sample 1).

The colour, COD and turbidity removal efficiencieswere 6.42, 18.71 and 27.68%, respectively, when waterwas used as an eluent. The optimum results amongthe different concentration of BaCl2 solution wasattained for 3 N concentration and the results are82.11% colour removal, 71.25% COD reduction and78.43% of turbidity removal (Fig. 2(a)(c)).

Eluates obtained from 1 to 5N concentration ofNaCl solution showed better results compared to theBaCl2 eluent. Cellulose and carbohydrates, eluatedfrom the C. opuntia, which are responsible for thecoagulation showed different treatment efficiency bygradually increasing the concentration of salt solution,when applied at the same dose. While increasing theconcentration of NaCl from 1 to 5 N, the removal wasincreased gradually until it reached 3N solution.Beyond this, a decreasing trend was observed. Theexperiments conducted using the eluates preparedfrom 3N NaCl were found to be the highest and opti-mum results like 82.11%, 79.05%, 78.43% of colour,COD and turbidity removal, respectively (Fig. 3).From the results, it was confirmed that NaCl acts as abetter eluent and has the optimum concentration ofNaCl to extract the maximum amount of active coagu-lant components from 2 g of C. opuntia in 3 N NaCl.Considering this, the active components extractedfrom C. opuntia using 3 N NaCl were used in furtherexperiments. Similar work was performed in theremoval of water turbidity by natural coagulants from

chestnut and acorn by varying the concentration ofsalt solution [32].

3.3. Effect of coagulant dose

Coagulant dosage is one of the most importantparameters to optimize. Insufficient dosage or overdosing

Fig. 2. (a) Effect of eluent on colour removal efficiency, (b)effect of eluent on COD reduction efficiency, and (c) effectof eluent on turbidity removal efficiency. pH = actual efflu-ent pH (7.27.8); Coagulant: Extragens = 2 g of C. opuntia:100mL of water, NaCl and BaCl2 (15N); Coagulantvolume = 100mL; Sample 1.


Dow

nloa

ded

by [1

4.139

.187.7

1] at

20:45

07 A

ugus

t 201

4

would result in poorer performance in treatment.Optimum dosage will minimize the dosing cost andsludge formation. To find out the optimum dosage, 16 gof C. opuntia was suspended in 100mL of 3N NaCl solu-tions. This was used to treat a litre of effluent. The effi-ciency of the treatment was boosted with an increase inthe coagulant dose till 3 g. After this, there was a decreasein the removal efficiency. Based on the observed results,3 g of C. opuntia showed the optimum, maximum colourremoval efficiency of 89.26% and turbidity of 80.44%(Fig. 4). An equilibrium COD reduction was 78.56% atthis dose.

The reason may be that though there was anincrease in coagulant dose, the volume of 3 N NaClused for the elution was maintained constantly at100mL. At the higher dose level, the available NaClvolume may be insufficient to extract all the active

coagulant content from the C. opuntia. The lower con-centration in the eluate results in a decrease in thecoagulation activity. A similar trend was observed inthe removal of congo red dye using natural coagulants[33].

3.4. Effect of coagulant volume

To study the influence of coagulant volume in thetreatment, the volume of eluate prepared from 3 g ofC. opuntia was varied from 20 to 100mL to treat 1 L ofsimulated paint industrial wastewater (sample 1). Theremoval efficiencies were increased when the volumeincreased from 20 to 100mL and the maximumremoval was 95.16, 89 and 94% for colour, COD andturbidity, respectively, at 100mL (Fig. 5). The reasonfor the highest removal of pollutant for 100mL ofC. opuntia solution could be the amount of active com-ponent, which is responsible for coagulation, isimmense. The concentration of C. opuntia was inascending nature when the volume was increasedgradually (Table 3). Further increase in volume endswith plateau behaviour. The study conducted on theextraction and partial purification of coagulation activecomponents from common bean seed confirmed theabove-discussed results [34].

3.5. Effect of initial pH

The actual pH of simulated sample was between7.2 and 7.8. pH of the effluent is an important factorin any type of the wastewater treatment. By addingHNO3/NaOH, the initial pH of the effluent was main-tained in acidicbasic region. The treatment was con-ducted between pH 5 and 11 (experiment could not be

Fig. 3. Effect of NaCl concentration on removal efficiency.pH = actual effluent pH (7.27.8); Coagulant: Extragens = 2 gof C. opuntia: 100mL of 15N NaCl; Coagulant volume= 100mL; Sample 1.

Fig. 4. Effect of coagulant amount on removal efficiency.pH = actual effluent pH (7.27.8); Coagulant: Extragens =16 g of C. opuntia: 100mL of 3N NaCl; Coagulant volume= 100mL; Sample 1.

Fig. 5. Effect of coagulant volume on removal efficiency. pH= actual effluent pH (7.27.8); Coagulant: extragens = 3 g C.opuntia: 100mL of 3N NaCl; Coagulant volume = 20100mL;Sample 1.


Dow

nloa

ded

by [1

4.139

.187.7

1] at

20:45

07 A

ugus

t 201

4

carried out below pH 5 due to precipitation). Fromthe graph, it was observed that the pollutant removalwas high at acidic conditions, particularly at pH 5.The highest removal efficiency was found to be 98.62,88.7 and 99.67% for colour, COD and turbidity, respec-tively, at pH 5. Almost equal values were attainedwhen the treatment was conducted at pH 7. Theresults were 98.03, 87.9 and 99.86% of colour, CODand turbidity, respectively (Fig. 6). In basic conditions,the removal efficiency was decreased.

The reason was the functional groups present inC. opuntia, such as COOH-, OH- ion, which enhancethe coagulation ability. These surface groups performwell in the presence of more positively charged ions,i.e. at acidic region. Charge neutralization was thebelieved mechanism behind this. It was continued tillneutral pH. The posture was reversed at basic region.From the results, the suggested pH for the treatmentwas found to be 7. The actual pH of the simulatedsample was in the range of 7.27.8. It is very economi-cal and convenient aspect to conduct the treatmentprocess at actual pH itself. Similar trend was observedin a preliminary study on cactus as coagulant in watertreatment [35].

3.6. Effect of initial concentration

Five different initial concentrations of simulated sam-ples, such as 3,100, 4,224, 5,650, 6,258 and 7,693mg/L,were prepared and named as sample numbers 15,respectively. The maximum efficiencies were achievedfor the sample of initial concentration 7,693mg/L andthe values were 88.37% for colour, 78.20% for COD and88.30% for turbidity (Fig. 7). The pollutant removal isaugmented with the increase in the initial concentrationof effluent from 3,100 to 7,693mg/L. This is because amore efficient utilization of the coagulant is expecteddue to a greater driving force by a higher concentrationgradient. Similar studies were carried out, while deco-lourizing the brilliant green from aqueous solution usingcactus fruit peel [21].

3.7. Effect of FeCl3 coagulant dose, volume, initial pH andinitial concentration of paint effluent on colour, COD andturbidity removal

To study the influence of amorphous iron chloridedosage on the colour, COD and turbidity removal,experiments have been undertaken by varying the

Table 3Concentration of C. opuntia and FeCl3 in jars

Jarnumber

Volume of coagulant (mL) [prepared using 3 gof C. opuntia, eluted in 100mL of 3N NaCl]

Concentration ofC. opuntia (g/L)

Volume of 0.7 g/L of FeCl3solution as coagulant (mL)

Concentrationof FeCl3 (g/L)

1 20 0.58 20 0.0142 40 1.15 40 0.0273 60 1.69 60 0.0404 80 2.22 80 0.0525 100 2.72 100 0.064

Fig. 6. Effect of initial pH on removal efficiency.pH = 511; Coagulant: Extragens = 3 g C. opuntia: 100mL of3N NaCl; coagulant volume = 100mL; Sample 1.

Fig. 7. Effect of initial concentration on removal efficiency.pH = actual effluent pH (7.27.8); Coagulant: extragens = 3 gC. opuntia: 100mL of 3N NaCl; coagulant volume = 100mL;Sample 15.


Dow

nloa

ded

by [1

4.139

.187.7

1] at

20:45

07 A

ugus

t 201

4

FeCl3 dose in the wastewater, by keeping the pH ofthe effluent as it is. FeCl3 was varied from 0.2 to 1 g/Lof effluent. It was observed that maximum of 93.78%of turbidity and 94.52% of COD is removed for 0.6and 0.8 g of iron chloride (Fig. 8(a)). The optimumdose was selected as 0.7 g. The further increase in dosedoes not produce better removal rate. The coagulantdosage is directly proportional to the quality of col-loids present. A further increase in iron chlorideamount ends in a decrease in removal efficiency, dueto destabilization of the particles as the charge reversalof the colloids occurs [8].

To enhance the quick dispersion of ferric chlorideinto all parts of effluent in the beaker [36], 0.7 g/L ofFeCl3 feed stock solution is prepared. Various volumesof the FeCl3 solution, such as 20100mL, were takenand the concentration of coagulant in each jar is listedin Table 3. The removal increases with boost-in volumeof coagulant. A maximum of 80.14% of colouring mat-ter, 60.35% of COD and 92.83% of turbidity is removedfrom effluent when 100mL of 0.7 g/L of FeCl3 is used(Fig. 8(b)). The corresponding concentration ofcoagulant is 0.064 g/L, which is the maximum one.

To optimize the initial pH of the treatment process,pH varies from 5 to 10 by adding suitable acid andbase. It was seen that the removal was effective at apH range of 89. The values were 83.58% for colour,73.69% for COD and 90.93% for turbidity (Fig. 8(c)),and it was also confirmed with the previous results [8].

To evaluate the influence of initial effluent concen-tration, five different concentrations of samples,namely sample numbers 15 were used to conduct theexperiment. The higher removal was found in highlypolluted effluent, i.e. for 7,693mg/L initial concentra-tion effluent. The values were 86.43, 83.40 and 93.03%for colour, COD and turbidity, respectively. This couldbe due to higher difference in concentration(Fig. 8(d)).

The characteristics of the raw effluent and effluenttreated using C. opuntia and ferric chloride as coagu-lant were compared in Table 4. It was observed fromthe table that the removal was found to be more forferric chloride, and the removal efficiencies obtainedwere found as 89.35% for colour, 83.40% for COD and88.53% for turbidity and were almost similar to that ofC. opuntia.

The usage of ferric chloride should be avoided, inview of higher operational cost and problems associ-ated with the disposal of the sludge, which may leadto contamination of the ground water if sufficient careis not taken. On the other hand, Cactus opuntia (ficus-indica), a natural plant-based coagulant, is abundantwith low processing. Being biodegradable, the prob-lem of sludge disposal is not cumbersome. There are

Fig. 8. (a) Effect of FeCl3 coagulant amount on removalefficiency. pH = actual effluent pH (7.27.8); Coagulantamount = 0.21.4 g of FeCl3; Sample 1, (b) effect of FeCl3coagulant volume on removal efficiency. pH = actualeffluent pH (7.27.8); Coagulant amount = 0.7 g of FeCl3;Coagulant volume = 20100mL; Sample 1. (c) effect of initialpH on removal efficiency. pH = 510; Coagulant volume:100mL of 0.7 g/L of FeCl3 solution; Sample 1, and (d) effectof initial concentration on removal efficiency. pH = actualeffluent pH (7.27.8); Coagulant volume: 100mL of 0.7 g/Lof FeCl3 solution; Sample 15.


Dow

nloa

ded

by [1

4.139

.187.7

1] at

20:45

07 A

ugus

t 201

4

potential possibilities for modifying the matrix forimproving its performance.

In view of the above considerations, it is felt thatC. opuntia can be a better coagulant compared to syn-thetic ones such as ferric chloride. However, still someimprovements to the matrix are required before takingit to industrial applications.

4. Conclusions

An eco-friendly and natural coagulant, C. opuntia(ficus-indica), was identified as an alternative to con-ventional chemical coagulants in the treatment ofpaint industry effluent. The purpose of this study wasto investigate the ability of C. opuntia as a coagulantand to compare the results with FeCl3. The experimentconfirmed the positive coagulation properties ofC. opuntia. The specific conclusions derived from thestudies are as follows: the FTIR study confirmed thepresence of various functional groups which areresponsible for the coagulation process. Extraction ofactive components from C. opuntia, which is responsi-ble for the coagulation, was good when NaCl wasused as an eluent rather than BaCl2, especially for 3 NNaCl. Three grams of C. opuntia showed the optimumremoval results to treat 1L of effluent (sample 1)under neutral pH. High pollutant load sampleachieved better removal due to the magnificent differ-ence in the concentration. Hundred millilitres of 0.7 g/L FeCl3 solution was identified as an optimum dosageto treat a litre of effluent at pH 89 range. Being bio-degradable, eco-friendly, abundant, inexpensive andsafe to human health, C. opuntia is a promising alter-native to the conventional coagulants used in thetreatment of paint industry wastewater.

References

[1] B.K. Korbahti, N. Aktas, A. Tanyolac, Optimization ofelectrochemical treatment of industrial paint wastewater

with response surface methodology, J. Hazard. Mater.148(12) (2007) 8390.

[2] A.E. Mohsen, H. Hassanin, M.M. Kamel, Appropriatetechnology for industrial wastewater treatment ofpaint industry, Am. Eurasian Agric. Environ. 8(5)(2010) 597601.

[3] C.P. Haung, M. Ghadirian, PhysicalChemical treat-ment of paint industry wastewater, J. Water Pollut.Control Fed. 46(10) (1974) 23402346.

[4] J.A. Brown, M. Weintraub, Bio oxidation of paint pro-cess wastewater, J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 54(7)(1982) 11271130.

[5] M.C. Arquiaga, L.W. Canter, J.M. Robertson, Microbio-logical characterization of the biological treatment ofaircraft paint stripping wastewater, Environ. Pollut.89(2) (1995) 189195.

[6] S. Shanta, S.N. Kaul, Performance of evaluation of apure oxygen-based activated sludge system treatmenta combined paint industry wastewater and domesticsewage, Int. J. Environ. Stud. 58(4) (2000) 445457.

[7] B. Sengupta, B.K. Dey, M.A. Hashim, S. Hasan, Microfiltration of water-based paint effluents, Int. J. Environ.Manage. 8(34) (2004) 455466.

[8] M.A. Aboulhassan, S. Souabi, A. Yaacoubi, M. Baudu,Improvement of paint effluents coagulation using nat-ural and synthetic coagulant aids, J. Hazard. Mater.138 (2006) 4045.

[9] J.M. Xiang, L.X. Hui, Treatment of water based print-ing ink wastewater by Fenton process combined withcoagulation, J. Hazard. Mater. 162 (2009) 386390.

[10] M.Y. Pamukoglu, F. Kargi, Removal of copper(II) ionsfrom aqueous medium by biosorption onto powderedwaste sludge, Process Biochem. 41(5) (2006) 10471054.

[11] B.K. Korbahti, A. Tanyolac, Electrochemical treatmentof simulated industrial paint wastewater in acontinuous tubular reactor, Chem. Eng. J. 148(23)(2009) 444451.

[12] A. Akyol, Treatment of paint manufacturing wastewaterby electro coagulation, Desalination 285(31) (2012)9199.

[13] Z. Song, C.J. Williams, R.G.J. Edyvean, Treatment oftannery wastewater by chemical coagulation, Desali-nation 164(3) (2004) 249259.

[14] S. Huseyin, Decolourization and detoxification oftextile wastewater by ozonation and coagulation pro-cesses, Dyes Pigm. 64(3) (2005) 1722.

[15] F.D.S. Rennio, J. Moreira, F.P.M.M. Regina, H.J. Jose,Comparison of coagulants and coagulation aids for

Table 4Comparison of the characteristics between raw effluent and treated effluents under optimum conditions

ParametersRaw effluent(sample 5)

Treated effluent usingC. opuntia as a coagulant

Percentageof removal

Treated effluent using ferricchloride as a coagulant

Percentageof removal

pH at 25C 7.6 7.16 7.52 Colour(nm)

0.4583 0.0533 88.37 0.0488 89.35

COD(mg/L)

7,693 1,677 78.20 1,277 83.40

Turbidity(NTU)

7,760 1,350 82.60 890 88.53


Dow

nloa

ded

by [1

4.139

.187.7

1] at

20:45

07 A

ugus

t 201

4

treatment of meat processing wastewater by columnflotation, Bioresour. Technol. 99(17) (2008) 82218225.

[16] T.P. Flaten, Aluminium as a risk factor in Alzheimersdisease, with emphasis on drinking water, Brain. Res.Bull. 55 (2001) 187196.

[17] Y.Y. Chun, Emerging usage of plant based coagulantsfor water and wastewater treatment, Process Biochem.45(9) (2010) 14371444.

[18] A.K. Verma, R. Dash, P. Bhunia, A review on chemi-cal coagulation/flocculation technologies for removalof colour from textile wastewaters, J. Environ. Manag.93(1) (2012) 154168.

[19] B. Noureddine, M. Abdennouri, E.L.M. Makhfouk,S. Qourzal, Biosorption characteristics of cadmiumand lead onto eco-friendly dried cactus (Opuntia ficusindica) cladodes, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 1(3) (2013)144149.

[20] A. Diaz, N. Rincon, A. Escorihuela, N. Fernandez,E. Chacin, C.F. Forster, A preliminary evaluation ofturbidity removal by natural coagulants indigenous toVenezuela, Process Biochem. 35(34) (1999) 391395.

[21] M.V. Jadhav, Y.S. Mahajan, Assessment of feasibilityof natural coagulants in turbidity removal and model-ling of coagulation process, Desalin. Water Treat.(2013) 110, doi: 10.1080/19443994.2013.816875.

[22] U.S. Carpinteyro, M. Vaca, L. Torres, Can vegetal bio-polymers work as coagulant-flocculant aids in thetreatment of high-load cosmetic industrial wastewa-ters? Water Air Soil Pollut. 223(8) (2012) 49254936.

[23] V.S. Adki, J.P. Jadhav, V.A. Bapat, Exploring the phy-toremediation potential of cactus (Nopalea cochenilliferaSalm. Dyck.) cell cultures for textile dye degradation,Int. J. Phytoremediation 14(6) (2012) 554569.

[24] E. Ikeda, D.G. Rodrigues, J. Nozaki, Treatment ofEffluents of Poultry Slaughterhouse with AluminumSalts and Natural Polyelectrolytes, Envi. Technol. 23(8) (2002) 949954.

[25] B. Noureddine, K. Ouzaouit, M. Abdennouri,E.L. Mohammed, Makhfouk, Dried prickly pear cactus(Opuntia ficus indica) cladodes as a low-cost and eco-friendly biosorbent for dyes removal from aqueous

solutions, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 44(1) (2013)5260.

[26] R. Kumar, M.A. Barakat, Decolourization of hazard-ous brilliant green from aqueous solution using binaryoxidized cactus fruit peel, Bioresour. Technol. 226(15)(2013) 377383.

[27] W. Mohamed Ali, H. Boubakri, S. Jellali, N. Jedidi,Characterization of ammonium retention processesonto cactus leaves fibers using FTIR, EDX and SEManalysis, J. Hazard. Mater. 241242 (2012) 101109.

[28] M. Dakiky, M. Khamis, A. Manassra, Selective adsorp-tion of chromium(VI) in industrial wastewater usinglow-cost abundantly available adsorbents, Adv. Envi.Res. 6(4) (2002) 533540.

[29] M. Patricia, C. Munoz, A.C. Chavez, Experimentalbinding of lead to a low cost on biosorbent: Nopal(Opuntia streptacantha), Bioresour. Technol. 99(5) (2008)12111217.

[30] APHA, Standard Methods for the Examination ofWaste and Wastewater, sixteenth edition, AmericanPublic Health Associations, New York, NY, 1995.

[31] A. Ndabigengesere, K. Subba Narasiah, B.G. Talbot,Active agents and mechanism of coagulation of turbidwaters using Moringa oleifera, Water Res. 29(2) (1995)703710.

[32] M.B. Sciban, M.G. Antov, M.T. Klasnja, Extraction andpartial purification of coagulation active componentsfrom common bean seed, APTEFF 37 (2006) 1192.

[33] H. Patel, R.T. Vashi, Removal of congo red dye fromits aqueous solution using natural coagulants, J. SaudiChem. Soc. 16 (2012) 131136.

[34] M. Sciban, M.K. Antov, B. Skrbic, Removal of waterturbidity by natural coagulants obtained fromchestnut and acorn, Bioresour. Technol. 100 (2009)66396643.

[35] Z. Jingdong, Z. Fang, L. Yuhong, A preliminary studyon cactus as coagulant in water treatment, ProcessBiochem. 41 (2006) 730733.

[36] L.L. Jewell, O.A. Fasemore, D. Glasser, L. Heron, Pro-ceedings of the 2004 water institute of South Africa(WSIA) Beinnial conference, 30(5) (2004) 643647.


Dow

nloa

ded

by [1

4.139

.187.7

1] at

20:45

07 A

ugus

t 201

4

Abstract1. Introduction2. Materials and methods2.1. Simulated effluent2.2. Coagulant2.3. Experimental design2.4. Parameters evaluation

3. Results and discussion3.1. Characterization of Cactus opuntia (ficus-indica)3.2. Effect of eluent type and concentration3.3. Effect of coagulant dose3.4. Effect of coagulant volume3.5. Effect of initial pH3.6. Effect of initial concentration3.7. Effect of FeCl3 coagulant dose, volume, initial pH and initial concentration of paint effluent on colour, COD and turbidity removal

4. ConclusionsReferences

2.vishali cactus

Documents